定语从句及五种基本句型.doc

定语从句专题一、基本概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。如：Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now?That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which;关系副词有：when, where, why.二、关系词的用法：（一）关系代词的用法：1 作主语用who, which和that, 如：He is the man _ lives next door.The train _ has just left is for Shenzhen.2 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：The man _we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book _ I bought last week? 3 作定语用whose, 如：(a) He is the man _ car was stolen last week.(b) It was a meeting _ importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如：They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which)Hes written a book the name of which Ive completely forgotten. (= whose name)4 作表语只用that ，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如：He is no longer the man _ he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place _ it used to be.（二）关系副词的用法：1when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：I still remember the time _I first became a college student.Do you know the date _Li Hua was born?2where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有：place, spot, street, house, room,city, town, country,situation,point等，如：This is the hotel _they are staying.I forget the house _the Smiths lived.注：where有时也可以省略。如：This is the place (where) we met yesterday.3 why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如：That is the reason _he is leaving so soon.注：why时常也可以省略。如：That is the real reason (why)he did it.(三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点：1 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构：when = on (in, at, during) + which;where = in (at, on) + which;why = for which. 如：I was in Beijing on the day _he arrived.The office _he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason _ we did it.2 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：Ill never forget the day _I leaved my hometown.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory _radio parts are made.His father works in a factory _makes radio parts.三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句1限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如：This is the book _he refers to.Is there anything _ I can do for you?2非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：This note was left by Tom, _was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most of _were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。 3有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。如：He passed the exam, _ he hoped he would.注：（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。 They won the basketball game , _ makes them very happy._ is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象 那样”。 5以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如：The way _you answered the questions was very wise.四关系词的选择1 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。2 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：Do you know the boy to _she was talking?Do you know the boy _she was talking to?The pencil _he was writing with suddenly broke.3 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：(1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如：All _can be done has been done.In this factory I saw little / much _ was different from ours.(2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：We heard clearly every word _ he said.(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：The first thing _should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first _ comes to mind is the West Lake.(4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：Is that the best _you can do?Thats the most expensive hotel _weve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one _ I have ever read.(5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如：This is the very book _ I want to find.(6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances _ they saw at the Childrens Palace.She described the people and places_ impressed her most in her compositions.(7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Which is the car _killed the boy?4. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：(1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone,everybody等词时。如：Is there anyone _ can answer this question?He was among the few _ managed to live to 100 years old.(2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如：People _wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.Those_ are against the idea put up your hands.(4) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如：She is the only girl I know _ can play the guitar.5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:(1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Who is the man _is reading the newspaper over there?(2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如：He is the greatest man _t has ever lived.(3) 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如：She is the only person _understands me.6. 当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。 如：This is the same instrument _ I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。This is the same instrument_ I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如：A wise man seldom talks about such things _ he doesnt understand.He spoke in such easy English _ everybody could understand.It is so easy a book _ every schoolboy can read.高考题练习：1.(11山东24) Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that 2.(10宁夏海南28) She brought with her three friends, none of _I had ever met before. A. them B. who C. whom D. these 3.(09天津5) A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails. A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever 4.(11上海34) Mozarts birthplace and the house _ he wrote his famous piano music are both museums now . A. where B. when C. there D. which 5.(12江西26) The house I grew up _ has been taken down . A. in it B. in C. in that D. in which 6.(11辽宁23) Theyve won their last three matches, _I find a bit surprising A. that B. when C. what D. which 7. (10福建24) Its helpful to put children in a situation_ they can see themselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D. where 8. (12浙江14) I have reached a point in my life _ I am supposed to make decisions of my own. A. which B. where C. how D. why 9. (09重庆34) Life is like a long race _we compete with others to go beyond ourselves. A. why B. what C. that D. where 10. (09湖南26) I was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, a city _name will create a picture of beautiful trees and green grass in our mind. A. which B. of which C. that D. whose 11. (09全国17) My friend showed me round the town, _was very kind of him. A. which B. that C. where D. it 12. (09北京26) What do you think of teacher ,Bob？ I find it fun and challenging. It is a job _ you are doing something serious but interesting . A. where B. which C. when D. that 13.(09湖北29) Her sister has become a lawyer，_she wanted to be. A. who B. that C. what D. which 14.(08重庆32) Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003,_he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students Union. A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time 15.(09广东35) Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _people were eaten by the tiger. A. that B. by which C. which D. in which 16.(05天津13) Last month，part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods，from _effects the people are still suffering. A. that B. whose C. those D. what 17.(09浙江2) Jim passed the driving test,_surprised everybody in the office. A. which B. that C. this D. it 18. (11湖南27) Franks dream was to have his own shop _he could produce the workings of his own hands. A. that B. where C. when D. How19. (09辽宁12)The only fact has worried many scientists _the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years Awhat Bwhich Cthat DThough20. (11安徽4)A computer is so useful a machine_we can use everywhere. A. that B. which C. as D. What英语五种基本句型：一、第1种句型：S+V（主语+不及物动词）1、Birds fly. 鸟飞。主语谓语(不及物动词)2、He runs in the park. 他在公园里跑。主语谓语地点状语(不及物动词) 此句型是“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。因为是不及物动词，后面当然不能带宾语了，但是可以有状语来修饰。例如上面例句中的in the park就是地点状语。3、Class begins.（begin在句中是不及物动词）上课了。 只能当不及物动词的词：sleep 睡觉walk 步行swim 游泳happen（take place）发生go去come来work 工作laugh 笑stay呆在 arrive 到达二、第2种句型：S+V+O（主语+及物动词+宾语）My father read the book. 我父亲读过那本书. 主语谓语(及物动词) 宾语注意：有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。如：4、You must listen to me. 你必须听我的。（Listen是不及物动词。但加上to之后，listen to可以看成一个及物动词。） 可以带宾语的动词是及物动词，可以充当宾语的有名词和名词的相当语（如代词、不定式、动名词及宾语从句）。如：5、She likes English. 她喜欢英语。（名词作宾语）6、I knowhim very well. 我非常了解他。（代词作宾语）7、They want to go. 他们想走。（不定式作宾语）8、He stoppedwriting. 他停下笔。（动名词作宾语）9、The teacher advised that we learn English well. 老师建议我们学好英语。(宾语从句)三、第3种句型：S+V+P （主语+系动词+表语）10、He became a scientist. 他成为一个科学家了。 主语谓语(系动词) 表语 be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词，后面必须接表语，才能用来说明主语，表示“是”，“变成”等意思。表语通常是名词或形容词等。11、They are honest. 他们是诚实的。12、He became a scientist. 他成为了一个科学家。13、His face goes red. 他的脸变红了。14、It grew dark. 天变黑了。注意：在英语中，除了be动词和become属于系动词外，还有一些实义动词在表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这些词有：keep保持，look看起来，feel觉得，smell 闻起来，sound 听起来，taste 尝起来，grow/get/go/turn 变得remain 仍然是四、第4种句型：S+V+IO+DO （主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语）15、He gave Tom a present. 他给了汤姆一件礼物。主 谓(及物) 宾(间接) 宾(直接)16、Give it to me. 把它给我。谓(及物) 宾(直接) 宾(间接)1）、及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象（参见第2种句型）。但有些动词，除了直接宾语外，还要求一个间接宾语，这个间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或物，也可以说是间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当。17、We sent them a telegram. 我们给他们打了个电报。主谓宾(间接) 宾(直接)【说明】常跟双宾语的动词“七给”(give, hand，lend, pass, show, send, write)和“一带”(bring)8个及物动词，在直接宾语前置时，必须在后面加上to。即：“vt.+sth.+to+sb.”。buy，draw，make三个动词，在直接宾语前置时，则必须在后面加for，构成“vt.+sth.+for+sb.”句型。关于是否接to 或者接for ，一般都是语言习惯用法的问题，英文中习惯怎么用，就应