阅读理解课件细节处理.ppt

英语专题复习,英语阅读理解技巧 -细节理解,高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体，即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。 记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。 描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。,说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。,体裁分析能力,论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手. 文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。,体裁分析能力,睛,三、知己知彼，减少失误 有时候四个选项中总有一个极易误选，因此，了解阅读理解题中的干扰项的特点，可以大大减少我们不必要的失误。概括起来，干扰项可分为以下三种类型： 1与原文矛盾。即选项与文章内容相矛盾。这种选项的干扰性较小，只要仔细阅读就可排除。,2无中生有。即选项与文章内容不矛盾，但在文中没有相关信息支持，没有根据。这类选项的干扰较大。在做此类题时，切忌把自己或他人观点作为选择依据。 3答非所问。选题与题目关系不大，选项没有针对题目来阐述。这类题目干扰性也较大。在做此类题时，不仅要判断选项内容的正确性，还应注意选项是否针对题目。, 一 细节理解型,细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种： 1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage? 2) The author mentions all of the following except . . . 3)Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage? 4)The writer mentions all of the items listed below except _. 5) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? 6) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage? 7) The reason for . . .is . . . 8) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) . 9)From the passage we know that _. 10)In the passage, the author states that _.,分析题干能力,【解题策略】 1掌握技巧，灵活运用 (1)细心审题，直接就题找答案。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法，先从问题中抓住关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较，确定答案。,(2)变通理解，间接转述找答案。细节理解题通常采用词语和句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述，命题者在出这类题时惯用“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”的手法来迷惑考生，即对原句细微处作改动，截取原文词语或结构进行改造，因果倒置，把A的观点说成B的观点等。所以正确理解题干和信息句的意义是关键。 (3)多点归纳，综合事实找答案。细节理解题有时考查的并不是单一的信息，而是多处信息的整合。解答此类“综合”信息细节题时，一定要全面捕捉相关信息，进行综合分析、归纳，切忌根据“一面之词”草率地作出结论。,1、是非题出题形式： a.三正一误： Which of the following is true except? Which of the following is mentioned except b.三误一正： Which of the following is true? 这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系： Which of the following mentioned except Which of the following is not mentioned? 这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段，而且往往无列举标志词，如first，second，third等。做题时只需阅读有关段落，根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项，剩下一个原文中未提到的，为正确答案。,分析题干能力,【典例】 2010山东 Christopher Thomas,27，was a writer by night and a teacher by day when he noticed he was always tired and was losing weight fast.Diagnosed with diabetes(糖尿病)，Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素) three times a day for the rest of his life or risk nerve damage，blindness and even death.,And if that werent bad enough，he had no health insurance. After a month of feeling upset，Thomas decided hed better find a way to fight back.He left Canton，Michigan for New York，got a job waiting tables，nicknamed himself the Diabetic Rockstar，and created ，a free online community for diabetics and their loved onesa place where over 1,100 people share personal stories，information and resources.,Jason Swenckis son，Kody，was diagnosed with diabetes at six.Father and son visit the online childrens forums(论坛)together most evenings.“Kody gets so excited，writing to kids from all over，”says Swencki，one of the sites volunteers.“They know what hes going through，so he doesnt feel alone.”,Kody is anything but alone：Diabetes is now the seventh leading cause of death in the United States，with 24 million diagnosed cases.And more people are being diagnosed at younger ages. These days，Thomass main focus is his charity(慈善机构)，Fight It，which provides medicines and supplies to people225 to date who cant afford a diabetics huge expenses. F has raised about $23,000in products and in cash.In May，Thomas will hold the first annual Diabetic Rockstar Festival in the Caribbean.,Even with a staff of 22 volunteers，Thomas often devotes up to 50 hours a week to his cause，while still doing his fulltime job waiting tables.“Of the diabetes charities out there，most are putting money into finding a cure，”says Bentley Gubar，one of Rockstars original members.“But Christopher is the only person I know saying people need help now.”,( )1.Which of the following is true of Christopher Thomas? AHe needs to go to the doctor every day. BHe studies the leading cause of diabetes. CHe has a positive attitude to his disease. DHe encourages diabetics by writing articles.,【解析】 C 通读全文可知，Christopher Thomas对于自己的疾病采取了积极的态度，所以C项正确。A项与“Thomas would need to inject himself with insulin(胰岛素)three times a day for the rest of his life”不符；B项与文中的Thomas开办网站，与病人及其家属分享有关的信息和资源不符；D项提到的写作是Thomas的专职工作，而他的志愿工作才是运作Fight It 这个慈善机构。,2、例证题 例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一，这类题的基本结构为: The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to 意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。 文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置，但不管如何，这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话，这句话就是答案，即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关，则例证主题，答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关，就例证段落主题，则答案为段落主题句；此外，答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。,分析题干能力,3、年代与数字: 这个考点有几种出题方式，但不管以何种形式出现，只要题干问年代与数字，答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。 4、比较: 比较考点的表现形式主要有： a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构； b.表示绝对意义的字眼： first(第一)，least(最不)，most(最)等； c.表示惟一性的词汇：only, unique等； 阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇，便于做题时回原文定位。,分析题干能力,对于数据计算题：要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准正确的数据进行计算，同时弄清单位之间的换算关系。 【典例】 2010海南、宁夏 Shakespeares Birthplace and Exhibition of Shakespeares World,( )1.How much is the admission for a family of two grownups and two children? A9.80 B12.00 C14.20 D16.40 【解析】 B 题干关键词为admission。由此可知，应该在第二个表格中寻找相关的信息。根据第二个表格中Family 12.0 (2 adults up to 3 children)，即是一家人(2个成年人和至多3个小孩)需要12.0。,5、原因： 这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示： result, reason; result in(结果)，result from(由于， baseon(以为基础)，be due to (由于)； because, for, why; as a result, consequently等。 阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因，后说结果，而在题干中通常给出结果，就其原因提问。,分析题干能力,6.事实排序题：这是一类运用多项事实进行排序的事实细节题，要求根据动作发生的先后顺序、时间顺序或者句子之间的逻辑关系，找出时间发生，发展的正确顺序。 【典例】 A Russian lawyer yesterday said the countrys border guards repeatedly fired on and sank the fleeing Chinese cargo vessel off Russias coast on Sunday.,Alexander Selentsov, a law officer in Vladivostok city, told the Interfax News Agency the Russian border guards received orders from the Federal Security Service last weekend “to open fire”on New Star, the Chinese ship, to stop it from escaping Russias Nakhodka port. “The order was carried out after radio warnings.”he said. Russian officials had preciously denied border guards had fired on the ship after local media reported the incident and said severe weather caused the sinking.,Vladivostok Daily News, the first newspaper to report that the ship was fired upon, said more than 500 rounds were shot at the ships bow and stern. The Russian border guards watched the ship sink for nearly 24 hours, and made no response to the crewmens cries for help, the report said. Sixteen sailors from New Star boarded two lifeboats, Russian crewmen saved one lifeboat. While the other, carrying seven Chinese and an Indonesian, was swallowed by waves. ,( )1.Which is the right order of the ship sinking? aNew Star overturned and started sinking. bOne lifeboat was swallowed by waves. cRussian warship fired upon New Star. dSailors boarded two life boats. Aa c b d Bb a c d Cc a d b Dd c a b,【解析】 C 事实排序题。由文章的介绍可以看出：俄罗斯军舰开火发生在最前面，然后是“新星号”下沉，接下来是船员登上救生艇，最后是一艘救生艇被海水吞没。 【规律技巧提炼】 在具体的解答时可采用 “首尾定位法”。即先找出首先发生的事和最后发生的事，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出答案。,7.直接信息题 直接信息题能直接从原文中找到信息，而且选项和原文在语言表述上也没有大的变化或有时候仅仅在表达方式上稍作转化。 【典例】 2010海南、宁夏 The Birthplace is within easy walking distance of all the car parks shown on the map; nearest is Windsor Street(3 minutes walk).,The House may present difficulties but the Visitors Centre, its exhibition, and the garden are accessible(可进入的)to wheelchair user. The Shakespeare Coffee House (opposite the Birthplace). ( )1.A wheelchair user may need help to enter _. Athe House Bthe garden Cthe Visitors Centre Dthe exhibition hall,【解析】 A 题干关键词为：wheelchair。根据选文中的“The House may present difficulties but the Visitors Centre, its exhibition, and the garden are accessible(可进入的)to wheelchair user.”可知：对于轮椅使用者来说，可能进入房子有些困难，但是游客中心，展览厅还有花园都可以进入。由此可以直接得出答案。 【规律技巧提炼】 在解这类题时，大家可以采取“题干定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法。,8.间接信息题 这类题目我们能够从文章中找到信息，但原文信息又不是解题所直接需要的，需要我们对原文信息进行合理地加工处理，根据信息作简单推理或鉴别。它是介于直接信息题和推理判断题之间的一种题型。,【典例】 To you，the most important decision youll make is to choose the school that really fits you bestnot the one that is the most competitive(有竞争力的)or the one has the best equipped rooms. ( )1.The author thinks you should choose the college that is _. Awellequipped Bcompetitive Csuitable Dfamous,【解析】 C 从文中可以看出，作者认为选择学校的时候最重要的是学校要适合(fit)你，即选项C，而不是“装备 好的”、“有竞争力的”和“著名的”。 9.综合信息题 这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话，还可能涉及文章的几句话，而且有时可能散落在文章的不同地方，因此要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来分析，而不能“断章取义”，也不能张冠李戴。,【典例】 2010湖北 Third, needing to be right, it doesnt matter what the topic ispolitics. The laws of physics or the proper way to break an eggthe point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authoritysomeone who actually knows somethingand therefore to command respect. Unfortunately, as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other, theyll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress.,( )1.Parents and teens want to be right because they want to _. Agive orders to the other Bknow more than the other Cgain respect from the other Dget the other to behave properly,【解析】 C 题干的关键词是want to be right because，回原文定位到“Third, needing to be right”。原文接着往下看“it doesnt matter what the topic ispolitics, the laws of physics or the proper way to break an eggthe point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong, for both wish to be considered an authoritysomeone who actually knows somethingand therefore to command respect.” 这句话虽然看起来很复杂，但可以跳过插入语不看。,(破折号中间的内容均为插入语)将其省略，句子就会变得简单得多。又由于题干是对原因的提问，这里我们只重点看for后面的内容“both wish to be considered an authority and therefore to command respect”，故答案为C。,Invited by Mr. Ye Huixian, host of the well received TV programme “Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin, Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday. Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years old， Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia. Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess. Before she took part in the competition, she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years. However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage, dancing, singing, making-up and other proper manners, designed by the Asia TV Station. “Its really a hard job for me. I wont enter for such competition any more. Anyhow, I am quite lucky. I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title. This time, in Shanghai, Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience, “ said Luo Lin with a sweet smile. Q： Which of the following is NOT true? A. Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai. B. Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents. C. Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991. D. Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.,解析： A、C 和D都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文列的是： taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents，因此选B。,return, 二 主旨大意题,主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种： 1）The general/main idea of the passage is about _ 2）Which of the following best states the theme of the passage？ 3）In this passage the author discusses primarily _ 4）The passage is mostly about _ 5）The passage is mainly concerned about _ 6）What is the main topic of the passage？ 7）What is the best title for the passage？ 8）The subject discussed in this text is _ 9）The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to 10）The passage is meant to . 11）The purpose of this article is to ,分析题干能力,【解题策略】 1抓住主题句，锁定文章主旨 找准主题句是关键。寻找主题句多采用浏览法(skimming)。主题句通常在文章开头，也可能在一段的中间或末尾。在很多情况下，主题句如果在段首，其后可能有for example，first，second等信息词。主题句如果在段末，其前可能有above all，all in all等信息词。利用这些信息词，可迅速找到主题句。一般来说，文章前三句所提供的信息能够让读者了解其大致内容，而读懂每段的第一句话则有助于掌握本段的主要内容。这样做的目的不仅在于可以迅速地把握全段的大意，更重要的是，在时间紧迫的情况下，可以对一段话进行缩读、略读和扫读。,2抓住段落大意，概括中心思想 寻找整篇文章的中心思想是建立在寻找具体段落中心的基础上的。各段落中心的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。 3抓住主线和关键，归纳文章中心 先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。了解文章的结构，把握住全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。对这种能力的考查一般反映在文章的中心内容、文中某一段的大意或指代关系的题目中。,【典例1】 2010四川 Candidates(申请人)will have experience of both management and research support/technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary. Education to degree level is also desirable. ,( )1.What does the paragraph mainly talk about? AThe technical skills of a wouldbe ROM. BThe practical experience of a wouldbe ROM. CThe personal information of a wouldbe ROM. DThe necessary requirements for a wouldbe ROM. 【解析】 D 主旨大意题。依据本段提供的信息，申请人要有管理和技术服务的经验、研究操作的知识及极好的交际技能等，可知本段主要谈对应聘职位者具体能力的要求。,在解主题大意时，以下方法可供参考。 1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。 2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。（04年全国卷1（河南等）E篇中major出现过八次，尽管其词性、词义有所不同，但它就是关键词）。 3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。 例如：On the whole , in short, therefore I agree with the opinion that Given all these points above , I would support the idea that For all the reasons mentioned above ,I would prefer 掌握了找主题句的方法，就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下5种错误，需要同学们注意。 1以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。 2过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。 3把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。 4. 小放大或缩小文章的主题，把文章的主题进行放大或者缩。 5.偷换概念，文章讲的主题被换成相关但不同的主题。,分析题干能力,如何寻找主题句,Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.,（1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,Sample 2 Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,（2）主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,（3）在短文中间 当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.,return,【典例2】 2010辽宁 Too much TVwatching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children. One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California thirdgraders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedroom TVs.,A second study，looking at nearly 1,000 grownups in New Zealand, found lower education levels among 26yearolds who had watched lots of TV during childhood. But the results dont prove that TV is the cause and dont rule out that already poorly motivated youngsters (年轻人)may watch lots of TV. ,( )1.What would be the best title for this text? AComputers or Television BEffects of Television on Children CStudies on TV and College Education DTelevision and Childrens Learning Habits 【解析】 B 标题归纳题。该文属于主题句在篇首。通读全文可知，文章主要通过两项研究分析了儿童看电视所造成的影响。文章第一段第一句话是主题句，故选B。,【规律技巧提炼】 新闻报道的第一段一般首先概括全文的中心，然后再详细叙述事件的发生、发展和结局，因此第一段就是全文的主题句。另外有些说明性或议论性文章也会开门见山地提出文章说明的中心或阐述的观点，等把一切问题都说透了，所有论据都摆全了，作者最后用一句话来概括全文，点明文章的中心，此种情况下文章的主题句出现在文章的最后。,【典例3】 2010重庆 One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的)to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a wornout hat and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.,We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked, “May I get you something？” “A coffee would be nice.”,Then I bought him a cup of coffee. We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee. Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met one of my friends. He asked, “How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath？”“Who？”,“The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.” I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the worlds richest and most powerful men! My few minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity.,( )1.What is the message mainly expressed in the story? AWe should learn to be generous. BIt is honorable to help those in need. CPeople in high positions are not like what we expect. DWe should avoid judging people by their appearances.,【解析】 D 主旨大意题。该文属于主题句在篇末。根据文章最后一句“Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity.” 可知，作者想要表达的是不要以貌取人。由此判断选D。,1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to