《商务翻译讲义备》PPT课件.ppt

Business English and Business English Translation,1. The definition of Business English Business English is a branch of English for Specific Purposes and includes aspects as Language Knowledge, Communication Skills, Professional Content, Management skills and Cultural Awareness,2. Language Features of Business English A. Language forms, vocabulary and content of Business English are closely related to Business theories and business practices. B. Features in vocabulary 1. Easy-to-understand approval-approbation improve-ameliorate 2. Formal wording in business documents such as in contracts prior to/previous to- before expiry-end certify-prove solicit-seek 3. Individual verb vs. verb phrases appoint-make an appoint of continue-keep on/go on supplement-add to 4. Prep. phrases vs. short prep. and conj. in the nature of/along the lines of -like for the purpose of-for in the case of-if in the event that/of - if on the grounds that-since/because with reference to/with regard to-about,3. Objectivity This is a positive point-I think the positive point is On the other hand, the disadvantage is- In my opinion, we have a disadvantage The aim of this report is/ The present report sets out to- my aim in writing The finding shows that- I found that It was decided/felt/concluded that- I decided that,4. Accuracy We wish to confirm our telex dispatched yesterday in a week in one week or less 一周以内 before August 10 on or before August 10 8月10日前 in early July with the first 10 days of July 7月上旬,5. Different meaning of common English words Upon receipt of these sellers delivery advice, the buyers shall, 15-20 days prior to the delivery date, open a transferable, irrevocable letter of credit in favor of the seller for an amount equivalent to the total amount of the shipment.,Principles of Business English Translation,Faithfulness 忠实 Idiomaticness 地道 Consistency 统一（译名、概念、术语）,1. In view of the companys performance in the previous year, the board of directors approved a series of new investment plans. 2. Failure to respond promptly to new market demands has blunted the electronic giants competitive edge. 3. A good image is one of the most vital ingredients of business success. 4. We are convinced that with the joint efforts of our two cities, the friendly relation and cooperation between us will develop further. 5. We must continue the strategy of winning through superior quality and achieve a diversified market. We must also implement export-stimulating policies in order to expand exports. 6. Foreign trade enterprises should both strengthen their internal management and actively establish an operational mechanism favorable to expansion of their share in international markets. 7. Of course, we must also strive to attract transnational corporations to invest in China especially in research and development projects as well as in the reorganization and reform of the state-owned enterprises. 8. We believe that through the implementation of the strategy of developing Chinas west, the area will assume a new look in terms of ecological environment, thus attracting more foreign investment.,Chapter Four Word adding and word cutting in B.E. translation,A. Word adding,Under three circumstances the method of word adding is used in B.E. translation: For grammatical needs: single form - plural form of nouns tense repetition,2. For the purpose of clear and natural expression in translation: words added include: verb, adjective, noun, adverb, unit words, mood words, category words, summarizing words.,3. For the purpose of supplementing background or cultural knowledge,B. Word cutting,1. The pronouns and conjunction in Chinese are usually omitted when translated from English to Chinese.,2. Articles, to+verb, some prep. can also be omitted.,When there is much buying and selling of goods and services, we say “ Business is good.” 2. After a series of experiments important phenomena have been ascertained. 3. The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945. 4. Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 5. The major problem in manufacturing is the control of contamination and foreign materials, e.g. drugs. 6. Grinding consists in shaping a piece of work by bringing it into contact with a rotating abrasive wheel. 7. Both water waves and electromagnetic waves have the characteristics of velocity, frequency and amplitude. 8. The question is really a network design rather than a layout problem. 9. Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy. 10. The export is not permitted to exceed its limitation. 11. In a democracy one of the most difficult discretions governments have to make is what kinds of taxes to levy. 12. Some people hold that modern economies can just close gates, but the movement of capital, values and ideas knows no border. 13. Note again that considerable simplification in solving the above can be achieved if the data are made systematical. 14. This means jobs for American workers and a higher standard of living for the American people.,Enquiry Invitation to offer is the first step of the four procedures that generally involved in international trade negotiation. Both importers and exporters can make use of this Step to initiate a potential transaction. Through it, exporters may make a conditional Suggestion to the importer about a deal, and importers may aim to find out certain Terms for a desired transaction. This is also known as inquiry. For exporters. Promotional communication is very important step before getting Inquiries from importers. Through it exporters can make themselves and their Commodities known to potential customers. Many ways could be used for promotional Communication. Advertisements could be make through various mass media. Sales Literature and price lists can be distributed. Trade fairs could be used to exhibit Commodities. In international trade, it is very common for potential customers to send their inquires To ask for the terms of transaction. These inquires may come in by fax, email, telephone Or mail. Response must be sent immediately in the same way as the inquiry is sent. If Quotations cannot be sent immediately, acknowledge the inquirer without delay to Show your efficiency and sincerity. Each inquiry is a sales opportunity, an opportunity To foster a potential long-term relationship. Generally speaking, an inquiry includes the commoditys name, quality, mode, The desired quantity and delivery date etc. experienced exporters may check on the Inquirers credit standing, financial strength and the import barriers of that country, etc. Then decide whether the transaction should be pursued or not accordingly.,Samples of enquiry,Dear sir/madam, We learn from the Commercial Councilors office of the Embassy of the Peoples Republic of China in Britain that you are a leading exporter of silk garments. We are large dealer in textiles and believe that there will be a good market in our country for moderately priced textiles. Therefore, you are kindly requested to send us a copy of your illustrated catalogues with details of your price and terms of payment, and samples of the different qualities of the material used.,Offer Offer is different from quotation. Quotation is an indication of price without any contractual obligation. It is subject to any change without previous notice. An offer is the expression of the wishes of the seller to sell particular goods under stated terms including quantity, price, time of shipment, terms of payment, etc. an offer is usually made when a seller promises to sell goods at a stated price within a stated period of time. It can develop into a contractual obligation. Once an offer is accepted by a buyer, the seller cannot revoke it. Sometimes a buyer may make a buying offer, this can be called a bid. According to their finality, offers can be divided into firm offer and non-firm offer. The so called firm offer is an offer that clearly expresses the offerers readiness in concluding a contract. If such an offer is accepted by the offeree, the offerer is legally bound to perform by shipping the goods exactly as stated in the offer. A firm offer usually contains the following: -a detailed description of the goods (name of the goods, quality, quantity, specifications, etc.) -unit price and type of currency used for payment. -packing condition. -date of payment. -terms of payment. -the term of validity of the offer,It needs to be noted that there is different understandings concerning whether an offer is firm or not. According to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, a proposal is sufficiently definite (firm) if it indicates the goods and expressly or implicitly fixes or makes provision for determining the quantity and the price.” therefore, international traders need to be careful about when they will be bound by their own offers or how they should interpret offers made to them.,Sample of an offer: Dear Sirs, Many thanks for the enquiry of 4th March 2008, reference MN/OI. We have pleasure in quoting as follows: White 50/50 polyester / cotton mixture mens shirts as per sample, label no. 203, in assorted sizes between 35 and 44 individually packed in plastic bags and boxed in 100s no less than 50 of each size, packed in export crates of 1,000 shirts. US$ 15.00 per shirt EXW Textiles Building Richmond Payment by Irrevocable Letter of Credit opened in our favor with the Commercial Bank of Ruralia, Industrial Area Branch. Quantity: minimum order 1,000 shirts, maximum present capacity 10, 000 shirts a month. Delivery: within 3 months of notification of receipt of Letter of credit. Validity: this quotation is firm for orders dispatched before 1 August 2008.,We hope that this meets with your approval. Please let us know if you require any further information or samples. Yours sincerely,Chapter Six 词类转换法,Nouns of verb property to verb.,2. Be + adj. to verb.,3. adj. to verb.,The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. 2. They are quite content with the statistical date on exports and imports of last year. 3. The improvement of English written translation requires some ABC knowledge about how to shift sentence structures and the part of speech of words from one language to another language that people are familiar with. Some power plants are under construction. Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible. Be through with the discussion about all the details before the contract is signed.,The turnover of Fuzhou port ranked 11th among Chinese coastal ports while its container operation was listed as 10th in the year 2001.,turnover, operation, volume, traffic 等词在航运和物流业中译为“吞吐量”：意为实际 完成或已经完成的数量。 capacity, designed capacity, normal capacity, handling capacity, throughput capacity 也译为“吞吐量”：意为处理能力，通过能力或物料通过量。,e.g. The throughput of ports had come to 14.5 billion tons including 426 million tons of foreign trade cargoes. In the past decade, china boasted an annual growth rate of 30% in its port throughput of international container.,The annual handling capacity and throughput of Ningbo Port have both exceeded 100 million tons. In 2004, the port saw a throughput of 220 million tons, up 22% over the previous year.,Port of YIngkou processed 40.09 million tons of cargo, including 400,000 TEU of containerized cargo.,2. The following financial institutions and corporations maintain branches in Ningbo: Bank of China, Industrial & Commercial Bank of China, the State Administration of Exchange Control, China International Trust and Investment Corporation and the Peoples Insurance Company of China.,Maintain branches:设立分支机构,1) Electronic Scientific Engineering Ltd., with offices in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Dongguan, invites applications from qualified individuals for the following position.,2) China Far East International Tendering Company, affiliated to the China Far East International Trading Corporation which is directly under the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, has 35 branch offices around the country,Negotiation negotiation can work wonders. This is particularly true in international business since It is mostly through negotiation that exporters and importers iron out their differences and reach a satisfactory, fair and mutually benefit deal. Thus, negotiation is one of the Important steps taken towards completing import and export trade agreements. foreign trade negotiation is a consultative process between governments, trade Organizations, MNCs, private business firms and buyers and sellers in relation to Investment and import and export of products, machinery and equipments and Technology. in international trade, it is fairly important for the participants to know negotiation Principles and tactics in order to arrive at an agreement successfully. there are generally two basic principles in foreign trade negotiations. First, negotiation Should know well their own situation and that of the counterpart and thus not be willfully Manipulated by them. Second, negotiators should express their expected purpose Definitely and take a firm stand in the negotiation. price is usually the most sensitive issue in business negotiations because it directly Concerns the economic benefits to both sides. Therefore, this subject should usually Be postponed until all of the other aspects have been discussed and agreed upon. Generally speaking, you begin negotiating at a bit higher price than you really expected And lower it a little each time. Each time you cut the price, you should remain serious About the desired results. Under this situation, your counterpart may well accept your Quotation as the best possible price.,in short, the end of negotiation is to reach an agreement to the mutual advantage Of the two parties. Negotiators should try their best to use soft and euphemistical Words, speak appropriately and tactically, and create a harmonious atmosphere In negotiation.,Chapter Seven,Your benefit premium is the additional amount over and above base pay which is is provided to help fund your benefits. If/when a market is depressed, and security prices are falling or expected to decline the market is then described as a bear market. Private investors unwilling to tolerate high levels of risk can reduce this uncertainty by buying shares in blue chip companies. The latest survey of manufacturers shows that the past ten years is the time in which people have had the biggest increase in optimism. They are particularly optimistic about exports. A salient feature in chinas economic development at present is that we have been able to achieve rapid economic growth and successfully keep inflation under control at the same time. The development of the western region is of great significance to the expansion of domestic demand, to the sustainable growth of the national economy, to the coordinated development of the economies of various localities, to the achievement of nationwide prosperity, to the enhancement of national unity, to the maintenance of social stability and to the consolidation of border defense. recently, our corporation has been advocating knowledge-based marketing, which is meant to encourage constant market innovation. If every one of us does our bit and makes our progress known to our customers, we will get a long way ahead of others. Although this joint venture has been growing very fast, it still has a long way to go in order to realize its goal of cracking the Fortune Global 500.,Quality of the Export Goods In international trade, the quality of export products is a key factor affecting the success of the exporters marketing efforts. Quality is also an important component of the description of goods, serving as the basis of a deal. Terms in a sales contract indicating qualities are frequently even harder to define than weights and quantities. Then, what is the quality standard in export trade? In international transactions, there are different ways of showing quality. The following are some examples: - Sale by actual quality -Sale by sellers or buyers sample. A sample is a small quantity of the products that represents the whole. It is a specimen in fact. Through the sample, buyers or sellers are able to know the quality of the products. - Sale by specification, grade or standard. This means selling through certain recognized specifications, grades or standards. -Sale by description and illustration. This is usually applied to some whole set of mechanical and electrical products such as instruments or equipments. For these products there must be detailed descriptions provided for the buyers so that the buyers are able to know the structure, function, usage of the products, and so the products can be used accordingly. -Sale by trademark or brand. This is normally useful to the products that have already obtained export markets whose brands or trademarks are already widely known.,- Sale by name of origin. If the quality of the export products conforms to the contract in international trade, we say that it is up to the standard. In other words, the contract regulates the quality of export products. To make the quality of the export products up to standard, the exporters should, among all other things, investigate the export markets and do active work on new products research and development, so as to make sure the quality of the goods meets the markets requirements. Only in this way, can we secure a permanent export market.,Chapter Nine Translation of the subject in English sentences,1. 英语的主语译为汉语的宾语或定语,A. The importance of values in economical activities must be given due attention.,B. These approaches differ widely in their efficiency after practical operation.,2. 英语宾语译为汉语主语,A. Be careful, the building must have a solid foundation.,B. Ethn