外文翻译--生产线平衡

Production Line Balancing The scope of this study is to explore the understanding of Productionline Manu-facturing and Balancing, Types of Line Balancing, Equipment Balancing and its Failure an-d Analysis.A production line is said to be in balance when every workers task takes the same amount of time. Line balancing is a manufacturing-engineering function in which whole collection of pr-oductionline tasks are divided into equal portions.Well-balanced lines avoid labour idealness and imp-rove productivity. Production Line Balancing Line-balancing strategy is to make production lines flexible enough to absorb ex-ternal and internal irregularities. There are two types of line balancing, which we have explained as： Static Balance Refers to long-term differences in capacity over a period of sever-al hours or longer. Static imbalance results in underutilization of workstations, machi-nes and people. Dynamic Balance Refers to short-term differences in capacity, like, over a perio-d of minutes, hours at most. Dynamic imbalance arises from product mix changes and variations in work time unrelated to product mix. Labour Balancing and Assignments Strategy of production line stability is the tendency for labour assignments to be fixed. Labour feasibility is an important feature in the strategy of production line flex-ibility linked to individual skills and capabilities When one worker is having problem in performing his assigned task and experie-ncing delay due to technical problem(s), other worker(s) should move into help. The management practice of deliberately pulling workers of the line when the l-ine is running smoothly. The movement of whole crews from one dedicated line to another as the model mix changes. Group Technology In which one worker can handle variety of tasks (automati-on) in a single work centre. Equipment Balancing While balancing equipment, attempt to ensure that each piece of equipment in th-e work cell has the same amount of work. Now days every manufacturer is attempting to maximize the utilization of all available equipments. Such high utilization is often co-unterproductive and may be the wrong goal because； high utilization is usually ac-companied by high inventory. Equipment Failure An equipment failure is a major serious matter, with the potential to shut down a production line. To avoid such failures one should not overload the equipments, and workers should be trained to perform a daily machine checking (preventive maintena-nce) and following standard operating procedures. The advantage for Maintenance and Engineering.Department does not lie in running late shifts, hence calculate the pr-eventive maintenance time and schedule the activity. Analysis Analysis is generally performed by Competent Technical Staff. Begin the analys-is wi-th division of production-line work into small tasks, determination of task time s-tand-ards, specification of required task sequencing and notation of constraints. If bot t-le n-eck task is in the way of good balance, the Competent Technical Staff should anal-yze the task to reduce the time it takes to perform. Line Balancing Leadership Workmen should lead the production line balancing effort, so that they can react quickly when line imbalances (static and dynamic) crop up as a result of changeover to make a different item or changes in the output rate. Conclusion Production-line balancing study tends to employ thought and ingenuity to change con-ditions. Production-line design and operation is more art than science. Labour fl-exibility is the key to effective resource management. The idea of workers checking and doing minor repair work on their own equipment possibly decreases the risk of e-quipment failure. Selecting an appropriate set of balancing mechanism is a part of wo-rk cell design and it must be linked with many other decisions for the system to func-tion well. 生产线平衡 这项研究的范围是探讨生产线的制造和平衡，生产线平衡的类型，设备平衡和故障分析的理解。当每个工人的任务需要相同的时间来完成的时候，就是一个平衡的流水线。线平衡，是一个制造工程的功能，即在整个生产线的任务都能够得到等分。良好的平衡线，能避免无意义的劳动和提高生产率。 生产线平衡 线平衡的策略是，使生产线足够灵活， 以避免外部和内部的违规行为。有两 种类型的生产线平衡，即：静态平衡：指的是几个小时或更长的时间内能力的长期分歧。静态失衡是工作站，机器和人未能得到充分利用的结果。动态平衡：指短期能的差异，最多不超过几分钟或几个小时的时间。动态不平衡源于产品结构的变化和产品结构无关的工作时间的变化。 劳资平衡和分配 生产线的稳定策略的倾向是固定的劳动的平衡分配。劳资的可行性的一个重要特征是战略的灵活性即生产线的个人技能和能力：当一名工人在执行分配给他的任务是有问题，遇到的延迟，由于技 术问题（ S），其他工人（ S）应转移到帮助。当一个工序运行出现问题时，熟练的技工应尽快接管其工序。生产线的所有工人应交互在各个工序熟悉工序操作。全技能即在一个单一的工作中心一个工人可以处理各种任务（自动化）。 设备平衡 设备平衡应确保每一台设备在工作单元中有相同的工作量。现在每个制造商都试图最大限度地利用所有可用的设备。如此高的利用率往往适得其反，这可能是一个错误的目标，因为利用率高，通常伴随着高库存。 设备故障 设备故障是一项重大而严肃的问题，有可能关闭一条生产线。为了避免这种故障，应确保每 个设备不会超载，并且应培训工人进行日常机器检查（预防性维护）和标准作业程序的训练。维护部和工程部的优势不在于在运行后期的变化，因此应计算预防性维修时间，并安排活动。 分析 线平衡的分析一般由主管技术人员进行。分析之前应把流水线分成各个小任务，确定标准的任务时间，任务的排序的规范和约束的分析与生产线的工作分工。如果瓶颈环节的任务是在于寻找良好的平衡的方式，技