英语语法7动词时态.doc

一般现在时其结构按正常语序，即“主语+谓语+其它”，有时为了起强调作用，时间状语也可提前.其句式变化可分为两种情况1)表示动作，一般人称作主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词dont；变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do。E.g.They have lunch at 12:00.They dont have lunch at 12:00.Do they have lunch at 12:00? 2）单三人称做主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词doesnt；变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词does。E.g.Jenny speaks English very well.Jenny doesnt speak English very well.Does Jenny speak English very well?含有be动词的要在be上做变化.E.g. Danny is a good student.Danny isnt a good student.Is Danny a good student?一般现在时：A一般现在时表示经常发生的习惯性的动作或目前所处的状态。We go to school every day.我们每天去学校。The students study very hard.学生们学习很努力。She has a dictionary.她有一本词典。在一般现在时句中，如果主语是第三人称时，动词要进行变化，变化规则如下：1)一般情况下，动词后面直接加-s.例如：works, gets, say, reads2)以ch,sh,s,x或o结尾的动词，在后面加-es。例如：goes, teaches, washes3)以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，把y变为i再加-es.例如：studies, tries ,carries动词have遇有主语是第三人称单数时，have改为has。例如：He has an interesting book.他有一本有趣的书。Our classroom has two doors.我们的教室有两个门。一般现在时的具体用法：1)表示现在，目前存在的状态，性质或经常发生的动作或习惯。一般现在时常用下列副词或短语来做时间状语：often, usually, always, sometimes , seldom, every day(week, year, night), twice a month，on Sundays，never等副词连用。I often visit my teachers.我经常看望我的老师。They do morning exercises every day.他们每天做早操。2)表示按计划、规定要发生的动作（如己安排好的或计划好的动作），但限于少数动词，如：come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive,finish, continue, begin，start，return，open，close等。The train comes at 3 oclock.火车三点钟到。Tomorrow is Sunday.明天是星期天。Next week they leave for Shanghai.下周他们动身去上海。Our holidays begin in a week.一周后，我们的假期开始。3)在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。Ill help you as soon as you have problem.只要你有困难我就会帮助你。Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.如果你碰见小李，告诉他这件事情。If it doesnt rain tomorrow，well go to the Summer palace.如果明天不下雨，我们去颐和园。When he gets to the village，he will write to me.他到村里后就写信给我。4)一般现在时还可用在戏剧，电影的剧本解说，体育比赛的解说以及图片的说明等场合。Tom carries the ball to the left.汤姆把球带到左方。The picture shows us how they built the motorway last year.这张照片给我们展示了他们去年如何建设高速公路。5)客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun.Shanghailies in the east ofChina.表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。6)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。7)有些表示心理状态或感情的动词（如be，like，hate，think，sound等）往往用一般现在时表示。I want your help.我需要你的帮助。I dont think you are right.我以为你错了。Most of the girls like flowers.8)其他Here comes Li Ming！李明来了There goes the bell！铃响了。Here he comes.他来了。学生常见错误如下：一、be动词与行为动词同时出现在句子中例：We are plant(plant) the trees in spring.答案：plant解析：学生往往会用汉语的思维方式去翻译，就成了“我们是在春天植树”。这是学习英语最忌讳的，要看语法是不是正确，在英语中，be是表状态，do是表动作，两种动词不能同时出现在句子中，可记住如下口诀：“英汉语言有差异，be、do不能放一起，仔细琢磨细分析，语法千万要牢记。”自我检测：(一)、单选1 Jenny _ in an office.Her parents _in a hospital.A work; worksB works; workCwork; are workingDis working; work2 One of the boys_ a black hat.A haveB there isC there areD has3 We will go shopping if it_ tomorrow.A dont rainBdidnt rainCdoesnt rainDisnt rain4 He said the sun _in the east and _in the west.A rose; setB rises; setsC rises, setD rise; sets5 Wang Mei _ music and often _ to music.A like; listenB likes; listensC like; are listeningD liking ; listen6 Jenny_ English every evening.A has studyB studiesC studyD studied答案：1 B2D3C4B5B6B(二)、填空1 I can take Li Ming there when he _( come) to visit.2 _your sister_(know)English?3Her home_(远离)her school.4The pot_(not look) like yours very much.5 Where _you_(have)lunch every day?6 Who_(想要)to go swimming?7 _she_(do) the housework every day?8 Jenny and Danny usually_(play) games in the afternoon .答案：1 comes2 Doesknow3 is away from4 doesnt look二、单三人称形式易出错例：1 He plaies (play) football very well.2 Danny gos (go) to school at 7:10.答案：1 plays2 goes解析：1以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y换成i再加es；2与名词变复数不同，变单三人称形式以o结尾的词要加es.三、在句式变换时易出错例：1 Does Jenny has (has) a good friend?2 Brian doesnt lives (not live) in China.答案：1 Doeshave2 doesnt live解析：单三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时，可记住如下口诀：“见助动，用原形”。此口诀也可推广用于一般过去时态中。e.g. He didnt go home yesterday.四、对do的理解易出错例：We dont (not do) our homework in the afternoon.答案：dont do解析：do是一个比较难理解的词，它有三个含义:a)是所有行为动词的总称；b)是助动词，无实义；c)是一个具体的行为动词“做，干”。此句中给出的do指“做，干”，not指把此句变为否定句，故须在do前加助动词dont。五、对主语的数判断有误例：Li Ming with me are (be) inBeijing.答案: is解析:表面一看是“我和李明两个人在北京”，但with在此做伴随状语，不能做主语，故用is.另外，宾语从句中，从句部分若是表示客观真理，不管主句是何时态，从句都要用一般现在时；在时间和条件状语从句中，主句表将来，从句要用一般现在时。一般过去式 表示过去的动作和状态。I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰见了他。一般过去时的构成如下：肯定式 疑问式 否定式 疑问否定式I worked Did i work? I didnt work Did i not work?He(she it) Did he (she it) He(she it) Did he(she it)worked work? didnt work not work?We worked Did we work? We didnt work Did we not work?You worked Did you work? You dint work Did you not work?They worked Did they work? They didnt work Did they not work?一般过去式构成： 表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式变化如下： 一般情况下，动词词尾加 -ed 。worked, played, wanted, acted以不发音的 -e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 -d。Lived, moved,decided, declined, hoped, judged, raised, wiped以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed。studied, tried, copied , justified, cried, carried, embodied, emptied以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed。stopped, begged, fretted, dragged, dropped, planned, dotted, dripped不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。go - went， make - made， get - gotbuy - bought， come - came， fly-flew其结构是主语+动词的过去式。be动词的过去式为was, were；行为动词的过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化有以下几种情况：1）直接在动词原形末尾加-ed. e.g. work-worked; ask-asked; 2）以e结尾的动词只加-d. e.g. arrive-arrived; like-liked.3)末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed. e.g. shop-shopped; 4)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先把y变成i,再加-ed. e.g. carry-carried; study-studied.有些动词变过去式是不规则的,e.g. fly-flew; break-broke; teach-taught. 这些需要象生单词一样记住. 其句式变化分为两种情况1)含有be动词的依然在be上做文章. e.g. I was born in 1980. I was not born in 1980. Were you born in 1980? 2)含有行为动词的变否定句要在行为动词前加助动词didnt.,同时把动词变成原形; 变一般疑问句,在句首加助动词did,同时把动词变成原形. e.g. I bought a gift for my mum yesterday. I didnt buy a gift for my mum yesterday. Did you buy a gift for your mum yesterday?一般过去式的用法： 1) 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句,如：a minute ago, yesterday,last week,in1900,during the night,in those days，the other day（前几天）、once up on a time（过去曾经）、 just now（刚才）、in the old days（过去的日子里）、before liberation（解放前）、 When I was 8 years old（当我八岁时）等。用一般过去时的时候，要表示“过多少时间之后”一般用after,不用in如： Tom suddenly fel ill yesterday Tom 昨天突然生病了。 She didnt look well when i lat saw her 我上次看见她的时候，她脸色不好2.一般过去时也可与 today,this week,this month ,this year 等时间状语连用。但是这些时间状语必须指过去，决不包括“现在”在内如： Did you see him today? 今天你见过他了吗？ （today实际上指的是今天的过去某一时刻）3.一般过去时虽不可以与now连用 ，但却可以和just now（刚才）连用。如：He went out just now 他刚出去了4.一般过去时表示过去的时候还有以下一些情况：用于since从句，主句的谓语动词如果用现在完成时。其后接的since引导的从句一般须用一般过去时如：Its been over a year since i came back from the countryside 我从乡下回来已经一年了（主句的谓语动词 has been 也可以改为 is 但美国英语多用现在完成时）：时间状语可以省略，前面说过一般过去时常与表过去的时间状语连用，但下面一些情况下，时间状语可以省略-从上文可以清楚地看出来时间状语如：Did you sleep well?-前文如有现在完成时所引导时如：I have been within an inch of life ,and didnt know it!-和现在时态对比时候如： He is no longer the man he was-有表示过去习惯的used to 时候如:I used to play football in the street:所表的动作已经完成如：I read a book last week 上星期我读了一本书： 表示死者的动作和状态。在英语中。说道死去的人的时候，一般用过去时表示如： Who is the man in the picture? 照片上的人是谁？ He was my father. 他是我父亲： 有感情色彩的时候如：You asked for it! 你这是自找！5表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作常与always，never等连用。Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。（只是说明她过去的动作，不表明她现在是否常带着伞。）When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.比较Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是带着伞。（说明这是她的习惯，表明她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞）I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。（不涉及到现在，不说明现在是否喝酒）6）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了 It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.7) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。)Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去)注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。8）动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?9）used to / be used toused to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步)be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442.A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。10）有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话，也要用过去时。I didnt know you were in Paris.我不知道你在巴黎。（因为在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.）I thought you were ill.我以为你病了呢。（这句话应是在说话之前，我以为你病了。但是现在我知道你没病）辨别正误Li Ming studied English this morning.（把此句变为一般疑问句）（）1.Did Li Ming studied English this morning？（动词应该用原形）（） 2. Does Li ming Study English this morning？（时态应该用原句子的时态）（） 3.Was Li Ming studied English this morning？（应该用一般动词，而不是be动词）（） 4.Did Li Ming study Enghish this morning？ 常见错误如下: 一把动词变成过去式易出错 例: 1 They stoped (stop) talking just now. 2 They plaied (play) football yesterday. 答案: 1 stopped 2 played 解析:我们可以记住下面的口诀:动词变成过去式,双写规律要牢记;y前若是辅音字,y变i加-ed;y前若是元音字,只须直接加-ed. 二忘记把动词变成过去式 例: I fly (fly) kites on the afternoon of Sunday. 答案: flew 解析:我们可以记住下面的口诀:一般过去时态里,过去形式莫忘记.自主检测:（一 ）选择1 She lived there before he_to China. A. came B. comes C. come D. coming2 I _but_nothing. A . was listened;was hearing B. listened;heard C . have listened; heard D. listened; heard of3 When did you _here? A. got to B. reached C. arrive in D. reach4 I_my homework at 7:00 yesterday evening. A. finished B. would finish C. was finishing D. finish5 -He didnt go shopping with you yesterday afternoon, did he? - _.A. No, he doesnt B. Yes, he didnt C. No, he did D. Yes, he did.6 -I have had supper. - When _you_it? A. have; had B. do, have C. did,have D. will have答案: 1 A 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 D 6 C（二） 填空1 They_(be) on the farm a moment ago.2 There_(be)a shop not long ago.3 Jenny_(not go)to bed until 11:00 oclock last night.4 Danny _(read )English five minutes ago.5 I _(see)Li Lei _(go) out just now.6 He _(do)his homework every day. But he _(not do)it yesterday.7 When I was young, I _(play)games with my friends.8 When _you_(write)this book? I _it last year.9 Did he_(have) lunch at home?10 I _(eat) the bread, I m full now.答案:1 were 2 was 3 didnt go 4 read 5 saw go 6 does ; didnt do 7 played 8 did write ; wrote 9 have 10 have eaten三 在句式变换时易出错 例: 1 We didnt went (not go) out last Friday. 2 Did you had (have) a good time yesterday? 答案: 1 didnt go 2 Did have 解析:请记住口诀见助动, 用原形. 四易与单三人称作主语的一般现在时弄混 例: He taughts (teach) me English last year. 答案: taught 解析:行为动词的过去式无人称和数的变化.即使主语是单三人称,也和其它人称所用动词的形式一样. 五易与现在完成时弄混例: 我看过这部电影 I saw(see) the film. 答案: I have seen (see) the film. 解析:我看过这部电影说明我了解这部电影的内容,强调现在的情况,应用现在完成时; 一般过去时态的句子只是说明我看了这场电影,与现在无关.现在进行时和过去进行时I am watching TV now.我正在看电视。句型：主语+be（am，is，are）+现在分词.Look！Nancy is doing her homework看！南希正在做作业。They are cleaning their classroom.他们正在打扫他们的教室。She isnt reading now.过去进行时He was walking in the park at that time yesterday昨天那个时候，他正在公园散步。句型：主语+be（was，were）+现在分词.I was watching TV then.那时，我正在看电视。When I came home， they were cooking in the kitchen.当我进家时，他们正在厨房里做饭。When he knocked at the door， we werent doing our homework.当他敲门时，我们没有在写作业。Were you cooking at that time？那时，你在做饭吗？现在进行时的用法： 其结构是助动词be的过去形式is/are/am +v-ing. 其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。E.g. He is reading . They are talking now.2、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。E.g. They are working these days.3、某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。E.g I am coming.其结构为be+现在分词. 现在分词的变法有1、一般在动词词尾加上-ing ,E.g. jump2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing. E.g have write3、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing. E.g. sit put其句式变换都在be上做文章。E.g. He is buying a bike.Is he buying a bike?He isnt buying a bike.一般由look,listen,now, at this moment等时间状语做标志。4. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.5. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer.6.与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。 You are always changing your mind.典型例题 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。不用进行时的动词1) 事实状态的动词have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continueI have two brothers.This house belongs to my sister.2) 心理状态的动词Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hateI need your help.He loves her very much.3 ) 瞬间动词accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.I accept your advice.4) 系动词seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turnYou seem a little tired.（一） 、单选1、 Look! He _their mother do the housework.A. is helping B. are help C. is help D.is helpping2 、_are the boys doing ? They are singing in the room.A .Who B .How C.What D.Where3、 Dont talk here. My mother _.A. is sleeping B .are sleeping C. sleeping D .sleep4 、Danny _. Dont call him.A. is writeing B .is writing C.writing D .writes5 、When_he_back? Sorry, I dont know.A. does,come B.are coming C.is come D.is coming答案：A C A B D（二）、填空1、 Its ten oclock. My mother _(lie)in bed.2、 What_he _(mend)?3、 We _(play)games now.4、 What _you_(do) these days?5、 _he _(clean) the classroom?6、 Who_(sing)in the next room?7 、The girl_(like)wearing a sweater. Look! She _(wear)a red sweater today.答案：1 is lying 2 is mending 3 are playing 4 are doing5 Is cleaning 6 is singing 7 likes ; is wearing一、把动词变成现在分词形式易出错例：1、They are swiming.(swim)2 、Jenny is plaiing(play)football.答案：1.swimming 2 .playing解析：动词变现在分词可有如下口诀:“一添一去y不变”. “一添”指双写规则；“一去”指去掉不发音字母e规则；“y不变”指要与名词变复数区分开。二、丢掉be动词或忘记把动词变成现在分词例：1、 Look,two children flying.(fly) a kite in the park.2 、Li Mingisnt read ( not read) a book in bed now.答案：1 are flying 2 isnt reading解析:现在进行时肯定句的结构规律为: “be+现在分词,缺一不可”。这一点必须牢记。三、对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing例：1 、The students are singing in the room.(对划线部分提问)What are the students in the room?答案：What are the students doing in the room?解析:现在进行时态中对动作提问可记住此句式“What +be +主语+doing+其它?”或简写为“What.doing.”?句式。四、现在进行时态的选择疑问句中易忽视or后用现在分词形式例：孩子们在跑还是在跳？Are the children running or jump?答案：Are the children running or jumping?解析: or连接的是两个并列成分，动词形式须一致。过去进行时其结构是助动词be的过去形式was/were +v-ing. 其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。E.g. We were working in class. We werent working in class. Were you working in class?1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。E.g. They were playing football at ten oclock yesterday morning.My mother was cooking when I got home.I was washing my clothes at this time yesterday.2） 过去某阶段持续进行的动作 What were you doing during the holiday? 另外，在复合句中，若主要动作和背景动作是同时发生的，那么主从句都可用过去进行时e.g. Jenny was reading while Danny was writing.3) 常用的时间状语过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如 last night, at that time, at noon yesterday, last Sunday 等。 也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。E.g. The students all worked hard. Everyone knew what he was working for. My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It