《Antonymy总结》PPT课件.ppt

Sense Relations, Antonymy,Definition,Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.,Types of Antonyms,、Gradable antonyms 分级反义词 、Complementary antonyms 互补反义词 、 Converses / Relative terms 换位反义词 、 Semantic incompatible, 、Gradable Antonymy (分级反义词),The commonest type of antonymy Three characteristics: Gradable Being graded against different norms标准 Serves as the cover term,1、Gradable,That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.,excellent good bad terrible,Apart from adjectives, there are verbs like love/hate, and in between we can add attachment爱慕 , liking, indifference, antipathy憎恶 , etc.,Love,Hate,They may have comparative and superlative degrees. e. g. Big-bigger-biggest small-smaller-smallest Old-older-oldest young-younger-youngest,2、Being graded against different norms标准,no absolute norm by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The norm varies with the object described: 1) A big car is in fact much smaller than a small plane. 2) A microcomputer is giant by the standard of microorganism微生物 .,3、Serves as the cover term,One member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. That means, in general, it is the cover term that is more often used. If the covered is used, then it suggests that there is something odd, unusual here.,“How old are you?” “What is your age?” We ask someone “How old are you?“ and the person asked may not be old in any sense. He may be as young as twenty or thirty. The word old is used here to cover both old and young. The sentence means the same as “What is your age?“,、Complementary antonyms 互补反义词,Means the members of a pair in this type are complemtary to each other. They divide up the whole of a semantic field语义场 completely. alivedead malefemale presentabsent innocentguilty odd奇even偶 passfail (a test) hitmiss(a target) boygirl samedifferent,Caracteristic 1 :,1) These antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 2) They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.,1) truly represent oppositeness of meaning,e.g. Alivedead He is alive. = He is not dead. He is dead. = He is not alive. No intermediate ground between the two If he is really not alive, then he is dead completely, not just half-dead. Chinese expression 半死不活 can only be used for somebody who is still alive .,2) mutually exclusive and no possibility between them,The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be. present/absent, male/female, boy/girl, true/false, same/different perfect/imperfect If something is imperfect, no matter how slight the imperfection, the fact remains that the thing cannot be perfect.,One formation of such contradictory synonyms is add un-, im-, in-,A,B,A,B,Caracteristic 2 :,The adjectives in this type cannot be modified by very. e.g. There is no very dead or very alive,Caracteristic 3 :,Do not have comparative or superlative degrees. 1. He is more dead than alive. not a true comparative. “It is more correct to say that he is dead than to say he is alive”. Do not say “John is more dead than Peter”. 2. John is more mad than stupid麻木 . “It is more correct to say that John is mad than to say John is stupid”.,Caracteristic 4 :,The norm in this type is absolute. The same norm is used for all the things it is applicable to. It not vary with the thing a word is applied to. of a man the death of an elephant of a tree The death of is a matter of kind, not of degree.,Caracteristic 5 :,No cover term for the two members of a pair e.g. “Is it a boy or a girl?” not “How male is it?” The word male can only be used for boys, it cannot cover the meaning of girls No adjective in this type can be modified by how and very. But there is a cover term - “true” We can say “How true is the story?” 这故事有多少准确性？ Truth related to this cover term. We can use very to modify true. It also has comparative and superlative degrees. truer , truest But false cannot be used in this way.,Difference between the gradable and the complementary,e.g. Gradable The coffee is hot. The coffee is cold. You cannot distinguish how hot/cold the coffee is e.g. Complementary This is a male cat. This is a female cat. You can easily distinguish without any confusion.,Complementary,Gradable,A,B,A,B,、 Converses / Relative terms换位反义词,Known as relational opposites. Three characteristics: Relational相关性 Spatial空间性 Reciprocal交互性,Caracteristic 1 :,Relational相关性: The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal相互的 social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. parentchild husbandwife predecessorsuccessor employeremployee abovebelow guesthost ,Caracteristic 2 :,Spatial空间性 e.g. above-below here-there right-left,Caracteristic 3 :,Reciprocal交互性 e.g. sellbuy givereceive borrowlend A sells sth. to B = B buys it from A B buys sth. from A = A sells it to B A gives a gift to B=B receives it from A B receives a gift from A= A gives it to B Two words of each pair are interdependent.,、 Semantic incompatible,North, south, east, west Spring, summer, autumn, winter Sunday, Monday，Wednesday January, February, March,Distinguish: Converses - gradable & contradictory,Gradable/ contradictory : without presupposing假定；预料 has nothing to do with Y e.g. X is good / a male. Converses: e.g. X is Ys husband. = Y is Xs wife . not X is a husband.,Use of anto