基本英语语法大全.ppt

Revision of Basic English 基本英语复习,各时态中的 “四大基本句型”,什么是四大基本句型 1 主动句型：主语+谓语（动词或动词短语） I study. We listen to the music. She takes care of her baby.,2 被动句型：主语+谓语（Be的过去分词） 由“be+动词的过去分词“构成。汉语一般用“被，由，受到，得到+动词”的结构来表达。 1 The car is repaired. 2 The report will be written. 3 The work is done.,系表句型：主语+谓语（系表结构）由“联系动词+表语”构成。用于介绍人或事物各种静态情况，如身份，特征，品质和位置等。 1 We are students. 2 I am happy. 3 They are at home.,存在句型：谓语（there be）+主语 由There be构成。是一种主谓倒装句，即谓语在前，主语在后。 1 There are some books on the desk. 2 There is a meeting today.,什么是英语“十二句型” “十二句型”是在四大基本句型上进一步细分而成。主动句型和被动句型均可按其附带的其他成分各自进一步分成四种句型。系表句型和存在句型则各自分成两种句型。“十二句型”构成了完整的英语句型体系。,一、“主动句型”系列 细分成：主加动，主动宾，主动宾补和主动双宾四个句型。 （一）主加动句型。特点：动词做谓语。 1The students read. 2They do not speak. 3I have left.(助动词和动词一起做谓语。,（二）主动宾句型 谓语动词可以是及物动词或不及物动词。 1“及物动词”带宾语： He studies English. We cleaned the house. They are doing homework.,“不及物动词”带宾语（借助一个固定搭配的介词。 He has listened to the music. I wont wait for you. He looked at the car. 3.短语动词带宾语（其本身相当于一个动词） We look forward to the Olympics. I must make up for the loss. We will make use of the waste.,（三）主动宾补句型。用于表达“主语使宾语如何”，或“主语感觉到宾语如何”。谓语动词有两种：一种是“使” “让”意思的动词。一种是“看见”“听见”的感官动词。 You make me happy. My boss asked me to write a report. I heard them quarreling.,常见的含“使”“让”意思的动词包括： Make let have ask want get advise persuade invite allow expect tell urge order tempt train cause consider press force keep prove prompt,（四）主动双宾语句型。用于表达一个给另一个人某样东西。动词一般含有“给”的意思。给出的物是直接宾语，给向的人是间接宾语。 I gave him a book. My friends lent me some money. We will teach the enemy a lesson.,常用的含有的“给”的动词包括： Give send bring lend show teach buy offer find save等。 Her husband bought her a new dress. The boss showed us his collection,被动句系列,被动句型分为四种： （一）被动基本句型（主+BE+过去分词+BY+逻辑主语） 主动宾句型：I drive that car. 被动基本句型：That car is driven by me 主动宾句型:The students do the homework 被动基本句型:The home is done by the students,（二）被动主补句型,主语+BE+过去分词+主补+BY+逻辑主语 主动宾补句型:The story made her sad. 被动主补句型:She was made sad by the story. They asked me to come here I was asked to come here by them. The father saw his son playing football. The boy was seen playing football by his father,“BY+逻辑主语”是一个介宾短语。此介词短语的位置可以被提前到谓语和主语补足语之间。 I am advised by my teacher to learn English. He was asked by his mother to wash his clothes.,(三)被动直宾句型：主+BE+过去分词+逻辑直宾。 是在主动双宾句型的基础上，把间接宾语提前到句首做主语。 He gave me a book. I was given a book by him. My friend sent me a message. I was sent a message by my friend.,三、主系表句型 主语 联系动词 表语 He is a student(表述身份） tall/handsome(表述品质） happy/busy(表述状态） at home/from China(表述方位),（二）主系表宾句型：主+系+表+宾 这个句型用于表达主语对宾语采取什么态度，或对宾语处于什么状态。 He is busy with his work I am proud of my country. My sister is good at Mathematics. The foreigner is used to his life in China. The drunk driver is responsible for the accident.,主系表宾句型和主动宾句型的比较： 我怕那条狗。 主动宾句型：I fear the dog. 主系表宾句型：I am afraid of the dog. 他知道这个危险。 主动宾句型:He knows the danger. 主系表宾句型：He is aware of the danger.,联系动词的种类。大多数由BE来做联系动词。也可分为五类。它们的含义归纳为：是，变得，保持，感官和被证明是。其中后四种联系动词的表语大多由形容词来担任。 1.是 BE I am thirsty. My father is an engineer. It will be cloudy tomorrow. He has been in Beijing.,2变得：get, turn, grow, go, fall, become, come He got angry. The leaves have turned red. The man has grown old. It never goes wrong. She soon fell asleep. My dream has come true.,保持:keep, remain, stay He remains a student. My brother remained in bed of for two days. The travelers kept warm in their tents. We will stay healthy.,感官联系动词：看起来， 听上去，闻起来， 尝起来，摸起来，看来，显得等等。 You look great. His advice sounds reasonable. The cheese smelled terrible. The table feels smooth. He wont feel happy. The train seem to be late.,注意有些动词既可以做联系动词，又可做普通的行为动词，如：keep, grow, get 和feel 等。 Everybody keeps he secret. Everybody keeps quiet. We grow flowers in the gardens. We grow taller day by day. Can you get two tickets for me? He got very angry. I felt the pain. I felt happy.,第二章英语句子的第二维：四句联式,一、主动句型 肯定句：I like summer. 否定句：I dont like summer. 一般疑问句： 特殊疑问句：,特殊疑问句特殊疑问词包括：who, whom (who的宾格) what, which, when, whose, where, why, how 二、被动句型： 肯定句：The car is repaired. 否定句：The car is not repaired. 一般疑问句： 特殊疑问句：,三、系表句型 肯定句： 否定句： 一般疑问句：Are you a student? 特殊疑问句：Who are you? 三、存在句型： 肯定句：There is a lesson. 否定句：There is not a lesson. 一般疑问句： 特殊疑问句：,含有情态动词的四大基本句型及四联句式,情态动词用于表达情绪和态度。附着在动词之前，成为谓语的一部分。 在否定句中，not被放在情态动词之后。在“一般疑问句”和“特殊疑问句”中，情态动词也像助动词那样被前置。 一、主动句型 He can speak English He can _speak English. _ he speak English? How_ he speak English?,二、被动句型 The car must be repaired. The car must_ be repaired. _ the car be repaired? _ _ the car be repaired? 三、主系表句型 I should be happy I should not be happy. 我应该高兴吗？ 为什么我应该高兴？,存在句型 There must be a lesson today. There cant be a lesson today. _ there be a lesson today? 今天怎么会有一节课呢？,第三章英语句子的第三维：时态,第一节：时态的划分 一、时态的定义：时间+状态 二、时态的划分方法： 三、对四个时间段和四种状态的定义 时间分为：现在，过去，将来，过去将来。 状态分为：一般，进行，完成，完成进行。共组合16种时态，其中8种是常用的。,英语时态名称表,一对四个时间段的定义 1、现在“：包括“此时”和“平时” 2、过去：指“现在”之前的时间，但不包括“现在”。 3、将来：指“现在”之后的时间，但不包括“现在”。 4、过去将来：指”过去“的”将来“。即在过去的某个时间里谈当时的将来。,第二节 四大基本句型表达时态的方式 四大基本句型有各自的方式来表达时态。其中主动句型单独采取一套表达方式，其它三大句型都通过be的变型来实现时态的变化。 （一）主动句型 1、进行状态谓语（be + doing) 2、完成状态谓语 (have + done) 3、一般状态谓语 (do) 4、完成进行状态谓语(have + been + doing) 。,(二)“被动句型”“系表句型”和“存在句型” 与主动句型相比，此三种句型的时态变化要简单得多。都是通过be的变型来实现的。 1现在一般时态 am/ is /are 2过去一般时态 was/ were 3将来一般时态 will be 4现在进行时态 am/is/are + being 5过去进行时态 was/were + being 6将来进行时态 will be being 7现在完成时态 have/has been,8过去完成时态 had been 9将来完成时态 will have been 10过去将来一般时态 would be,第三节 英语时态的种类,一、现在一般时态 （一）现在一般时态的用途 1 表述目前的状况 I am very busy It is fine today 2 表述人的性格或习惯 She is kind He likes soccer. He always does his homework at school,3 表述持续性的事实 This i