模拟联合国立场文件写作方法简介.doc

_模拟联合国立场文件写作方法简介立场文件是表达某个国家或组织在某个特定议题上的立场概要的文件。它在会议进行前就需要提交，以供代表互相了解立场，更有针对性地准备会议。在会议中，它也可作为代表正式发言的主要的参照材料。 一、 立场文件的内容 一份出色的立场文件应该有理有据、语言精准，并且鲜明、准确、有力地阐述本国针对某一议题的立场。广而言之，立场文件顾名思义，就是阐述本国的立场；具体来讲，一份出色的立场文件需要包含以下方面的内容： 本国在该议题中的基本立场与态度；本国赞成及签署的与该议题相关的国际协议，本国参与的与该议题相关的国际合作和行动；本国与该议题的相关程度，对于解决该问题在国内曾经采取过的重要行动、通过的重要法案；本国对于解决该问题所提出的相关建议（包括国内措施和国际行动）；本国领导人及政要发表的有关该议题的重要讲话；本国在该议题中的相关利益总结及立场底线总结。 为了进一步说明立场文件中所应包含的具体内容，下面将举一实例，如裁军与国际安全委员会（Disarmament and International Security Committee）的英国（United Kingdom）代表在写作关于反对恐怖主义的国际合作（International Cooperation in Counter-Terrorism）这一议题的立场文件时，应该包含以下的具体内容： 英国对于恐怖主义问题的态度，对于国际反恐合作的基本立场；英国赞成和签署的国际反恐合作条约，英国所参与的国际反恐合作行动；英国国内的恐怖主义活动情况以及英国政府所采取的相关措施、为应对反恐所通过的相关法律；英国认为国际社会应该如何解决恐怖主义问题，对于国际反恐合作的具体建议；英国领导人在正式场合所发表的关于国际反恐的发言和基本立场表态；国际反恐合作与英国国家利益的相关程度，英国对反恐问题的立场底线。 二、立场文件的结构 一般来讲，立场文件分为四个段落比较合理，分别为基本立场、国际行动、国内行动、解决方案。采取这样的“四段式”文章结构，能够使立场文件观点明确、内容全面、环环相扣、逻辑清楚。 第一段为本国对该议题所持的基本立场和态度的阐述。此段应总启全文、开门见山，明确清晰地表明本国的基本立场即所讨论的问题与本国的利益关系，以及本国对于此问题所持的明确立场。在后文的论述中，全文应该围绕着本段的观点和立场进行展开陈述。 第二段应简述本国所参与的与议题相关的国际行动。国际行动既包括本国所参加的国与国之间对于解决此问题所采取的共同行动方案，也包括本国赞成、同意、签署的相关国际条约的内容。 例如，澳大利亚代表在写作关于全球气候变暖议题的立场文件时，可以引用相关资料、数据及本国领导人的讲话和政策支持本国的观点，如：“澳大利亚签署并全力支持联合国气候变化框架公约（United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC）以及京都议定书（Kyoto Protocol）的相关规定”。 第三段应阐述本国对于解决该问题所采取的国内行动。在本段中要详细讲述本国国内利益与此议题的相关程度，并且介绍本国应对该问题所曾采取的具体措施、通过的相关法律等。 例如，再次以上面澳大利亚代表写作关于全球气候变暖议题的立场文件为例，澳大利亚代表的立场文件中可以出现以下的内容：“根据澳大利亚国家天气与气候研究中心的数据，自1993年以来，全球变暖正影响地球海平面以每年3毫米或更快的速度增长，海平面上升严重影响力澳大利亚沿海低地，并且对太平洋中的一些岛屿构成了切实的威胁。2006年澳大利亚总理霍华德签署了一项5亿澳元的特别基金，旨在发展本国的清洁能源建设以防止气候变暖为澳大利亚带来的恶劣影响”。 第四段提出本国认为解决该问题所需要在国内和国际层面采取的具体措施与行动。模拟联合国会议的最终目标是为了解决国际问题，因此各国应该根据本国的立场和全球的利益提出切实可行的解决方案。立场文件中所提出的解决措施应该具体、可行、合理，而不是泛泛而谈。 例如，同样在全球气候变暖问题上，澳大利亚可以在立场文件中提出解决方案：“澳大利亚认为解决全球气候变暖的根本措施在于控制能源消耗及研发清洁能源。在科研方面，各国应该进行实质性的技术交流，共同开发具有可持续性的新能源；在气候治理方面，在遵循京都议定书中共同但有区别的责任的同时，澳大利亚敦促发达国家和发展中国家承担更多的二氧化碳减排责任。” 需要注意的是，立场文件没有固定的内容要求，以上只是推荐一种最为常用的写作立场文件的形式。无论形式如何，立场文件的核心都是要完整、清晰、明确地表达出本国在某一特定议题中的立场。此外，立场文件没有必要一定分成四个段落，如果其中某一部分的内容较多，可以分成两个段落来写，每一个段落五至六个句子最佳。以下是一篇立场文件的写作范例： Delegate: Zhang San, Wang Wu School: Beijing No.1 Middle School Country: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Committee: ECOSOC Topic: International Migration International Migration has become a world focus, for it has close relationship to many other important issues. On one hand, migration is contributive to global culture and economic communication. On the other, migration touches on numbers of sharp problems, inclusive of human rights, refugees, public education, healthcare, racial and gender discrimination. As a developed country in west Europe, UK is evidently facing the problem of international migration. According to the UK National Bureau of Statistics, the number of migrants in UK is about 5 million, which forms 10% of the nations population. As the former Prime Minister Tony Blare has stated, migrants has become a strong contributive power in UK economy. The international community has long paid attention to the problem of migration. In 2003, the Global Commission on International Migration was created to study ways that governments and UN agencies can work together to address migration issues. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights is also working on important human rights issue in international migration. There have also been a number of international documents produced which affect the treatment of migrants, such as the 1990 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. The UK government is always making effort in many aspects to provide better treatment to legal migrants and prevent illegal migration. UK is always working to constitute better social environment for legal migrants. For instance, UK put forward the new bill on migration in March 2006, which includes fine evaluation criteria for migrants and standardizes migration to some extent. UK affirms its intention of cooperating with other countries on the issue of international migration. UK would like to utilize the power of international legislation to standardize migration. UK would also like to optimize the information-exchange system among countries to provide more efficiency in solving migration issues. Moreover, UK is willing to establish stable cooperation on migration issues with third-world countries. In details, UK intends to establish express gateways to welcome legal migrants and work with third-world countries on preventing illegal migrants. To sum up, UK is convinced that with the cooperation among countries, international migration will contribute more to the world and cause less trouble. 2 何为立场文件? 立场文件是表达某个国家或组织在某个特定议题上的立场概要的文件. 作用： 对本国：了解别国立场；正式发言的主要参照材料; 对别国：使他们了解你代表的国家立场; 对各国：确定国家间是否具有共同的目标和利益等等，是否有可能进行协商和合作 。 立场文件的内容 开头 代表姓名（delegates） 代表来自的学校名(school) 国家名(country) 所在委员会(committee) 议题(topic) 正文 背景介绍：基本历史、现状和趋势，篇幅不多，简单概括，重要性，不要照搬; 过去的行动：联合国或本国，行动和决议，重要发言 本国情况：立场，政策，措施，理由，事例 注意事项 不需过于详细的信息（人口,资源,GDP） 官方正式，精炼简明（不多于2页） 结构明晰，条理分明 必要时候提供数据 举出实例，而不是空讲政策和态度 用脚注或尾注来标明所引用的资料 使用决议条款的格式来写作（序言性,行动性） 不要太依赖立场文件，重在调研分析 比如：如果安理会不能就制裁伊朗达成一致，美国将“单干”，绕过联合国，联合自己的铁杆盟友，组成特定的“制裁联盟”，对伊朗实施制裁。 但美国暂时还不会考虑对伊朗实施全面经济制裁，特别是石油禁运。因为如果伊朗每天约300万桶的原油出口被停止，国际油价就会大幅度攀升。这既会伤及美国经济，也会殃及其他国家，影响其参与制裁的积极性。 其三，美国、以色列对伊朗核设施等主要目标实施外科手术式打击。布什政府一直没有排除对伊朗采取军事行动的可能。在美国许多鹰派看来，除了军事手段外，美国没有其他解决伊朗核问题的有效途径，参议员麦卡恩声称，“只有一件事比采取军事行动更糟，那就是出现一个用核武器武装起来的伊朗。”随着伊核问题的不断升级，美国对伊朗采取军事打击的可能性也在增加。最近，美国把驻伊拉克部队从127万人增加到14万人。这一增兵举动既是应对伊拉克持续恶化的安全形势，也不排除为对伊朗动武做准备。 此外，以色列也可能单独对伊朗发动先发制人的打击。由于地缘政治原因，以色列比美国更担心伊朗的核计划，甚至认为伊朗在23年内就可能制造出核武器。因此，以色列一直在为对伊朗采取军事行动做准备。它已向美国购买了用于攻击地下掩体目标的智能炸弹，并将从德国购进两艘能够进行核打击的先进潜艇。据西方媒体报道，以色列空军司令埃利泽沙凯迪最近被任命为全面负责“伊朗战线”的司令官。 制裁阻力重重 通过制裁来削弱和孤立伊朗，是美国现阶段的既定政策。美国试图以伊朗拒绝暂停铀浓缩为借口建立反伊联盟，推动安理会对伊朗实施制裁。由于伊朗是主要能源出口国，同许多大国有密切的经济关系，包括欧盟、俄罗斯、印度等国在内的许多国家并不希望制裁伊朗。而且，国际原子能机构迄今并未发现伊朗发展核武器的证据，对伊实施严厉制裁法理不足。 俄罗斯外长拉夫罗夫9月15日重申，俄对伊核问题的立场是，既不排除对伊朗实施制裁，也不排除否决该制裁的可能。俄处理伊朗核问题的惯用手法是，先用模棱两可的态度压伊朗做出妥协，在西方动真格时再拉伊朗一把。美国要制裁伊朗，必须先过俄罗斯这一关。 欧盟一直认为，制裁只能将伊朗推向更为强烈的对抗境地。欧洲国家在经贸上与伊朗保持密切联系。德国、法国、意大利分别是伊朗第二、第三、第四大贸易伙伴。欧洲的几大石油公司都在伊朗有大宗业务。如果伊朗受到制裁，欧盟利益将首当其冲地受到打击。此外，欧盟还认为，西方不仅需要在核不扩散问题上同伊朗合作，而且也需要在黎巴嫩、伊拉克、巴勒斯坦等问题上同它合作。制裁会使伊朗在上述问题上同西方捣乱。 发展中国家历来不满美国在国际事务中，特别是核不扩散问题上所持的双重标准。布什最近冒出的“伊斯兰法西斯主义”的提法，又引起一些伊斯兰国家的强烈反感。 美国要劝说安理会中的发展中国家表态支持制裁伊朗，也不容易。在哈瓦那刚刚结束的第14次不结盟运动首脑会议上，首脑们发表联合声明，支持伊朗和平利用核能，相信伊核问题能通过和平对话得到解决。委内瑞拉总统查韦斯更明确表示：“伊朗现在面临威胁”“我们会与你们站在一起”。深受感动的内贾德干脆称自己和查氏是与美国战斗的“难兄难弟”。 想说动武不容易 伊朗不同于萨达姆统治下的伊拉克，其经济力量、军事实力均不可小觑，再加上伊朗地形复杂、核设施分散等原因，美国、以色列对伊朗实施军事打击存在一定难度。 此外，伊朗对中东地区其他国家什叶派及激进势力有重要影响。美国全力支持的以色列在黎以冲突中遭遇挫折，证明中东地区什叶派反美武装实力不能小视。从能源上看，伊朗是石油输出国组织中的第二大石油出口国，丰富的油气资源使其在国际能源市场上举足轻重。伊朗还控制着波斯湾石油运输通道霍尔木兹海峡。一旦战火燃起，伊朗中断石油输出或封锁霍尔木兹海峡，都将对国际油价带来致命的打击。 最近有报道说，美国国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德也对解决伊朗核计划的“军事方案”提出尖锐反对意见。根据美国情报部门估计，伊朗的核技术发展仍处于研究阶段，要成功制造核武器，仍需510年时间。美以等仍有充分时间为军事打击做好外交等准备。特别是，美国国会中期选举在即，伊拉克战争给共和党带来的负面影响，使布什在选举前不会轻举妄动。从美方的军事能力来看，对伊朗采取外科手术式打击绝对不是问题，关键在于如何应对军事打击后出现的动荡局面。有分析认为，国会中期选举之后，美国有可能伙同以色列对伊朗核设施进行打击。这种可能虽然不大，但不能完全排除。 和谈仍是惟一最好选择 对美国和伊朗而言，选择对抗并非明智之举，无论是动武，还是实施全面经济制裁，结果都将是两败俱伤。谈判解决伊朗核问题最符合各方利益。 目前，谈判解决伊朗核问题仍有希望。欧盟现任轮值主席国芬兰外长图奥米奥亚明确表示，现在还不是对伊朗实行制裁的时候，欧盟主张继续同伊朗进行严肃对话，通过外交手段解决伊朗核问题。近日，欧盟负责外交与安全政策的高级代表索拉纳与伊朗核问题首席谈判代表拉里贾尼举行了会谈并取得一定进展。 美国也没有把和谈之门完全关上。国务卿赖斯9月11日在加拿大接受记者提问时表示，伊朗需要在谈判开始之前停止铀浓缩活动，即使是暂时性停止也可以接受。美国驻国际原子能机构的代表则提出一边实施制裁，一边进行外交谈判的建议。上述表态为和谈预留了一定空间。 中国历来反对一切形式的核扩散，主张以政治和外交手段解决扩散问题，坚决反对对伊朗实施制裁。9月13日，中国代表在国际原子能机构理事会审议伊朗核问题时表示，中方希望伊方执行联合国安理会和国际原子能机构的有关决议，继续与国际原子能机构全面合作，为复谈创造条件。同时，中方也希望其他有关各方继续保持冷静和克制，坚持和平解决方向。看来伊核问题仍存有和平解决的希望。 If the Security Council can not reach agreement on sanctions against Iran, the United States will go it alone, bypassing the United Nations, Joint their loyal allies, and the specific composition of the Union sanctions, to impose sanctions on Iran. However, the United States temporarily to Iran will not consider a comprehensive economic sanctions, especially the oil embargo. If Iran daily about 3 million barrels of crude oil exports had been suspended, international oil prices will be rising dramatically. This will not only hurt the U.S. economy, also affected other countries, the sanctions affect their participation in the initiative. Third, the United States and Israel against Irans nuclear facilities and other major targets, surgical operation-style strike. The Bush administration has not ruled out the right of Iran to take military action possible. Many hawks in the United States appears, in addition to military means, the United States is no other solution to the Iran nuclear issue, is an effective way Senator McCann claimed, Only one thing than to take military action even worse, It is the possibility of a nuclear-armed Iran. With the Iranian nuclear problem is escalating The United States on Iran the possibility of a military strike is also increasing. Recently, the U.S. troops stationed in Iraq from 127,000 people to 140,000 people. The move is sending more troops to deal with Iraqs continued deterioration of the security situation, would not exclude the possibility of using force against Iran to prepare. Furthermore, Israel may also separate the Iranian launch a pre-emptive strike. Due to geopolitical reasons, Israel than the United States is worried that Irans nuclear program. even in 2-3 years Iran could produce nuclear weapons. Therefore, Israel has been in Iran for the right to take military operations. It has already been purchased for the United States to attack underground bunkers target smart bombs, and bought two from Germany to launch a nuclear attack submarines advanced. According to Western media reports, Israeli Air Force Commander Eliezer Shakaidi recent appointment as overall responsibility for the Iran front, the commander. A lot of resistance through sanctions to weaken the sanctions and isolation of Iran, is the established policy of the United States at this stage. The United States has attempted to Iran refuses to suspend uranium enrichment as an excuse to build an anti-Iraq alliance, and get the Security Council to impose sanctions on Iran. Because Iran is a major energy exporter, with many large state-owned closer economic relations, including the EU, Russia, India, among other countries, many countries did not want sanctions against Iran. Furthermore, the International Atomic Energy Agency has found that Iran does not develop nuclear weapons evidence that the imposition of severe sanctions against Iraq less than legal. Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov on September 15 reiterated that the nuclear issue of Iraq and Russias position is that neither ruled out the imposition of sanctions on Iran, does not rule out veto the sanctions are possible. Russia deal with the issue of Irans nuclear trick, first with ambiguous attitude pressure Iran to compromise put into action in the West when Layilang one. United States sanctions against Iran, Russia must cross this hurdle. The EU believed that sanctions would only push Iran more strongly against the state. European countries in the economic and trade with Iran in close contact. Germany, France, Iran, Italy were second, third, fourth largest trading partner. Europe has several big oil companies in Iran bulk business. If Iran sanctions, the EU interests will be the first to suffer from combat. In addition, the EU also believes that the West need not only on the issue of nuclear non-proliferation cooperation with Iran, but also in Lebanon, Iraq, Palestine and other issues with it. Iran sanctions will on the issue with the Western disturbance. Developing countries have traditionally dissatisfied with the United States in international affairs, particularly in the nuclear non-proliferation issues, the double standard. Bush has recently cropped up an Islamic fascism was also the subject of some Islamic countries strongly resent. The United States wants to persuade the Council of the developing countries expressed support for sanctions against Iran, it was not easy. Havana in the just-concluded 14th Non-Aligned Movement summit, the heads of state issued a joint statement, support for Irans peaceful use of nuclear energy, I believe that the Iranian nuclear issue through peaceful dialogue to be resolved. Venezuelan President Chavez more clear : Iran is now facing the threat . We will stand together with you. Deeply touched by the Nejad simply call themselves and Richards with the United States fighting pair of fellow sufferers. The use of force is not easy to say Iran is different from Saddams rule of Iraq, its economic strength, have considerable military strength, coupled with the complex topography of Iran nuclear facilities scattered other reasons, the United States, Israels military actions against Iran, there is a certain degree of difficulty. In addition, Iran in the Middle East region and other countries Shiite radical forces have an important impact. The United States fully supports Israel in the conflict between Lebanon and Israel who have suffered setbacks to prove that the Middle East region Shiite anti-American armed strength can not belittle. From the energy perspective, Iran is OPECs second largest oil exporter, rich oil and gas resources in international energy markets actor. Iran is also in control of the Persian Gulf oil transport corridor - the Strait of Hormuz. Once the war started, Iran suspended oil exports or blockade the Strait of Hormuz, the international oil prices will deal a fatal blow. A recent report said, U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld also to resolve the Iranian nuclear program military options expressed sharp opposition. According to American intelligence estimates that Irans nuclear technology development is still at the research stage, the successful production of nuclear weapons. still 5-10 years. Such as the United States still have enough time to do a military strike diplomatic preparations. In particular, the United States midterm Congressional elections approaching, the war in Iraq to the Republican Party, the negative impact Bush in the pre-election period will not act rashly. From the United States military capability, on Iran surgical strikes against no problem, The key lies in how to deal with military strikes after the upheaval. Some analysts believe that the midterm Congressional elections, the United States may, together with Israel against Irans nuclear facilities to fight. This may be not much, but can not be completely ruled out. Negotiation is the only best option for the United States and Iran, the confrontation is not a wise choice, whether to use force or the implementation of comprehensive economic sanctions, the result will be a lose-lose. Negotiations to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue best interests of all parties. Currently, negotiations to resolve the Iranian nuclear issue is still hopeful. Holds the EUs rotating presidency Finnish Foreign Minister Erkki Tuomioja said explicitly that it is not the imposition of