洋务运动与明治维新.ppt

,East Meets West the comparison between the Meiji Restoration & Westernization Movement,cOLLEGE ENGLISH 4 Wang QL,Q&A,Why do i think it is Failed or not？,Do you agree with“Chinese-style westernization ”（中体西用）？,Do i think the movement failed？,1.similar situation,turanny （暴政） ignorance to west unequal treaty deprival of economic and political interests,hundreds-year-long closed-door policy and door was opened forcedly by foreign powers,two ancient country in the mordern time they were weak and fallen behind the rest of world,IT IS A UNAVORABLE SITUATION.,China and Japan had started from the same starting line。 but hows the end？,2、Enlightenment learn from west & fight against west,佐久间象山&吉田松阴,魏源&曾国藩,Their views became the slogans,和魂洋才（Japannese soul with western knowledge） 民族主义（ Nationalism ） 开国（open gate to the world） 公武合体（Kbu gattai “Union of the Imperial Court and the Shogunate“ 尊王攘夷（ honour the king and drive off the barbarians） 倒幕（overthrowing the Shogunate),师夷长技以制夷 中体西用（Chinese Body and Western Means ） 自强求富（self-strengthen，seek for wealth）,魏源,From an early age, Wei espoused the New Text school of Confucianism and he also became a vocal member of the statecraft school, which advocated practical learning in opposition to the allegedly barren evidentiary scholarship as represented by scholars like Dai Zhen. Among other things, Wei advocated sea transport of grain to the capital instead of using the Grand Canal and he also advocated a strengthening of the Qing Empires frontier defense. Later in his career he became increasingly concerned with the threat from the Western powers and maritime defense. he has a narrative work on the Opium War (道光洋艘征撫記). he is mostly known for his work from 1844, Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms (海國圖志, Haiguo Tuzh).,Zeng Guofan (曾國藩) an Han Chinese official, military general, and devout Confucian scholar of the late Qing Dynasty in China. Zeng raised the Xiang Army湘军 to fight effectively against the Taiping Rebellion and restored the stability of Qing Dynasty along with other prominent figures, including Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, setting the scene for the era later known as the “Tongzhi Restoration“（同治中兴）. He was known for his strategic perception, administrative skill and noble personality on Confucianist practice, but also sometimes for his ruthlessness on the execution of his policies. Zeng also exemplified loyalty in an era of chaos, but is also regarded as a pre-cursor to the rise of warlordism.,Sakuma Shzan (佐久間 象山）,Sakuma Shzan (佐久間 象山） From 23, he went to Edo and for 10 years studied Chinese sciences (漢学). He then started to study Western sciences (Rangaku) at the age of 33, In 1849, he learned about electricity, created Japans first telegraph From 1842, after Opium War and the spread of Western influence in Asia, he actively proposed the introduction of Western military methods to the establishment of maritime defense, through his book “Eight policies for the defense of the sea“ (海防八策). He became the teacher of future leaders of modernization (Yoshida Shin吉田松阴, Katsu Kaish 胜 海舟, Sakamoto Ryma版本龙马).,Yoshida Shin (吉田 松陰） the most famous stuydent of sakuma，and the teacher of the Meiji reform. During his life time，he ran a school. Shoka Sonjuku（松下村孰） to teach the youth military arts and politics， And he dead in 1859,“Ansei Purge “（安政大狱）for his radical remarks At least two of his students, Takasugi Shinsaku（高杉晋助） and It Hirobumi （伊藤博文）later became famous, and virtually all of the survivors of the Sonjuku group became officers in the Meiji Restoration. Takasugi led rifle companies against the shguns army when it failed to conquer Chsh in 1864, rapidly leading to the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate. It Hirobumi became Japans first prime minister,Taiping rebellion（太平天国运动）s falling and the start of Westernization Movement,Boshin War (戊辰戦争）s winning and the start of the Meiji period,3、To put down a rebellion & To lauch a rebellion,“师夷长技以制夷”=“制民” “两害相权取其轻”,1861年 9月 安庆失守。 李鸿章办淮军。 1862年 5月 李秀成在慈溪战斗中，击毙华尔，严惩常胜军。 6月 陈玉成被清军杀害。 1863年 3月 英国人戈登接任常胜军管带。 6月 石达开投降，在成都被处死。 12月 淮军、常胜军攻克苏州。 1864年 Taiping failed 6月 洪秀全病逝 7月 天京陷落。 8月 李秀成被清军处死。 10月 洪仁玕及幼天王江西被俘。 11月 幼天王及洪仁玕南昌被处死。,1861年 Yangwu started 曾国藩设立安庆军械所； 62年 李鸿章在沪设立三所洋炮局： 1865年 江南制造总局，金陵机器局 1866年 左宗棠设立福州船政局，设有船政学堂； 1867年 设立天津机器局； 1881年， 张之洞调任湖广总督，湖北枪炮厂,list of TAiping and the first peiod ofWesternization Movement,Sakuma Shzan (佐久間 象山）,The Boshin War (戊辰戦争） 1639 鎖国令 1853 来（開国） 1854 日米和親条約結 1858 日米修好通商条約結 1867 江戸幕府滅 18681869 The Boshin War (戊辰戦争） On 27 January 1868, Shogunate forces attacked the forces of Chsh and Satsuma On February 7, Tokugawa, apparently distressed by the imperial approval given to the actions of Satsuma and Chsh, fled Osaka （大阪）aboard the Kaiy Maru, withdrawing to Edo. Saig Takamori（西乡隆盛） led the victorious imperial forces north and east through Japan, winning the Battle of Ksh-Katsunuma. (付见-鸟羽之战) He eventually surrounded Edo in May 1868, leading to its unconditional defeat after Katsu Kaishu, the Shoguns Army Minister, negotiated the surrender.35 Some groups continued to resist after this surrender but were defeated in the Battle of Ueno（上野之战） on 4 July 1868.,4、 instrument & constitution,What they aimed at has been changed from indoor to outside,China：自强求富（self strengthen，rich country） Japan：富国强兵（“rich country,strong army“）,China:development of Modern industry,commerce and the establish of Military industrial ;coast defence Japan:law and civilization,both seemed to be flourishing！ But why we failed in the war with so well-equipped Beiyang fleet completely annihilated ？ the key is ？！,1872年 李鸿章设立轮船招商局，为军转民、官办转官督商办第一企； 1878年 李鸿章创设开平矿务局，1900年英企业并购； 1880年 李鸿章开设盛宣怀督办天津电报总局 1878年 请设上海机器织布局，1889年开工，中国第一家机器棉纺厂； 1894年 重办，盛宣怀，取名华盛机器织布总厂。,list of the second peiod ofWesternization Movement,74年日出兵台湾，清廷大震急筹海防。 1875年5月，清建立海军方针，任李鸿章、沈葆桢督办北洋南洋海防事务；。 1884年，已建立北洋南洋与福建三支海军。 1885年10月设立海军衙门， 88年9月北洋海军正式成军，拥有大小50艘共5万吨， 80年代李先后在旅顺口、威海卫布防，修筑炮台，并在旅顺设船坞。,1866年海关代寄制扩展； 1878年试办邮递业务，竖年提出建立全国邮政具体方案 1896年批准海关兼办邮政。 1869年苏伊士运河通航，中英航道缩短1/4；70年代欧美到上海海底电报接通。,Modernindustry&commerce,coast defence,morden post,Sakuma Shzan (佐久間 象山）,The new laws 1869, the daimyo of domains, who were pushing most fiercely against the shogunate, were persuaded to return their domains to the Emperor. （诸藩主版籍奉还） 1871 Household Registration Law （户籍法， giving up the class of people） the daimyo, past and present, were summoned before the Emperor, where it was declared that all domains were now to be returned to the Emperor（中央集权，废藩置县） 1889 constitution of Empire of Japan （大日本帝国宪法）,soldiers & revolutionaries 兵勇与志士,Harmony & fighting 和为贵与攘夷,Confucian scholar & Sumurai 儒生与武士,5、People&People,6、alive herit