高考阅读理解专项突破-细节理解题.ppt

【命题人点拨】,细节理解题在高考中占有较大比例，其主要考查考生对文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。,一、命题特点 所谓细节理解题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问）、语意转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。,其常见设问方式有： 1. Which of the following is/isnt true? 2. Which of the following is not mentioned? 3. Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. 4. All of the following statements may be true/false except. . .,5. Which of the following maps/diagrams gives the right position of. . . ? 6. What does the writer pay least attention to? 7. Which of the following is not the result of. . . ? 8. Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what. . . is like? 9. The author mentions all of the following except. . . 10. All of the following statements are true except. . .,【名师点睛】 1. 细节理解题解题策略 （1）细心审题，直接根据问题找答案。 解答此类题目时，不必通篇细读全文，要采取代入法，即带着问题在原文中寻找答案，先从问题中找准关键词，然后进行信息定位，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找相关信息。 （2）变通理解，间接转述分析选项。 根据所找信息，分析选项，对比其中所用词汇，进行变通，避免误选答案。,（3）多方归纳，综合事实定答案。 细节理解题有时考查的不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合，这时要有足够的耐心，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳、切不可草率地进行选择。,2. 细节理解题干扰项特点 （1）扩缩范围 （2）张冠李戴 （3）正误并存 （4）无中生有 （5）望文生义 （6）偷换概念 （7）文不对题,3、命题中主要采用以下几种干扰方法： 1. 干扰项被偷换概念。干扰项与原句极为相似，只是略微有些变动。望文生义是造成错误选择的主要原因。 2. 干扰项有正有误。一些干扰项中，某个句子或词语是正确的，其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面，正误并存，命题者借此以假乱真。因此，只要一个选项局部有误或选项不全面，都是需要排除的干扰项。 3. 干扰项范围发生了变化。有些干扰项是通过改变或去掉限定词语，甚至是扩大或缩小范围的方式来误导考生。 考生在答题时一定要提防上述干扰手法，小心谨慎对待。,3. 各考点解题策略 （1）对号入座题 做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。弄清细节、准确获取信息，确定最佳答案。,二、考点分类 【考点一】对号入座题 A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on your eating habits. Researchers at Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their equally fat dogs on diet- and- exercise programs; a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet program. On average, people lost about 11 pounds, or 5% of their body weight. Their dogs did even better, losing an average of 12 pounds, more than 15% of their body weight. Dog owners didnt lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overallmostly with their dogsand found it worth doing.,Q：The research mentioned in the last paragraph reports that_ . A. people with dogs did more exercise B. dogs lost the same weight as people did C. dogs liked exercise much more than people did D. people without dogs found the program unhelpful,【思路剖析】此题为对号入座题。属于直接事实理解。根据文章最后一段“Dog owners didnt lose any more weight than those without dogs but, say researchers, got more exercise overall. . . ”可知，狗的主人虽然没有比那些没有狗的人减肥明显，但是他们做了更多的运动，答案为A项。 【答案】A,（2）是非判断题 此类试题多根据文章的一段或数段提问，考查考生在现实生活中的阅读技能，即快速、准确寻找所需信息的能力。这种题目因为覆盖面较广，搜索定位时间较长，因而难度较大，容易给考生带来心理压力。因此考生遇到此类题型时，首先要调整心理状态，冷静地返回到文章中去寻找答案。在解题时可采取以下步骤：,读懂题干和四个选项的内容，提炼和记忆它们的主要意思; 带着问题去阅读文章，扫描和搜寻信息点，与题目不相关的句子和语段很快掠过，相关信息语言区域则要放慢速度，细致地对照原文和选项提供的信息； “对号入座”，找到解题范围后，立刻排除明显的干扰项，然后“逐个突破”，对余下的选项进行筛选，使选项的范围越来越小，判断的准确率越来越高。,【考点二】是非判断题 (2010山东高考)Christopher Thomas, 27, was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast. Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病), Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage, blindness and even death. And if that werent bad enough, he had no health insurance.,After a month of feeling upset, Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back. He left Canton, Michigan for New York, got a job waiting tables, nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar, and created diabeticrockstar. com, a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1, 100 people share personal stories, information and resources.,Q：Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas? A. He needs to go to the doctor every day. B. He studies the leading cause of diabetes. C. He has a positive attitude to his disease. D. He encourages diabetics by writing articles.,【思路剖析】由第一段第一句“Christopher Thomas, 27, was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast. ”可知，他写作是在检查出得病之前的事，所以排除D项；根据第二段第一句“After a month of feeling upset, Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back. ”以及下文的建立网站可以看出，尽管他生病，但对疾病他有着积极向上的态度。故C项正确。 【答案】C,（3）语意转换题 细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解，若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定最佳答案。 此类题目一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型去表达相同的思想。例如：原文用双重否定，选项用肯定的句式; 进行同义词替换或句子结构的变换; 或原文与选项互换反义词等等。然而这只是词语和句法上的变化，意思是一致的。同时要注意常见干扰项的特点，以免落入陷阱。,【考点三】语意转换题 （2010广东高考）When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small. Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from growing. Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms.,People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some types of fish can be poisonous.,Q：From Paragraph 5, we can learn that_. A. mushrooms should not be eaten B. vegetables are safer than meat and seafood C. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicals D. different types of food should be handled differently,【思路剖析】根据第五段，选项A说蘑菇不能吃，而文中是说野蘑菇不能被食用，所以错误；选项B在文中未被提到；选项C说由于吃了本身有毒的食物而中的毒比化学物质导致的中毒更严重，这一点在第五段也没有提到；所以选项D说不同类型的食物应该用不同方法处理，是正确答案。 【答案】D,（4）逻辑排序题 逻辑排序题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。此种题目要运用首尾定位法，最先判断找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。,【考点四】逻辑排序题 （2011山东高考）The researchers designed a special cap for the user. This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp(头皮) and sends them to a computer. The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair. The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path. They help the computer react to commands from the brain.,Q：Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5? A. scalpcomputercapwheelchair B. computercapscalpwheelchair C. scalpcapcomputerwheelchair D. capcomputerscalpwheelchair,【思路剖析】根据第五段可知，首先研究人员为用户设计一种特殊的帽子，它会捕捉头皮发出的信号并将其传给电脑。电脑将这些信号进行分析翻译，给监控下的机器人轮椅发出指令。机器人轮椅装有两部摄像头能识别信号路径中的物体，从而帮助电脑对人脑的指令做出反应。故此处C 项正确。 【答案】C,（5）图形识别题 在含有图表识别题的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。,【考点五】图形识别题 （2009安徽高考）,Q：The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008，_. A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points B. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged C. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease D. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase,【思路剖析】由柱形图可以清楚地看出，拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数量急剧增加，其他三项表述都与图表不符，故D项正确。 【答案】D,（6）数字换算题 此类题一般为直接年代、数字的对应查找，有时也会出现要求对年代或数字进行计算的考题。对前者，可根据文中信息较快地确定答案；对后者，首先要弄清题干是怎么问的，然后根据其内在的逻辑关系对年代和数字进行分析和计算，得出正确答案。在做此类题时，还要注意弄清单位之间的换算关系，避免出现计算错误。,【考点六】数字换算题 （2010四川高考）The three shipsthe MV Prantalay 11，12，and 14had 77 members on board in total. All of them are Thai, the spokesman said. Before the Sunday robbing，pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors.,Q： How many sailors were held by the pirates up to the time of the report? A. 228. B. 77. C. 383. D. 305. 【思路剖析】根据倒数第二段的“. . . had 77 members on board in total. ”和 “Before the Sunday robbing, pirates held 11 ships and 228 sailors. ”可知答案为D项。 【答案】D,似是而非，不求甚解 Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant landis Easter Island, which lies 1, 260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island, and 2, 300 miles west of South America.,The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1, 000 huge stone figures, called moai , for which the island is most famous. . . .,Q：Which of the following is most famous for moai? A. Tristan da Cunha. B. Pitcairn Island. C. Easter Island. D. St. Helena.,【思路剖析】（1）分析题干可知，因moai 而闻名的是一座岛屿(the island)，因此解题的关键就在于找到上文最后一句话中the island 的具体所指。 （2）上文第一段，出现了两个岛的名字：Easter Island和Pitcairn Island，进一步分析句子结构可知，主语为Easter Island，而Pitcairn Island出现在which引导的非限制性定语从句中，是和Easter Island相邻的岛屿。,所以下段中出现的The mountainous 64-square-mile island和最后一句中的the island指的也是Easter Island，故正确答案为C。 【答案】C 【名师点拨】解答针对定语从句设置的细节题时，考生一定要认真分析句子结构, 联系上下文, 弄清楚关系词所指代的对象，准确答题。,粗心大意，审题不严 Wang Hao, who won the mens doubles title with Chen Qi last Monday, played with spirit to beat Wang Liqin 11-9, 13-11, 11-5, 11-9. Wang Hao said it was his mental toughness that made the difference. “I was disappointed by my performances in past championships and the last two Olympic Games. But I have tried to pull myself together and prepared well. This is the result. ”,Wang Hao said he had always understood the importance of physical training and technical skills. Now he knows the need for mental preparation as well. Having two Olympic silvers had left him feeling bitter (痛苦的). The bitterness perhaps explains why he has not always played at his best in the past. . . .,Q: From Wang Hao, we can know the main reason for his beating Wang Liqin is_ . A. his technical skills B. his physical training C. his mental toughness D. his past experience,【思路剖析】（1）根据原文“Wang Hao said it was his mental toughness that made the difference. ”可知虽然在后续文章中也提到了his technical skills；his physical training；his past experience但都不是本题所要选择的正确答案。 （2）错选原因是没有抓住细节理解题的重点，审题不细，忽略了题干中的关键词main。 【答案】C,【名师点拨】对于细节理解题的选项的选择，一定要理解题干，找出题干中的关键词，然后进行排除，以防以次代主，文不对题。,自以为是，脱离原文 How do people climb the wall? To climb，you need special shoes and harness (保护带) around your chest to hold you. There are ropes tied to your harness. The ropes hold you in place so that you dont fall. A beginners wall is usually about 15 feet high，and you climb straight up. There are small pieces of metal that stick out for you to stand on and hold on to. Sometimes its easy to see the new piece of metal. Sometimes，,its not. The most difficult is to control your fear. Its normal for humans to be afraid of falling，so its difficult not to feel fear. But when you move away from the wall，the harness and the ropes hold you，and you begin to feel safe. You move slowly until you reach the top. . . .,Q: The most difficult thing to do in wall climbing is _. A. to tie ropes to your harness B. to control your fear C. to move away from the wall D. to climb straight up 【思路剖析】从倒数第三句“Its normal for humans to be afraid of falling, so its difficult not to feel fear. ”可知人们在攀墙时很难控制自己的恐惧。 【答案】B 【名师点拨】细节理解题可通过查读法进行理解，但是答案的依据一定要忠实于原文，不能凭自己的主观感觉进行选择。,二、解答技巧 细节是围绕主题展开的，是对中心主题的进一步表达。细节题是针对原文提到的某个事物、现象或理论的考查。细节题S主要考查考生是否能在快速阅读文章的同时，从中获取某些特定的直接信息或理解特定信息的意义。有些题是考查原文细节本身，有些是考查某些细节在文中的意义。细节题主要表现为以下几种：对事实细节的是非判断、年代和数字及其计算、事实细节排序等。,根据细节理解题的考查特点，我们在解答细节理解题时通常采用以下解题技巧： 1. 信息验证法 细节理解题多数是对具体信息的考查，我们可以将信息分为两类直接信息和间接信息。直接信息类的考题，其答案与原文中含有相关信息的句子在用词上几乎相同，考生只需找到原文信息就能解决问题；而间接信息要复杂一些，在原文中找不到与正确选项相近的词、句，选项信息往往与原文信息的表达形式不同。这就需要对原文相关信息认真理解，这个理解可能牵扯到对某一句话或某些句子的理解。考生在理解其意义时，一定要捕捉到关键性的词，要认真、周全地考虑才能选出正确答案。,(2009江西B)片段Why it happened As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen (air) in the bottle. The egg acts as a seal in the neck of the bottle, so no more air can get inside. This reduces the air pressure inside the bottle. The air pressure must equalize, so more air from outside must enter the bottle. The outside air presses against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! This proves that air is all around and that it is pressing down on us.,Q1: In the experiment the burning inside the bottle can _ . A. equalize the air pressure inside and outside B. make a seal in the neck of the bottle C. finish up the oxygen inside the bottle D. produce more oxygen inside the bottle 【解析】选C。间接事实细节题。此段第一句“As the paper burns, it needs oxygen and uses up the oxygen(air)in the bottle. ”中没有运用与题干选项中相同的动词短语finish up（用光，耗尽），但是use up（用尽，耗尽）与finish up意思重合。,Q2: How did the egg get into the bottle? A. The oxygen inside the bottle sucked the egg in. B. It became soft without the shell. C. The neck of the bottle was wide enough. D. The outside air pressure forced it into the bottle. 【解析】选D。直接事实细节题。根据此段倒数第二句“The outside air presses against the egg and then the egg is pushed into the bottle! ”与选项D “The outside air pressure forced it into the bottle. ”句意完全重合。,2. 排除法 （2009陕西A）片段It was the first snow of winteran exciting day for every child but not for most teachers. Up until now, I had been old enough to dress myself, but today I would need some help. Miss Finlayson, my kindergarten teacher, had been through first snow days many times, but I think she may still remember this one.,I managed to get into my wool snow trousers. But I struggled with my jacket because it didnt fit well. It was a hand-me-down from my brother, and it made me wonder why I had to wear his ugly clothes. At least my hat and scarf were mine, and they were quite pretty. Finally it was time to have Miss Finlayson help me with my boots（靴子）.,Q: The little girl was more satisfied with her _ . A. trousers B. jacket C. boots D. hat 【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据题干可知，四个选项中有“三错一对”，从此处第二段可知：小女孩穿衣服时，“I managed to get into my wool snow trousers. ”, “But I struggled with my jacket because it didnt fit well. ”及“Finally it was time to have Miss Finlayson help me with my boots”这几句分别反映对trousers, jacket和boots的不满意，可排除这三项，从第二段第四句“At least my hat and scarf were mine, and they were quite pretty. ”可知，对选项中的hat较为满意。,1. 排除法就是根据文中信息，排除与文中信息不符的干扰项。在做题时，要根据题干中的关键词，在文章中找到相关句、段的内容，仔细对照，将不符合原文意义的选项排除，反之则是正确选项。 2. 排除法尤其适合于解答“三对一错”或“三错一对”类的是非判断题。依据原文去理解和确定选项，就是说要把选项内容与原文内容进行对比分析，判断是否符合文章内容所叙述的事实细节，然后确定答案。,3. 首尾定位法 (2010福建A)F. Scott Fitzgerald, born on September 24, 1896, an American novelist, was once a student of St. Paul Academy, the Newman School and attended Princeton University for a short while. In 1917 he joined the army and was posted in Alabama, where he met his future wife Zelda Sayre. Then he had to make some money to impress her.,His life with her was full of great happiness, as he wrote in his diary: “My own happiness in the past often approached such joy that I could not share it even with the person dearest to me but had to walk it away in quiet streets and take down parts of it in my diary. ”,This Side of Paradise, his first novel, was published in 1920. Encouraged by its success, Fitzgerald began to devote more time to his writing. Then he continued with the novel The Beautiful and Damned (1922), a collection of short stories Tales of the Jazz Age (1922), and a play The Vegetable (1923). But his greatest success was The Great Gatsby, published in 1925, which quickly brought him praise from the literary world. Yet it failed to give him the needed financial security. Then, in 1926, he published another collection of short stories All the Sad Young Men.,However, Fitzgeralds problems with his wife Zelda affected his writing. During the 1920s he tried to reorder his life, but failed. By 1930, his wife had her first breakdown and went to a Swiss clinic. During this period he completed novels Tender Is the Night in 1934 and The Love of the Last Tycoon in 1940. While his wife was in hospital in the United States, he got totally addicted to alcohol. Sheila Graham, his dear friend, helped him fight his alcoholism.,Q: Which of the following is the correct order to describe Fitzgeralds life according to the passage? a. He became addicted to drinking. b. He studied at St. Paul Academy. c. He published his first novel This Side of Paradise. d. The Great Gatsby won high praise. e. He failed to reorder his life. f. He joined the army and met Zelda. A. f-c-e-a-b-d B. b-e-a-f-c-d C. f-d-e-c-b-a D. b-f-c-d-e-a,【解析】选D。细节排序题。根据文章第一段可知他最早在St. Paul Academy学习，排除A、C两项；他参军发生在他没能够成功重新安排生活之前，排除B项。,事实细节题相对而言是阅读理解题中较为容易的题，但是考生在解题时还是要仔细应答。在读文章之前先读题，对要考题设问部分做简要记录，这样，在读文章时才能快而准地锁定目标信息，以便节省时间和减少反复寻找细节的麻烦。对细节的考查有时可能涉及一些长难句，对此，也不要惊慌，首先判断是简单句还是复合句，若是简单句，先找句子的主、谓、宾，理解其主要意义，再加附属成分的意义；若是复合句，先判断从句，再分析各自的意义，最后联系整句意义。,题型解题剖析 1. 考查直接事实细节 对于能够在原文中找到答案的直接事实细节题，可采用带着问题找答案、锁定题干关键词的方法来解题。解题时快速略读全文，捕获关键信息词，这样就能快速且准确地得到正确答案。,2. 考查间接事实细节 题干对文章中事实细节的陈述采用转换表达方式或用近义陈述的方式间接做出表达的间接细节题，其答案是无法与篇章中信息直接对应的，此类题目需要认真领会题干中选项的意思，并在文章中找到与其相吻合的细节，验证后确定选项。 3. 细节理解排序题 在细节理解题中，也常常要求考生把某一事件按照发生时间的先后进行排序。做题时应该严格按照时间先后来排列，通常采用“首尾”定位，再确定中间顺序的方法来做。,4. 数字考查题 (1)运算型：理解各数据之间的关系并弄清题干所指的具体问题。 (2)选择型：从四个选项中筛选出与文中细节对应的答案。 (3)转换型：文中对数字的表达与题目要求的表达方式不同，如把具体的年份转换为某个世纪。 (4)数值范围型：文中给出数字范围，题目要求找出最高（低）值。,阅读理解（二）三位一体，巧解阅读 阅读不是一个被动的过程，而是一个积极主动的过程，它需要大量的脑力活动，这就是说，一篇文章的意义不在于材料本身，而在于我们与材料不断交流的结果。我们需要把分散于文章中的各种信息联系起来，经过必要的判断、推理、得出自己对文章的认识。 解题过程中我们要与无声的语言进行沟通和交流势必要领会其意图也就是问题的题干。然后顺藤摸瓜回扣原文，寻找信息，最后与所给选项进行对应，分析，这就是将题干信息选项三者统一为一体，但特别要注意三者是意义的统一，而不是单独信息词的重现。,57. A visitor to the Park can_. A. rent a stroller outside Front Gate B. ask for first aid by Thunder Run C. smoke in the Water Park D. leave his pet at KidZville,B. 细节理解题。题干关键词为visior to park定位于第三和第五段“If you need medical assistance, tell any park employee who will call First Aid and have them come to your location.”句子中的any park employee意味着在Canadas Wonderland的任何地方2可获得急救护理（First Aid）。因此，选项B为最佳答案。,干扰较高的为AD选项。选择D项的考生忽略了或者未读懂 “Stroller, locker and wheelchair rentals are available inside the Park at the Front Gate.” 中的有关关键信息“inside the Park at the Front Gate”；选择D项的考生忽略了或者未读懂“A pet care facility is located outside our Front Gate”,不明白第三段“ATMs”中“KidZville (beside Guest Services)”之意为“KidZville在 Guest Services旁边”，而错以为可以把宠物放在KidZville。 干扰项排除：考生一定要先抓住关键词所在的位置。,58. According to the author, which of the following seems governed by the principle “First come, first served”? A. Taking buses. B. Buying houses. C. Flying with an airline. D. Visiting amusement parks.,细节理解题。选项A与第三段第一句“The princi