城市规划专业英语第四章.doc

CHAPTER FOUR: GARDEN CITY VS. URBAN VILLAGE only land uses would be controlled. Rural as well as town life would be enriched. Agriculture, for example, would be stimulated by the presence of local town markets and rural folk given access to urban amenities. The attractions of the countryside would everywhere be available to the inhabitants as well as the economic and social opportunities of traditional cities. The fullest life, Howard maintained, could be achieved only when human society and the beauty of nature were enjoyed together. As Howard pictured it, “each inhabitant of the whole group, though in one sense living in a town of small size, would be in reality living in, and would enjoy all the advantages of a great and most beautiful city; and yet all the fresh delights of the country.” 霍华德认为，在这些新的定居点，生活质量会得到大大改善，包括住房，工作和休闲 环境，同时也会改善社会关系，甚至宗教情感。资本主义与合作，仍能蓬勃发展;只有 土地的使用将被控制。农村以及城镇生活将更加丰富。例如，农业将因当地城镇市场 的出现和乡村便民设施的准入而备受激发。乡村吸引力对于居民以及传统城市的经济 和社会环境将随处可及。霍华德指出，只有当人类社会与大自然能够和谐相处的时候 最圆满的生活就能实现。正如霍华德所述,全组每个居民虽然在某种意义上生活在一个 小规模的城镇中，但是事实上在生活中能享受美好城镇的所有优势和国家所有的新鲜 乐趣。 Howards ideas have by some been regarded as highly advanced for his time, but by others described as regressive and harking back to a pre-industrial age. In fact Howards book integrated many of the progressive reforming currents of his time as well as drawing on the latest technology. His major social objectives, such as land reform, co-operativism, and the reversal of migration flows from country to town, were being widely debated and some practical steps had been proposed and taken to achieve them through voluntary and private initiatives as well as government legislation. 在那个时代，霍华德的想法被一些人视为非常超前的，但另外一些人认为这是一种退 化和重回到前工业时代。事实上，霍华德的这本书综合了那个时代的许多先进理念以 及利用了当时最先进的科学技术。他的主要社会目标，如土地改革，共同劳作和从城 市到乡村的迁移流向逆转，正在广泛讨论，并提出了一些切实可行的步骤，并采取通 过自愿和私人行动以及政府立法来实现这些目标。 Howards garden city was pointed out to search a remedy for the problems of industrial society. Understanding of the garden city thus requires close consideration of urban and rural conditions in England at the end of the nineteenth century and of the perceptions of social issues by the reformers of that time. Examination of the social background, attitudes and convictions of Howard himself is clearly needed too, and recognition of the contributions of a number of theorists and experimentalists prior to Howards time which were assimilated into his writings. 霍华德的田园城市指出了