Unit5翻译技巧-词义的选择与引申.ppt

UnitFiveTranslationTechniques(1)SelectionandExtension,Techniquesoftranslationrefertotheexperiencethatpeoplehaveaccumulatedintheirpracticeoftranslation.Theyincludelotsofskillsintranslation,suchasselectionofwordmeaning,extensionofwordmeaning,conversionofpartsofspeechesandsentencestructures,longsentencetranslation,paragraphandpassagetranslation,translationofarticlesofdifferentkindsofstyles,etc.,Introductiontothetechniquesoftranslation,Translationtechniques1,A.SelectionofWordMeanings英语中一词多义的现象比较普遍。翻译时，要在许多不同的词义中选一个最确切的词义，才能使译文正确。词义选择一般从以下几个方面入手：,a.Selectwordmeaningsaccordingtopartsofspeeches.,Translationtechniques1,1.Microprocessorsmonitortyrewearandbrakepoweroncars.(v.)2.Thepatientwasconnectedtoatelevisionwavemonitor.(n.)3.Helikesmakingchemicalexperiments.(v.),微机检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。,病人情况通过波形监视器监视。,他喜欢做化学实验。,4.Likechargesrepeleachother,unlikechargesattract.(adj.)5.Likethehumanbrain,acomputeralsohasamemorywhereitcanstorevastquantitiesofinformation.(prep.)6.IhopeIcanoperatethemachinelikeyoudo.(conj.)7.Allmatterssuchasiron,water,air,andthelikearemadeupofatoms.(conj.)8.Likeenough,theshipwillarriveinporttomorrow.(ad.),Translationtechniques1,同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。,计算机像人脑一样，也有一个能储存大量信息的存储器,我希望能像你一样操纵机器。,一切物质，例如铁、水、空气等，都是由原子构成的。,这艘船很可能明天进港。,1.Thecountrysindustryhasdevelopedquicklyinthelastdecade.2.Todeveloptheinstrument,manyexpertswereinvited.3.Indevelopingthedesign,theengineermustapplyhisknowledgeofengineeringandmaterialscience.4.Inordertodevelopourpowerindustry,wemustproducemoreandmorepowerfulgenerators.,Translationtechniques1,b.Selectwordmeaningsaccordingtothecontext.,过去10年我国工业发展迅猛。,为了研制这种仪器请了很多专家。,在进行设计时工程师必须运用工程学和材料学方面的知识。,为了发展我国的电力工业，我们必须生产越来越多的大功率发电机。,5.Instrumentscapableofmeasuringmostkindsoferrorautomaticallyandmethodsoffeedingtheinformationbacktothemachinescontrolshavebeendeveloped.6.Heisthelastmantocome.7.Heisthelastmantodoit.8.Heisthelastpersonforsuchajob.9.Heshouldbethelast(man)toblame.10.Heisthelastmantoconsult.11.ThisisthelastplacewhereIexpectedtomeetyou.,Translationtechniques1,能自动测量多种误差的仪器，以及把信息反馈给机器控制机构的方法已经研制出来了。,他是最后来的。,他决不会干这种事。,他最不配干这工作。,怎么也不该怪他。,根本不宜与他商量。,我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。,1.Powercanbetransmittedoveralongdistance.2.Chinawillnotbethefirsttousenuclearweaponsalthoughconsideredoneofthenuclearpowers.3.16isthefourthpowerof2.(27isthethirdpowerof3.)4.Whatisthepoweroftheengine?,Translationtechniques1,c.Selectwordmeaningsaccordingtospeciality.,电力可以远距离输送。,尽管中国是核大国，但中国决不会首先使用核武器。,16是2的4次方。（27是3的3次幂。）,这台电机的功率是多少？,1.highbeam2.highbrass3.highcurrent4.highexplosive5.highgear6.highseas7.highsummer8.highsteel,Translationtechniques1,d.Selectwordmeaningsaccordingtocollocation.,远距离光束;远光灯,优质黄铜;硬黄铜,强电流,烈性炸药,高速档;高速齿轮,公海,盛夏,硬钢;高碳钢,9.Totakeoffherbootsortoputthemonwasanagonytoher,butithadbeenanagonyforyears.10.Healwayssitsontheveryedgeofhischairwhenheisworking,asthoughabouttotakeoff.11.Everymaterialtakesupspace.12.Theelectroniccomputersaretakingoversomeofthetasksthatwereonceaccomplishedbyourownbrains,buttheyarenotreplacingus.,Translationtechniques1,脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已是多年以来的痛苦了。,他工作时总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起来的样子。,一切物质都占有空间。,计算机正在接替原来由人脑进行的某些工作，但是它们不能代替人。,Translationtechniques1,B.ExtensionofWordMeanings,在翻译中人们常会遇到一些词或短语，无法直接搬用辞典中的释义。如果照搬，不但不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时要根据上下文的联系及其逻辑关系对词义加引申。词义的引申常有以下几种情况:,1.Publicopiniondemandsthatsomethingshouldbedonetoendthestrike.2.ThecarinfrontofmesuddenlystoppedandImissedthegreen.,Translationtechniques1,一、抽象词语具体化,英语中常用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。,公众舆论要求采取措施结束罢工。,我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。,在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性，一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般可将其词义作为抽象化的引申，译文才能流畅、自然。1.Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.2.Everyonehasrainandsunshine(rosesandthorns)intheirlife.,Translationtechniques1,二、具体词语抽象化,帝国主义者的性格即残暴，又狡猾。,每个人的生活都有甜有苦。,3.See-sawingbetweenpartlygoodandfaintlyominous,thenewsforthenextfourweekswasneverdistinct.,Translationtechniques1,在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。,在翻译时，在译清原文的确切含义的基础上，按译语的搭配习惯，选择恰当的译语词汇对原文加以引申，并可以改变原文的结构和句式，译文只要忠实原文、通顺流畅即可。,Translationtechniques1,三、改换说法,1.Duringthefirstpartofhislife,Lincolnwasastorekeeperandpostmaster.2.Anetworkofhighwayswasbuiltfromcoasttocoast.3.Hefoundthatthemercurycolumnmeasuredthepredictedheight.4.Jetsareanewdevelopmentinaviation.5.Theshortestdistancebetweenrawmaterialandafinishedpartiscasting.,Translationtechniques1,林肯早年当过店主和邮政局长。,横跨大陆建筑了一个公路网。,他发现水银柱达到了预期的高度。,喷气式飞机是航空事业上的一个新成就。,死译：原材料与成品之间最短的距离是铸造。引申译：铸造是原材料加工成成品的最简便方法。,6.Thealternatingcurrentdoesnotknowsuchadisadvantageasthedirectcurrentdoes.7.Ifironiskeptmoist,rustingisrapid,whichmightleadustothinkthatwaterwastheinfluencecausingthecorrosion.,Translationtechniques1,死译：交流电不知道直流电的这种缺点。,引申：交流电不存在直流电的这种缺点。,死译：如果保持潮湿，生锈就快，这可能使我们以为水是引起腐蚀的影响。,引申：如果保持潮湿，生锈就快，这可能使我们以为水是引起腐蚀的原因。,8.Acreativepersonwillalmostneverfollowasetpatternindevelopinganidea.Todosowouldtendtostructurehisthinkingandmightlimitthecreationofpossiblesolutions.,Translationtechniques1,死译：一个有创造性的人在形成一种想法时，决不会按照一种固定不变的方式行事。这样就会构造他的思想，限制创造出可能的解决方案。,引申：一个有创造性的人在形成一种想法时，决不会按照一种固定不变的方式行事。这样就会束缚他的思想，妨碍他找出各种解决方案。,在将英语译成汉语的过程中，我们必须忠实于原文的思想内容。作者的立场观点、语气、语调在语言上都会有所体现，在译成汉语时我们必须做出合适的传达。对于原文中本身就含有褒贬意义的，我们就应该把褒贬意义表达出来，而对于那些本身似为中性的词汇，我们必须根据上下文判断其褒贬而做出适应的表达。,Translationtechniques1,四、词义的褒贬,1.Johnwasanaggressivesalesmanwhodidhisjobquitewell.2.Hitlerpursuedanaggressivepolicyafterheseizedpower.3.Hanswastooobviouslyflatteringthegentlemanbysayinghewasthemostcourageousmanhehadeverseen.4.Mr.Brownfeltgreatlyflatteredwhenhereceivedtheinvitationtodeliveralecture.,Translationtechniques1,约翰是个积极肯干的推销员，他工作干得很出色。（褒义）,希特勒夺取了政权之后就推行侵略政策。（贬义）,汉斯说，这位先生是他所见过的最有胆识的人。这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨。（贬义）,布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请时感到非常荣幸。（褒义）,5.Itmusthavebeenthisobviousaimlessnessthatledtomydownfall.6.Ithusappearedtothemtobequitefamiliarwiththissortofsituation,anditconfirmedthemintheirbeliefthatIwasathoroughlydisreputablecharacter.7.Iamahighlysuccessfulstudentwithabrilliantacademicrecord.8.HewasKerryRudman,33,andnostrangertotrouble.,Translationtechniques1,现在看来，一定是这种明显的毫无目的的游逛使我倒了霉。（贬义）,这样一来，在他们眼里，我就像是非常熟悉这一套了，也使他们更加确信我是一个地地道道的坏蛋。（贬义）,我是一个学业出众的高材生。（褒义）,他叫克里.拉德曼，33岁，惹事生非已不是一次了。（贬义）,9.Pauladidntneedanylessonswhenitcomestoofficepolitics.10.Hewasamanofhighrenown(fame).11.Hisnotorietyasarakedidnotcomeuntilhisdeath.12.Wewereshockedbyhiscoarsemanners.,Translationtechniques1,说到办公室里明争暗斗的那一套，波拉可算是无师自通。（贬义）,他是位有名望的人。（褒义）,他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。（贬义）,我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。（贬义）,assignment,PutthefollowingintoChinese:1.regularreadingregularflightsregularjobregularvisitorregularspeedregulargasolineregularverbregulararmy,assignment,2.a.Thedaysarepastwhenweusedforeignoil.b.TherewasnoquestionthatBenzhadarespectablepast.c.ThewarmJapaneseCurrentflowspastthecoast.d.Tomwalkedpastwithoutnoticingher.3.a.Hecutshisfingeronthebrokenglass.b.Abrookcutsthatfield.c.Thecoldwindcutsmetothebone.4.a.InancienttimesChinamadegreatdiscoveries.b.TherearetimeswhenIdidntknowwhattodo.,assignment,5.a.Tomofferedtotreatustodinner.b.Iwastreatedlikeamemberofthefamily.c.Thisismytreat.Illpay.d.Thebosstreatstheworkerslikedirt.e.Hersonsvisitsareagreattreatforher.6.Theinventionofmachineryhadbroughtintotheworldanewera-theIndustrialAge.MoneyhadbecomeKing.7.Theleaderspokeinpraiseofthosewhohaddiedfortheircountries.,assignment,8.Parentsarealwaysambitiousfortheirchildren.9.AtthattimenoonewatchedoutforHitlersambition.10.Theburningquestionsofmychildhoodhadbeenrichlyanswered.,Discussionofassignment,PutthefollowingintoChinese:1.regularreadingregularflights一般阅读定期航班regularjobregularvisitor固定工作常客regularspeedregulargasoline均速;正常速度普通汽油regularverbregulararmy规则动词正规军,Discussionofassignment,2.Thedaysarepastwhenweusedforeignoil.使用洋油的日子已经一去不复返了。TherewasnoquestionthatBenzhadarespectablepast.毫无疑问奔弛有着辉煌的过去。ThewarmJapaneseCurrentflowspastthecoast.日本暖流流过海岸。Tomwalkedpastwithoutnoticingher.汤姆走过去，没有注意到他。,Discussionofassignment,3.Hecutshisfingeronthebrokenglass.碎玻璃划破了他的手指。Abrookcutsthatfiel