初中英语语法-介词、连词.ppt

初中英语语法,介词、连词,介词是一种用来表示词与词,词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。,介词的含义,什么是介词？它的作用是什么？,1.Lookatme.()2.Hegoestoschoolbybike.()3.Heisinterestedindrawing.()4.Thebookisonthedesk.(),代词,名词,动名词,介词:通常用在_、_、_之前，表示某个人、事物/东西、事件与另一个之间的_。,名词,代词,名词,动名词,关系,介词的主要分类：,1.atthecinema,inthehospital_2.Writewithapen,gobybus_3.insummer,onSeptemper1st_4.bytheway,atlast,intheend_,地点介词,方式介词,时间介词,固定搭配,一.地点介词,1.atthevillage,athome,atthecornerofthestreet._2.inShanghai,inthecountry,inAsia,intheworld,inspace_3.inthebox,onthechair,underthedesk,nexttoKate,ontherightofLucy,infrontofthehouse,behindthedoor_,表示小地方用at,表示大地方用in,表示不同地方用具体不同的介词,填上正确的地点介词：,1.在广州_Guangzhou2.在电影院_thecinema3.在湖边_thelake4.在海里_thesea5.树上的苹果apples_thetree6.书上的小鸟birds_thetree7.在天空上_thesky8.在教室外_theclassroom9.在农场上_thefarm10.在街道上_thestreet,in,at,by,in,on,in,in,outside,on,in,二.方式介词,1.writewithapen,cutwithaknife,lockwithalock_2.seewithoureyes,dowithourhands,smellwithournoses,eatwithourmouths_3.inEnglish,inFrench,inyourownwords,inthreelanguage_4.inaloudvoice,inalowvoice_5.inthisway,bythismeans_,使用工具用介词with,使用器官用介词with,使用语言用介词in,使用声音用介词in,使用方法用介词in或by,6.bybike,bybus,bytrain,byplane,byship,bycar(onfoot)byland陆路，bysea水路，byair空运_但：onthebike,onthebus,onthetrain,ontheplane,ontheship,inthecar7.Shanghailies_theeastofChina.()Japanlies_theeastofChina.()Hubeilies_thenorthofHunan.()8.inareadcoat,thegirlinyellow,theboyinwhite_9.lieinbed,afterawhile,inthesun（在阳光下）underthesun（天下，世界上；到底，究竟）,使用交通工具用by,in,to,on,在中国内部,在中国外部,两地接壤,表示穿衣服用in,固定搭配,(),三.时间介词,1.atsixoclock,atnoon,atthattime,athalfpastthree,atmid-night_2.onSunday,onNewYearsDay,onMarch21st,onmybirthday_3.inthreedays,inaweek,inamonth,inMay,in1998_4.inthemorning,intheafternoon,intheevening_但：onthemorningofMay1st5.atnight=_heday=inthe_,表示点钟或具体一点时间用at,表示在某一天用on,表示大于一天的时间用in,在早上/下午/傍晚用in,in,the,day-time,later单独使用可用将来时或过去时态Theotherswilljoinuslater。lateron后来，再过些时候,7.具体时间用不同的介词:,在放假期间_theholiday在圣诞节期间_Christmas三天之后threedays_（一般过去时）_threedays（一般过去时）_threedays（一般将来时）,during,later,at,after,in,注意,在岁时_theageof有时_times/sometimes开始,在起初_thebeginningof此刻_the/thismoment=now在结尾,在尽头_theendof例如_example=such_代替instead_到的时候_thetime=when从到_在户外,在野外_theopenair,at,at,at,at,at,for,of,by,from,to,in,as,四.固定搭配的含介词的词组:,相邻，靠近next_遍及all_将来_thefuture由于,幸亏thanks_过了一会儿_awhile在地球上_theearth到底、究竟_earth下课/放学/下班后_class/school/work展出_show值日_duty独立,单独all_oneself令(某人)惊讶_onessurprise,to,in,to,after,on,after,on,on,by,to,over,on,arrive_/_aplacefind_（发现，找到）geton/along_beafraid_sth.hand_(上交）hand_(分发）beangry_sb.beangry_sth.bestrict_sb.bestrict_sth.beready_befull_=befilled_begood_=dowell_bebusy_sth.belate_beinterested_eat_give_(放弃）grow_,in,at,with,up,in,for,at,for,up,up,out,of,with,with,of,in,at,out,with,in,with,in,常用易混淆介词辨析,after/in皆可表示时间在之后，其区别为：after.表示“在某点时间之后”，用于将来时。如：Wellgooutforawalkaftersupper.表示“一段时间之后”，用于过去时。如：Mymothercamehomeafterhalfanhour.in表示“一段时间之后”，用于将来时。如：Wellgotoschoolintwoweeks.,between/among1)between多指两者之间。如：Whatsthedifferencebetweenthetwowords?2)among指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间，在或笼统的一群人或一些物之中，表示“在中间，在之中”。如：Theyoungpeoplelivedandworkedamongtheworkers.注意：我们可以说betweenyouandme，但不能说betweenyouandI，因为between是介词。3)between还可以用来指三个或三个以上的人或物的每两个之间。三个或三个以上的名词用and连接，前面用between，而不用among。如：Thereisnotmuchdifferencebetweenthethreeofthem.Switzerlandlies_France,Ger-many,AustriaandItaly.,between,aboveoveronbelowunder,above,over,under,on,Becareful,thereisaheavybox_yourhead.Thesunis_themountainintheeast.Therearesomestamps_thedesk.Thelittlemouseis_thetable,soitisnoteasytofindit.Thetemperaturewillstay_zerointhedaytime，butatnightitwillfall_zeroagain.白天气温将保持在零度以上，但在晚上又将降到零度以下。,over,above,on,under,below,below,above,infrontof表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；inthefrontof表示“在的前部”，在某个范围以内例如：Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding.在楼前有一些高树。Theteacherissittinginthefrontoftheclassroom.老师坐在教室前面,infrontof,inthefrontof,表示在上时，不是都用on，有时须用in。在树上inthetree用于指树上的鸟、人等。onthetree用于指生长在树上的叶子、果实。在墙上inthewall镶嵌在墙内，指窗户、门、钉子等。onthewall在墙的表面之上，指地图、画像等。在报纸上inthenewspaper用于指报上的内容。onthenewspaper用于指放在报纸上的东西，如眼镜等。,in,on,bemadeof从成品上看得出的材料bemadefrom从成品上看不出的原料bemadein产地bemadeby制造者bemadeupof由组成，由构成bemadeinto被制成Eg:ItissaidthatthiskindofclothismadeofsilkanditismadeinChina.据说这种布料是由丝绸制成的并且由中国制造。Thiswineismadefromgrapes.这酒是葡萄酿的。ThismachineismadebyUncleWang.这机器是王伯伯制造的。Thearticleismadeupoffourparts.这篇文章有四部分组成。Flour（面粉）canbemadeintobread.,bemadeof、bemadefrom、bemadein、bemadeby、bemadeupof、bemadeinto,1.Weusuallyhavelunch_noon.2.LinTaowasborn_February18th.3.Annsits_myright,_Katesleft.Shesits_us.4.Myfatherisleaving_Suzhoutomorrow.5.Wemustlearn_eachother.,at,on,on,on,between,for,from,用适当的介词填空,practice,6.Theywent_thegateandenteredthegarden.7.Wecandoallthings_ourhands._theendofthelastcap，hecaughtup_theothers.9.Bekind_people.Dontshout_people.10.Lastmonthheworked_ateacher_threeweeks.,through,with,At,with,to,at,as,for,practice,1.Thereisagoodplay_TVthisevening.A.onB.byC.in2.Howfarisit_Guangzhou_Beijing?A.fromtoB.fromforC.awayto3.Japanlies_theeastofChina.A.toB.inC.on4.Mr.BrownhasgonetoCanada.Hewillbeback_twoweeks.A.forB.afterC.in5.A:Whattimedidyougettherethismorning?B:_eight.A.InB.AtC.On6.Weallagree_you.Letsstartatonce.A.toB.forC.with,A,A,A,C,B,C,practice,7.Heisrich_unhappy.A.orB.andC.soD.but8.Paperismade_wood.A.fromB.ofC.byD.in9.Thebasketisfull_apples.A.withB.ofC.inD.by10.Katecantcome.LetsaskweiHuainstead_her.A.ofB.forC.toD.with11.Theheavyrainstoppedme_gettingtoschoolontime.A.toB.fromC.onD.for,D,A,B,A,B,practice,12.Takearest_youfinishthework.A.beforeB.afterC.untilD.while13.Youcantpasstheexam,_youstudyhard.A.ifB.ofC.unlessD.and14._ourteamtriedbest,_wefailed.A.Though,butB.Because,soC.If,andD.Though,/15.Dontgetoff_thebusstops.A.whenB.afterC.untilD.so,B,D,C,C,practice,16.Myauntarrivedhere_awarmspringmorning.A.inB.atC.on,17.A:Whendidyourunclearrive_China?B:HegottoGuangzhou_themorningofthe16thofApril.A.in,onB.in,inC.at,on18.Hawaiiisfamous_itsbeautifulbeaches.A.inB.forC.with19.Wemuststopchildrenfrom_withfire.A.playB.playedC.playing,C,A,B,C,连词(Conjunction),一、连词定义:用来连接词、短语或句子的词。e.g.IstudyEnglishandChinese.Doesheworkatschoolorinthehospital?Igetupearly,butmybrothergetsuplate.,二、用法1.并列连词-连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的有：(1)表并列关系的and,bothand,notonlybutalso,neithernor，aswellas（也，和）等。(2)表选择关系的or,eitheror等。(3)表转折关系的but,however等。(4)表因果关系的for,so等。,考点一：1）判断改错：Theysatdownandtalkaboutsomething.Theystartedtodanceandsang.Isawtwomensittingbehindandatethere.,F,F,F,eating,sing,talked,and(“和，并且”)与or(“否则”),“and”连接平行结构。,（1）肯定句中用“and”表“和”；（2）否定句中用“or”表“和”。,2）翻译：我喜欢英语和数学。我不喜欢英语和数学。,IlikeEnglish_math.,IdontlikeEnglish_math.,and,or,=Studyhard,_yourmathwillbeworse.,3）用“and”或“or”填空：Studyhard,_yourmathwillbebetter.,and,or,“and”意为“这样，那么”；“or”意为“否则”。,1.Whichdoyoulikebetter,apples,_pears?A.andB.butC.or2.Nowwehavenotime_money.A.soB.andC.or,or:1.用于疑问句,表选择2.用于否定句,表并列（肯定句用and）,3.Christine,Aileen_(和)Iaregoodfriends.Studyhard,_(否则)youllfallbehind.4.Areyoucomingbybus_(或者)onfoot?,and,or,or,1.Itsgettingwarmer_warmer.A.andB.butC.or2.Heorthetwins_theUSA.A.comesfromB.comefromC.isfrom4.NotTombutI_goingtogivethetalk.A.amB.isC.are,adj.比+and+adj.比表示越来越,AorB和notAbutB结构作主语时，谓语动词要使用就近原则。,and,or,but,so特殊用法,表转折的连词but和however：e.g.(他努力工作，但以失败告终。)Heworkedhard,_hefailedatlast.Heworkedhard._,hefailedatlast.区别:but后没有逗号，直接连接分句；however后有逗号相隔，可放句末。,考点二：,but,However,观察句子：（1）Althoughheisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.改为：Althoughheisoversixty,heworksashardasothers.或Heisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.（2）“BecauseJohnwasill,soItookhimtothedoctor.”,*although/though和but这两个关联词不能同时用。,?,同样，此句错误，because和so等关联词都不能同时使用。,考点三：,eitherAorB“或者A或者B”neitherAnorB“既不A也不B”notonlyAbutalsoB“不仅A而且B”,-连词词组：,EitheryouorI_goingtotheparty.(或者你或者我将去晚会。)NeitherInorhe_seenthemovie.（我和他都没有看过这部电影。）Notonlyyoubutalsohe_French.（不但你而且他也讲法语。）,【连接主语时，谓语“就近原则”】,am,has,speaks,考点四,2.从属连词-用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：(1)引导时间状语从句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,assoonas等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if,unless等。(3)引导原因状语从句的because,as,since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的sothat,inorderthat等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though,although,evenif等。(6)引导结果状语从句的sothat,sothat,suchthat等。(7)引导比较状语从句的than,asas等。(8)引导宾语从句的that,if,whether等。,三者均可译为“在时候”。when引导的从句，动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的。while引导的从句中，动词只能是延续性的，一般来说，当while引导的从句的动作正在进行时，主句的动作才发生；若主从句动作同时发生，且强调“一边一边”这样的意思，一般用as。WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundhimlyingthereasleep.Shesangasshewalked.她一边走一边唱歌。注意：while可以表示对比关系“然而”。Heisshortwhilehisbrotheristall.,when，while，as,连词用法比较,Mr.Whitewastakingashower_theUFOlandedonthestreet.A.whereB.whileC.whenD.whether,C,WhileMr.Whitewastakingashower，theUFOlandedonthestreet.,考点一,“when”和“while”,when引导的状语从句的动作多为终止性动词，也为可持续动词；但while只能是可持续动词。,考点二,我父亲直到我们吃完饭时才回来。,Myfather_comebackuntilwehadsupper.,notuntil/till直到才till直到为止,翻译：他直到3岁才会讲话。,He_getupuntilhismotherwakeshimup.,didnt,他经常等到妈妈叫他才起床。,He_speakuntilhewas3.,couldnt,doesnt,1)sothat中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词而such.that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：ImsotiredthatIcantwalkanyfarther.Itwassuchawarmdaythathewentswimming.2)如果在名词之前有many,much,little,few时，用so,不用such。例如：Hehassolittleeducationthatheisunabletogetajob.,sothat,such.that,连词用法比较,HetooktheMP3playerwithhim_hecouldenjoymusicduringthetrip.A.becauseB.sothatC.when,B,考点三,他起早是为了赶上早班车。(表目的),Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.,Hegotupearlysothathecaughttheearlybus.,他起早，结果赶上了早班车。（表结果）,Hegotupsoearlythathecaughttheearlybus.,sothat,sothat：为了；所以，结果,如此以致,if和whether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾语从句是一般可互换。例如：Iwonderwhether(if)youstillstudyinthatschool.在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：.在不定式前。例如：Ihaventmadeupmymindwhethertogothereornot.与or(not)连用时。例如：Idontnowwhetherhecomesornot.从句作介词宾语时只用whether不用if。Itdependsonwhetheritwillbefine.那得看是不是晴天。.作discuss等动词的宾语时，用whether不用if。Wediscussedwhetherweshouldclosetheshop.我们讨论是不是该关掉商店,if,whether,连词用法比较,连接条件状语从句：,1、Youllbelate_(如果)youdontgetupearlytomorrow.2、Illcometoseeyou_(如果)ImfreenextSaturday.3、Wellhaveapicnictomorrow_(如果)itdoesntraintomorrow.,*注意状语从句的时态：“主将从现”。,if,if,if,连词练习,连接时间状语从句,Iwascleaningthefloor_(当的时候)sheknockedatthedoor.Dickclimbedupintoatree_(一就)hesawthebear.Iknewnothingaboutit_(直到才)myfriendtoldmeyesterday.IhaventheardfromBill_(自从)wegraduatedfrommiddleschool.,when,assoonas,until,since,连接原因、结果状语从句,YoushouldreturnthedigitalcameratoSally_shewillnotbeangry.A.sothatB.becauseC.before2.Hewashurt_badly_hehadtoseeadoctor.A.tootoB.sothatC.sothat3.Hetookoffhiscoat_itwastoohotintheroom.A.AndB.sinceC.but4.Solomissedthebus_hewaslateforschool.A.becauseB.soC.or,连接让步状语从句,Tomisstilldoinghishomework_itisverylate.A.sothatB.eventhoughC.if2.Ineverseemtoputonanyweight,_hardItry.A.thoughB.nomatterhow3.IenjoylearningEnglish,_ittakesmealotoftime.A.unlessB.althoughC.because4.IwillnevergiveuplearningEnglish_(即