写作、翻译等张伟超收集.ppt

大学英语四级考试 应试策略,CET-4,Brief Introduction,考试时间: 125 分数: 710 及格:NO 成绩报告单:220 口语报考资格:550 六级报考线: 425,样卷结构、各部分答题时间和所用答题卡,考试时间安排,8:50-9:00 收音机调试，发答题卡 9:00-9:30 作文 （30 min) 9:30 发试题册 9:30-9:45 快速阅读 (15 min) 9:45-10:00 收答题卡一（作文、快速阅读） 最后调试试音，准备听力（预览选项） 10:00-10:35 听力 （35 min) 注题目前没有指令 10:35-11:30 选词填空、仔细阅读、完形填空 11:30 翻译 （5 min) 11:35 全体起立，收答题卡二和试题册,写作和翻译,写作和翻译部分考核学生用英语进行书面表达的能力。 写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作，思想表达准确，意义连贯、无重大语法错误。 翻译部分要求考生用正确的语法结构和符合英语习惯的表达，将单句中的汉语译成英语。,写作部分考核的技能,A 思想表达 1 表达中心思想 2 表达重要或特定信息 3 表达观点、态度等 B 篇章组织 4 围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点 5 连贯地组句成段，组段成篇 C 语言运用 6 运用恰当的词汇 7 运用正确的语法 8 运用合适的句子结构 9 使用正确的标点符号 10 运用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等） D 写作格式 11 运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式,四级作文题评分原则,1.CET作文题采用总体评分 (Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores)，而不是按照语言点的错误数目扣分。 2.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合判断。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。,评分标准,1.作文满分为15分。 2. 阅卷标准分为五等：2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。 3.评分标准： 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子有错误，且多数为严重错误 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯、但有少量语言错误 14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 （注：字数不足应酌情扣分。白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个鼓励的词而无表达思想，则给0分。）,Part V Writing (30 minutes) Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a Campaign Speech. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 1.你认为自己具备了什么条件(能力、性格、爱好等)可以胜任学生会主席的工作 2.如果当选,你将为本校同学做些什么 A Campaign Speech Today I am very glad to run for the president of the Students Union. I am junior in Chemical Department. Since I came into the university, I have always been the monitor of my class. I have done a very good job for my classmates, and my classmates and my teacher all give me a good praise. I am good at communication and organizing. And I like to help others. Moreover, I have a variety of hobbies, for example, playing basketball, playing football, playing table tennis, etc. I am sure that I am qualified for this position. If I become the president, I will try my best to do well. I will organize some suitable activities for you. I will do many things for you to reach your demands as well. I sincerely hope you will give me a chance, and please believe me that I will be a good president. Thank you.,真题作文题目,Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling (2010.6) Creating a Green Campus (2009.12) Free Admission to Museums (2009.6) Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags (2008.12) Recreational Activities (2008.6) What Electives to Choose (2007.12) Welcome to Join in Our Club (2007.6) On the Spring Festival Gala (2006.12) On Students Selecting Lectures (2006.6) Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourism? (2005.12),1.说明利弊题型（2009年6月）,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Free Admission to Museums. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 越来越多的博物馆免费开放，目的是什么 也会带来一些问题 你的看法,2008年6月写作真题,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Recreational Activities. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 娱乐活动多种多样 娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性 作为大学生我的看法,说明利弊题型模板1,Nowadays many people prefer (_) because it plays a significant role in our daily life. Generally speaking, its advantages can be seen as follows. On one hand, (_).One the other hand,(_). But every sword has two blades. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the prominent disadvantages is that (_).To make matters worse,(_). Through the above analysis, I believe that The positive aspects far outweighs its negative aspects. Whatever effects it has, one thing is certain,(_) itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses which is put on it that determines its value to our society.,说明利弊题型模板2,There is no consensus among people as to the view of (_). The opinions vary from person to person. Some people hold the idea that (_).A case in point is that (_). On the other hand, other may have a quite different view. According to them, (_).The most typical example is that (_). Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter. Admittedly, the former point of view seems reasonable in saying to some extent, but (_) is more convincing.,相似预测,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Free Admission to Parks. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 越来越多的公园免费开放，目的是什么 也会带来一些问题 你的看法,范文,Free Admission to Parks (1)To encourage people to go outside and relax, a mounting number of parks offer free admission now. People benefit from it especially during these tough economic times. (2)With free entry, more people will have opportunity for affordable vacations for families, taking pleasure in the natural landscape. Fresh air and landscape in the parks are good for people. (3)However, too many people flocking into the parks might not be so good for the parks. (4)For example, some visitors leave the garbage behind, which may cause environmental pollution. Peoples barbeques and stamping will also bring damage to the grassland and other greeneries in the parks.,点评 （1）开门见山，指出现象及目的 （2）进一步说明公园免费开放的好处 （3）转折，说明公园免费可能带来的问题 （4）举例说明,(5)As a university student, Im favor of free admission to the parks. Free entry to parks not only saves peoples culture expenditure, but also makes things fairer-people like the poor and students can go to the parks frequently as well. (6)On the other hand, visitors should be informed to preserve the environment while enjoying the beauty of the nature.,（5）表明自己的看法 （6）说明公园在免费开放时应注意的事项,相似预测,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of The Internet. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 有人认为网络可以让学习、工作更有效率 有人认为网络让青少年沉迷，影响学习 我的看法,The Internet,(1) In the era of information and technology, the Internet has played an important role in our society. (2) However, peoples opinions are still divided on this point. (3) Those who are in favor of the Internet claim that it has a lot of advantages.(4) Firstly, information searching is no longer a tough job with the help of all kinds of search engines. (4)Secondly, we can contact friends or business partners via e-mails or software such as Internet Meeting and Yahoo Messenger.,(1)开门见山，引出大背景 （2）以however转折说明人们的观点有分歧 （3）用定语从句表示正反方，两者遥相呼应，对比鲜明 （4）分两点详述网络的优点。“搜索引擎”，“邮件或软件”,(3)Those who are opposed to the Internet hold that its disadvantages are numerous. (5) In the first place, the Internet costs considerable time, money and energy, especially for those with less self-control.(5) In the second place, increasing young people are indulged in online games and unhealthy information, which are extremely harmful to their development.,（5）分两点详述网络的缺点：浪费时间、金钱和精力；沉迷网络影响未来发展。,(6) In my opinion, its (7) pros outweigh the cons. The past twenty years witnessed the fast development of the Internet along with the national economy. A bright future is awaiting us if we make good use of the Internet.,（6）提出自己的观点 （7）亮点词语：利大 于弊,2.“现象+原因+解决方法”题型,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写 2.出现这种现象的原因是 3.为了改变这种状况，我认为,“现象+原因+解决方法”题型模板,With the development of the society, with the advent of (_),we have to face a problem that (_). What are the reasons for it? To start with,(_). Moreover, (_).Furthermore,(_). In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken. For one thing, it is high time that people all over China realized the importance of (_); for another, the government should issue laws and regulations to put the situation under control.,相似预测,Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of College Students Job Hunting. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below. 近年来出现了大学生就业难的现象 产生这种现象的原因（如大学生追求的目标过高，专业不对口等） 如何解决这一问题（改变就业观念，大学生再培训等）,College Students Job Hunting,In recent years, college students find it increasingly difficult to get a job. It sounds strange since young college students are usually intelligent, well-educated and eager to bring their talent into full play. Then what underlies the strange phenomenon? There are several reasons for this. To begin with, nowadays college students aim too high. All they want are “good” jobs which could offer good salary, comfortable working conditions, high social status among others. Consequently, most college students are unwilling to accept vacant jobs they consider not “good” enough. Another reason is that there is a big gap between the majors some students study in school and the demands of vacant jobs. So companies think some students are not fit for the jobs. Solution to the problem requires efforts on both the society and the students. The companies should value the students talent and knowledge while the latter should not merely aim at material gains. They should be down-toearth in building up their career. Furthermore, they should face their weak points so as to improve themselves and be more competent.,An announcement to welcome students to join to a club 本社团的主要活动 参加本社团的好处 如何加入本社团,Welcome to Our Club 第一段表明写作目的: Welcome to join our English-learning club. A wide range of activities and countless surprises are waiting for you to explore. 第二段：介绍主要活动和好处: We not only provide students with opportunities to appreciate English movies, such as The Lord of Ring, My Best Friends Wedding, but also hold English speech contests and English corners in order to encourage our students to spare no effort to learn English well, and therefore, make our students capable to find decent jobs after graduation, confronting unprecedented fierce job competition. After joining our club, you can also have accesses to some oral English courses, which are mainly taught by English native speakers, for free.,具体化在名词复数后加such as 本段成功地运用了扩句的方法 +目的状语in order to_, and therefore,_ +伴随状语 Confronting unprecedented fierce job competition, 第三段表示感谢和期待: Words fail me when I want to express my gratitude to you for reading through this announcement. I am looking forward to your decision to join us. If you would like to join our club, please contact us by dialing 2293878856.,开头常用句型,Its well known to us that Recently, has been brought to popular attention/has become the focus of public concern. One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that,中间段常用句型,On the contrary, there are some people in favor ofAt the same time, they say But I dont think it is a very good way to solve For example, Worst of all, Confronted with,we should take a series of effective measures to For one thing, For another, It is high time that something was done about it. For example, In addition,All these measures will certainly Why? The first reason is that The second reason isThe third isFor all this, the main cause ofdue to,英文句子的上下连贯，段落的过渡衔接，主要靠“结构词“来表示,如分段叙述某一个问题时，可用First Second Third. 来表示衔接。 举例说明时可用for example for instance来表示。 进一步阐述时可用furthermore in addition similarly moreover来加以提示。 强调某一点的重要性时，可用surely truly undoubtedly clearly indeed as a matter of fact来加强句子的力度。 作结论时可用therefore in summary consequently in conclusion in short来导出。 分析因果时可用because due to so that as a result来表现主从句之间的逻辑关系。 转换思路时，可用but however nevertheless otherwise等以示转折，而on the one hand on the other hand for one thing on the other side of the coin则可用来连接两个相反的事实或观点。 It follows that. It can be inferred that. It suggests that.则将读者引入的逻辑推理思路。,结尾常用句型,In my opinion, it is more advisable to dothan to do Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that It is time to take the advice of and to put special emphasis on the improvement of It is high time that we put an end to Otherwise,Writing注意事项,不要打具体的草稿，有个框架就足够了 建议写3段式作文 中间段（开头句+主题句+连接词+结尾句） 卷面一定要整洁,不能有大篇幅的涂抹 注意标点，句号是实心点。 考前把一些好的句型抄下来背,开头很重要 5年内范文看一遍，有印象即可,Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15minutes),1.七道选择题和三道填空题 2.题目顺序与原文顺序一致 3.注意数字、人名、地名、大写单词、段首或句首词等相关信息,Listening Comprehension,Section A: 8段短对话，每段为一轮对话一个问题；2段长对话，每段为5-8轮对话和3-4个问题；对话部分共15题。每段对话均朗读一遍，每个问题后留有15秒的答题时间。 Section B: 3篇短文，每篇长度为200-250词，朗读一遍，每篇3-4题，共10题，每个题后留有15秒的答题时间。 Section C: 复合式听写采用一篇200-250词的短文，删去若干个单词和句子，全文朗读三遍。要求考生根据听到的内容填写所缺信息，所缺单词必须用原文填写，所缺句子信息既可按原文填写，也可以用自己的语言表述。,听力理解部分考核的技能,A.理解中心思想和重要细节 1.理解中心思想 2.听懂重要的或特定的细节 3.判断说话人的观点、态度等 B.理解隐含的意思 4.推论隐含的意义 5.判断话语的交际功能 C.借助语言特征理解听力材料 6.辨别语音特征，如从连续的话语中辨别语音、理解重音和语音语调等 7.理解句间关系，如比较、原因、结果、程度、目的,短对话听到的往往不是答案,该题型需要考生事先预读选项，寻找选项规律，从而实现预测对话内容及答案的可能性。根据以往真题的特点，大部分短对话的答案没有在原对话中直接出现，所以依据“听到的往往不是答案”的原则，往往能猜对很多题目。 “先听到什么不太可能是正确选项，后听到的才可能是正确答案，没听到什么最有可能选什么！”,长对话与短文听力听到的往往是答案,与短对话不同，长对话或短文听力可根据“听到的往往是答案”的原则猜题。考生在听录音时，应该一边注意听录音，一边用笔勾出选项中出现在原文的内容，录音结束后，再根据自己的理解，结合前面的原则来做题。,复合式听写主抓单词,由于该题型对考生的理解和速记能力要求都较高，所以建议考生将做题的重点放在前面的7个单词空缺上，力争在意思和拼写上都不要出错。后三个句子不要听到什么就写什么，按照考试要求第二种方式，按照自己的话把要点写下来。,Reading in Depth （25min),Section A:15选10 Section B:两篇短文，每篇长度为300-350个词，测试考生在不同层面的理解能力，包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等。,Cloze (15min),选词填空测试考生对篇章语境中的词汇理解和运用能力。要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词汇的短文，然后从所给的选项中选择正确的词汇填空，使短文复原。 根据历年真题的规律，该题主要考查的是词汇辨析、短语句型搭配和上下文逻辑关系。在答题时，建议考生采用相同、相似、相反和原文原则做题。,翻译样题,Part Translation (5 minutes) 87. The substance does not dissolve in water_(不管是否加热） 88. Not only _(他向我收费过高），but didnt do a good repair job. 89. Your losses in trade this year are nothing _(与我的相比） 90. On average, it is said, visitors spend only _(一半的钱）in a day in Leeds as in London. 91. By contrast, American mothers were more likely _(把孩子的成功归因于）natural talent.,样卷翻译题型的主要特点,考试考查的知识点包括单词、短语和语法，对于大部分考生来说，难点会出现在短语部分。 翻译考查的是学生对英语的综合运用能力，而不是翻译技巧。 做题要求时间短，只有五分钟，因此考生应对相应的语言点非常熟悉。,翻译题型的考点,1. 固定搭配考点 2. 核心语法考点 3. 核心动词以及动词短语的考查,固定搭配考点：,这是翻译中的最为核心的考点，也是近几次命题密度最高的知识点，应该引起考生的高度重视。比如说名词与动词搭配，形容词与名词搭配，动词与副词的修饰关系，名词与介词搭配，更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及固定表达，这些都可能成为本次考试的命题重点。 例1：By contrast, American mothers were more likely _ (把孩子的成功归因于) natural talent. (大纲样题)。 【考点剖析】这个题目就非常典型。有两个固定搭配考点：1)be likely to do sth. ; 2) oweto /attributeto (把归因于),历年真题固定搭配示例,把考虑在内 如果你方便的话 适应 对某人有吸引力 以速率 把归因于 有的习惯 指责控告某人做某事,take into account at your convenience adapt oneself to be attractive to sb. at a speed/rate of attribute to have the habit of doing accuse sb. of doing sth.,Exercises,1.The finding of this study failed to (将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内) 2.Please come here at ten tomorrow morning （如果你方便的话） 3.Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to(适应不同文化中的生活） _ 4.Since my childhood I have found that _(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力） 5. The nations population continues to rise _(以每年1200万人的速度）,take peoples sleep quality into account.,at your convenience,adapt oneself to living in different cultures,nothing is more attractive to me than reading,at a speed/rate of 12 million per year,More Exercises,6. Being somewhat short-sighted, she _（有盯人看的习惯） 7. She _（对我们的警告充耳不闻）and got lost. 8. The shop assistant was dismissed as she _（被指控欺骗顾客） 9. The young man was _（被指控偷了钱） 10. It is difficult for him to _（适应这里的生活）,was accused of cheating customers.,accused of stealing the money,get used to the life here,turned a deaf ear to our warnings,has the habit of gazing at people,2. 核心语法考点：,这部分语法考点大多数是以前词汇语法考题考点的重现和转移，这一点要引起同学的重视，尽管词汇单选题现在不考了，但是还是不能忽视这部分题目，因为考点是一致的。核心语法考点最重要的虚拟语气，其次是倒装结构、从句知识、非谓语动词等。 例1：The professor required that _(我们交研究报告) by Wednesday . 【考点剖析】本题是典型的语法题目。重点考查考生对虚拟语气的掌握。Require后面接从句的时候，一定会虚拟语气，语法结构为require that +sb+should+动词原形。 例2：Not only _ (他向我收费过高), but he didnt do a good repair job either (大纲样题) 【考点剖析】本题同样为典型的语法考点。考查了考生对倒装结构这个特殊语法现象的掌握情况。句首的Not only决定了倒装连接，下文用了过去时态，因此，这里需在he之前加did。所以答案应该为did he overcharge me。,语法考查重点,1）虚拟语气的考点为：would ratherthat从句一般过去时； It is vitalnecessaryimportanturgent desirableadvisablenaturalessentialthat动词原形； It is timeabout timehigh timethat一般过去时等等。 2）状语从句的考点为：非if引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用 at times，provided，so long as，in case，once等来替代if；由 even ifso，now that，for all等引导的让步状语从句；hardlywhen引导的时间状语从句；more than，asas，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比较状语从句。 3）倒装结构主要考查only引导的状语放在句首时的倒装形式和某些具有否定意义的词放在句首作状语时的倒装形式。 4）情态动词多与完成时形式连用。 5）定语从句重点考查介词关系代词（which）和as作为关系代词。,虚拟语气,1） 概念 虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。 2）在条件句中的应用 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。,虚拟语气,比较if only与only if only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果就好了”。If only用于虚拟语气。 I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。,虚拟语气2,非真实条件句 时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 a. 同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 ： 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you. b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。 句型： 条件从句 主句 过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 混合条件句 主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。） If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).,虚拟语气3,特殊的虚拟语气词：should 1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略。 句型： (1)suggested It is (2)important that+ (should) do (3) a pity (1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded (2)important，vital, necessary It is (high) time that It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed,虚拟条件句的倒装,虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they