长难句分析与翻译十大基本功《第一章五大短语》.doc

长难句分析与翻译十大基本功 第一章 五大短语 第一章 五大短语 介词短语 介词是学习英语的难点之一，特别在阅读过程中是一个拦路虎。介词短语是构成长难句的一个重要因素。介词短语可用作定语、状语、表语和补足语。介词可与动词、名词、形容词等连用。 这里特别指出一种介词复合结构，with(without)构成的复合结构，这种复合结构的形式有： with+名词十分词 with+名词+介词 with+名词+形容词 with+名词+动词不定式 这种结构在句中起状语、定语作用，或用来对句子或某一成分作补充说明。在这种结构中，with没有实际词意。在翻译时可把名词和其后的介词短语或形容词当作主语和表语的关系来处理；把名词和其后的分词或动词不定式当作主语和谓语关系来处理。 (一)with+名词十分词的结构 这种结构在英语中可称为分词复合结构。它在句中可作定语或状语。在科技文章中常用来对句子或某个成分作补充说明。 (1) If something is moving，with nothing touching it，it will go on forever，coasting at a uniform speed in a straight line 正在运动的某一物体，如果没有受到任何外力触动，它将永远继续作匀速直线运动。(条件状语) (2)The light we see，with its colors ranging from deep red to deep violet，serves us in our daily lives 我们看到的从深红色到深紫色的光，在日常生活中为我们服务。(作非限定性定语，修饰light。) (3)With more experimenting being doing every year，much of photosythesis will certainly be known before very long 随着每年所进行的实验增多，可以肯定，不久将会对光合作用了解得更多。(条件状语) (4)The article deals with microwaves，with particular attention being paid to radio location 这篇文章是研究微波的，其中特别注意无线电定位问题。(withlocation是分词复合结构，在句中作补充说明。) (5) The bottom layer is solid bedrock，with its upper edges slowly decomposing，or decay- ing，and flaking off 底层是坚硬的基岩，它最上面的边缘在慢慢地分解、腐蚀和剥落。(非限定性定语，修饰Solidbedrock。) (6)Ice，of relative density 09，floats in water with ninetenth submerged 冰的比重为09，它浮在水面上时，910淹没在水里。(方式方法状语) (二)with+名词+介词的结构 (1)Maxwell pointed out that an object may be hot without the motion in it being visible 麦克斯韦指出，即使看不见物体内部的分子运动，物体也可能是热的。(让步状语) (2)Under a microscope，a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a thin wall round it 在显微镜下，细胞看上去如一滴透明的胶状物体，周围有一层很薄的壁。(withit作定语，用来修饰jelly。) (3)Mechanics is that branch of physical science which considers the motion of bodies，with rest as a special case of motion 力学是自然科学的一个分支，它研究物体的运动，而把静止看成是运动的一种特殊情况。(with引出的复合结构起补充说明作用。) (4)Carbon，with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus，has 6 electrons 碳有6个电子，而在其原子核内尚有6个质子和6个中子。(with 6protonsin用来对carbon作补充说明，有非限定定语意味。) (5) The rocket engine，with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm，is an impressive symbol of the new space age 火箭发动机以其类似于瀑布或大雷雨的持续轰鸣给人以深刻印象，成为太空新时代的象征。(withroar like是非限定性定语，修饰engine。) (6)In each case the crystals，small or large，are naturally bounded by square or rectangular crystal faces of different sizes，but with each face always at right angles to each adjacent face 在每种情况下，各个晶体不论大小都是天然地由一些正方形的或矩形的晶面作为自己的界面，这些晶面大小不一，但每一晶面总是垂直于每一相邻面。(withfaceat是复合结构，作定语，修饰crystal faces。) (三)with+名词+形容词的结构 (1)We have discussed fluorescence，which is sensitive to radiations with energies equal to or greater than those of visible photons 我们已经讨论过荧光，荧光对等于或大于可见光光子能量的辐射是很敏感的。(with十名词+形容词的复合结构，起定语作用，修饰radiations。) (2)In simple harmonic motion，where there is no damping，the energy of the vibrating particle changes from kinetic to potential and back，with the total energy constant 在没有阻力的简谐运动中，振动质点的能量由动能变为势能，或由势能变为动能，但总能量不变。(with+名词+形容词的复合结构在句中有结果状语的意味。) (3)An uncharged object contains a large number of atoms，eachwhich normally contains an equal number of electrons and protons，but with some electrons temporarily free from atoms 不带电的物体含有大量原子，每个原子通常含有等量的电子和质子，但是有一些电子暂时脱离了原子的束缚。(with+名词+形容词的复合结构，对句子起补充说明作用。) (4) And with water present the chances of finding some sort of life on Mars are much brighter 由于水的存在，在火星上找到某种生命的可能性的前景就光明得多了。 (with water present作原因状语。) (四)with+名词十动词不定式的结构 (1)In outer space，with no swaddling atmosphere to diffuse it，sunlight is infinitely more powerful than on earth 在外层空间，由于没有大气保护层对阳光的保护作用，那里的阳光要比地球上强烈得多。(swaddling襁褓，这里有保护的含义。with引出的复合结构用作原因状语。) (2)At present，about 80 different metals are known to manBut with so many metals to choose from，the question arises：which metal shall we use? 目前，人们已知的金属大约有80种。由于有这么多的金属可供选择，于是便产生了一个问题：我们将采用哪种金属呢?(with引出的复合结构用作原因状语。) 介词短语在句中分析与翻译的实例 1You can already buy small Video telephones，with buildn-screen and cameras，that transmit Still images over regular telephone lines to anyone else with a Video telephone 现在已能买到小型的电视电话机，机上装有屏幕和摄像机，可以通过平常的电话线把静止的图像传送给任何一个有电视电话的人。(withcameras用作独立定语，修饰telephones。) 2The scientific worker attempts to formulate these problems in accurate terms and to solve them in the light of all the relevant facts that can be collected by observation and experiment 科学工作者力图精确地描述这些问题，然后根据通过观察和实验收集到的有关事实来解决这些问题。(介词短语in accurate terms作方式方法状语，说明to formulate。in the lightexperiment作方式方法状语，说明to solve。) 3The atom is analogous to a miniature solar system，with a nucleus as thesunand electrons as theplanetsrevolving in orbits around the nucleus 原子类似于一个小型太阳系，原子核可看作太阳，电子可看作是沿轨道绕着核旋转的行星。(analogous to，与相似。with a nucleus as，and(with)electrons as是with引出的复合结构，用来对solar system作补充说明。) 4The unit of heat on the cgssystem is the calorie， which is established as the amount of heat required to raise one gramme of water by one degree centigrade 热的厘米克秒制单位是卡，将1克水升高摄氏1度所需的热量定为1卡。(cgssystem =centimeter-gramsecond system，厘米克秒制。介词短语on.system作定语，修饰unit。by所引导的介词短语是raise要求的，这里by表示数量增减的绝对值。例如：increase by 10，增加10；decrease by two orders of magnitude，减小两个数量级。) 5Sometimes the individual crystals，with plane faces and sharp edges and comers，are visible to the naked eye，and sometimes they can be seen only under a microscope 单晶有时用肉眼就能看得到，有时只有在显微镜下才能看得见，这种单晶有着平的晶面和锐利的棱角。(with plane faces.corners是介词短语用作独立定语，修饰crystals。) 6Modern Japan and other Oriental countries are emerging with the irresistible urge for better standardsliving and a novel， powerful role in the worlds economy 在不可阻挡地迫切要求提高生活水平和在世界经济中发挥新的、强有力的作用的驱使下，现代的日本和其他东方国家正在崛起。(witheconomy有条件状语的意味，用来修饰emerging。) 7Liquids，however，are highly incompressible；that is，very large pressures，of the order of thousands of tons per square inch，are required to diminish their volumes appreciably 但是，液体是非常不易压缩的；要明显地压缩液体的体积，就需要巨大的压力，其数量级达每平方英寸几千吨。(介词短语of the orderinch是独立定语，修饰pressures。) 8One suggestion has been the use of mixtures of two different types of insecticide，with the idea that one of them should eliminate the individuals resistant to the other 有一种设想是使用两种不同类型的混合杀虫剂，其想法是如果害虫对其中之一有抗药性，那么另一种就能杀死它。(介词短语with the ideathe other 作two types of insecticide的定语，对它作补充说明。that引导的从句作idea的同位语。resistand to the other是形容词短语作individuals定语。) 9The side of Mercury which is turned away from the sun remains in eternal darkness，with a temperature only a few degrees above absolute zero 水星背向太阳的那一面，却永远处于黑暗之中，那里的温度仅比绝对零度高几度。(with a temperature above对the side of Mercury补充说明。) 10No distinction can be drawn between pure and applied science in terms of differences in the training or competence of workers，or in organization，or in method，or even in the immediate outcome of the work 不能根据工作人员的训练程度和资格、组织机构、研究方法甚至研究工作的直接成果等方面的差别来划分理论科学与应用科学的界线。(betweenscience作定语，修饰distinction。In terms of作状语，说明can be drawn。) 不定式短语 动词不定式是学习英语的难点之一，也是构成长句的一个重要因素。不定式有自己的宾语、状语和补足语，组成不定式短语。在分析句子时要把不定式短语看作一个整体。不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。 不定式短语在句中分析与翻译的实例 1. You will remember that the materials which combine to make a mixture do not completely lose their individual qualities. They do not do so because their molecules are not broken up and built into new molecules with new qualities. 你们要记住，组成?昆合物的各种物质完全没有失去它们各自的性质。它们之所以这样，是因为它们的分子并没有分解，没有形成具有新性质的新分子。(不定式短语to make a mixture 是谓语combine的结果状语。) 2. The moons pull causes water in the oceans to be a little deeper at the point closest to the moon and also at a point farthest from the moon, on the opposite side of the earth. 月球的引力会引起近月点处和地球另一端的远月点处海洋的海水略深一些。(cause sthTo do sb，引起作。to be a little deeper作water宾语补足语。) 3. It is also a familiar fact that a force is rettulred to slow down or stop a body which is already in motion, and that a sidewise force must be exerted on a moving body to deviate it from a straight line. 要使一个已经运动的物体慢下来或使其停止运动就需要作用力；要使该物体偏离直线运动，就需要横向作用力，这也是大家所熟悉的事实。(it是形式主语，代替that引出的两个主语从句。不定式短语to deviateline是目的状语，其中it代替the moving body。) 4. Though only 107 elements have been discovered, they combine in enough different ways to make the millions and millions of different things in the world. 虽然只发现了107种元素，但是这些元素以不同的方式化合在一起就会形成世界上无数的千差万别的东西。(不定式短语to make作结果状语，说明enough。) 5. Since we have already associated flow of charge or current with the existence of potential difference, it becomes of interest and importance to establish a quantitative relation between these two quantities. 因为我们已经把电荷的流动即电流与电位差的存在联系起来，因而在这两个量之间确立一种数量关系就成为重要而值得注意的问题了。(不定式短语to establishquantities是主语，it是形式主语。) 6. Apart from the enormous outflow of funds from the oil-consuming countries, a more basic concern is the capability of the major exporters of crude oil to achieve a continuing production target roughly doubling output every ten years to meet the required oil demand if present trend continues. 且不谈用油国的资金大量外流，更令人担心的重要问题是：如果目前的这种趋势继续发展下去，那么主要原油出口国是否有能力每10年大致将产量翻一番以满足对石油的需求。 (a part from，除了，且不说。ofoil作capability的定语，不定式短语to achievecontinue也作定语，修饰capability。这个不定式短语中包含有：现在分词短语roughly doublingcontinue。这个短语中又包含有不定式短语作目的状语to meetcontinue和if引导的条件状语，这两个状语都用来修饰doubling。) 7. Television makes it possible for us to see a distant scene as a transmitter at the television stadio telecasts the scene to our receiver. 当电视台的发射机把场景播送到我们的接收机时，电视就使我们能看到远处的场景。 (it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是for us to see a distant scene。) 8. This failure of an object to regain its original size and shape as soon as the deforming force is retnoved is called elastic lag. 一旦形变力除去之后，物体不能恢复原来的大小和形状，这种现象称为弹性滞后。(failure是名词，在句中作主语。不定式短语to regainshape作failure定语。) 分词短语 分词是学习英语的难点之一，也是构成长难句的一个重要因素。学习分词时要建立几个正确的概念： (1)现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。 例：All moving bodies have energy(主动) A lifted weight has energy(被动) (2)现在分词要与动名词分开。从词形上看，它们都是相同的，只有从它们所起的作用才能区分开。分词用作定语、状语和补足语。动名词用作主语、宾语和表语。 (3)怎样理解分词作状语时的伴随行为。 分词短语作状语时可用来对句中谓语所表示的行为或状态作进一步的说明。在这种情况下，分词所表示的行为或状态与谓语所表示的行为或状态同属于一个主体，即同一主语产生的两个不同的行为，或所处的两种不同的状态。谓语动词所表达的行为或状态为主，分词所表达的行为或状态为辅。分词的行为对谓语的行为作进一步的补充说明，使谓语的行为表达得更清楚、更具体。在时间上，分词的时态视谓语动词的时态而定：谓语动词是现在，分词时态即现在；谓语动词是过去，分词时态即过去。分词短语一般置于谓语动词之后，用逗号与句中其他成分隔开。这种伴随行为要比其他分词作状语时用得更多。伴随这一概念比较含混，不如补充说明清晰明白。例： We can not live without air for we breathe it continually，taking it into our bodies and blowing it out again through our noses and mouths 没有空气我们就不能生存，因为我们要不断地呼吸，把空气吸人体内，又从口鼻呼出。 for引导的状语从句中，从逻辑上看主语We有三个行为：一是breathe，谓语所表达的行为是主要行为；二是taking，三是blowing，第二、第三分词所表达的行为是次要行为，它是用来对主要行为breathe作进一步补充说明，解释。所谓呼吸，把空气吸人体内，又从口鼻呼出就是呼吸。分词作状语时的伴随作用，实际上就是对谓语动词所表达的行为作进一步补充说明，使之更明白、更清晰。 (4)分词独立结构：分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主体就是句中的主语。 如：Lifting something，you do work(你举起某物体时，你就是在做功。)分词Lifting的逻辑上的主体就是句中主语you。但是如果分词短语中的逻辑主体与句中主语不一致时，分词短语就要有自己的逻辑主体。这种带逻辑主体的分词短语作状语时称为分词独立结构。这种结构在句中只起状语作用。可用来表示时间、原因、条件和补充说明等。例： Aluminium being very soft，we can press it easily into any shapes desired 铝很软，因此，我们能很容易地把它压成所要求的任意形状。(Aluminiumsoft不是句子，它是分词短语，分词短语中逻辑主体是Aluminium，句中的主语是we，这也是分词独立结构，在句中作原因状语。) (5)现在分词完成时态：现在分词的完成时态表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前。完成分词短语在句中只作时间状语，通常译为：在之后。 如：Having taking the picture，the television camera turns it into electricity电视摄像机对一幅图像完成摄像之后，就把这一图像变成了电(信号)。 分词短语在句中分析与翻译的实例 1. Copper has less resistance than aluminium for the same size wire, but aluminium, being much lighter in weight, has less resistance per unit of weight. 对于同样粗细的电线来说，铜比铝的电阻小，但由于铝的重量很轻，所以单位重量的铝的电阻较小。(being.weight是分词短语，在句中作状语，有原因的意味。) 2. According to Einsteins theory, one pound of any element or compound of elements, if completely turned into energy by breaking up the atoms, would release the same amount of heat as the burning of 1 500 000 tons of coal. 根据爱因斯坦的理论，任何1磅元素或元素的化合物，通过原子裂变如果都能完全变为能量，那么它们所释放出的热能相当于150万吨煤燃烧时所产生的热量。(if引出的为分词短语作条件状语，条件状语的逻辑主体是one poundelements。) 3. Radio telescopes have one big advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. 射电望远镜与普通望远镜相比有一个显著的优点，即它能全天候工作，并且能接收到从遥远的星体传来的信号。 4. The tilt of the earths axis never changes with regard to the stars, the north pole pointing always to the Pole Star, so that at two points in the earths orbit, midway between the summer and winter positions, its axis is pointing neither towards nor away from the sun. 对恒星来说，地轴的倾斜度是永远不变的，北极总是指向北极星，所以在地球轨道的两点即夏季和冬季位置之间，地轴既不指向太阳也不背向太阳。(north pole pointing.Star是分词独立结构，起状语作用，对changes进行补充说明。) 5. We can replace temperate trees, but the tropical rain forest is the unpreatable climax of millenia of evolution, forming the most diverse assemblages of plant species and associated animal life which man will ever know. 温带森林我们可以再造，但是热带雨林却是经过数千年以上的进化形成，因而不能再造，因为它们形成了各种植物和相应的动物生活的多样性的群体。人们对此将有所认识。 (forming.life是现在分词短语作状语有原因的意味，它主要用来说明不能再造热带雨林的原因。ever用于肯定句，表示将来发生的动作，起强调作用。例：If you are ever in the town you must visit us) 6. Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this tendency, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science - and not only pure science, but applied science as well. 由于理论科学与应用科学是互相依存的，人们不难看出，如果这种趋势继续发展下去，那么就会给科学的未来带来相当大的危害，不仅给理论科学带来危害，对应用科学也是一样。(if引出的分词短语作条件状语，其主体是tendency。) 7. Being under industrialized, the developing countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export. 由于工业不发达，发展中国家在很大程度上要依赖进口设备才能生产供出口的原料。(Being在句中作原因状语。) 8. There is no method known to science today that can make it possible for us to magnify a drop of water enough to see one single atom- atoms are so very, very small. 今天的科学还不知道有什么方法能把一滴水放大到足以使我们能看到单个原子的程度，因为原子非常非常小。 (过去分词短语knowntoday和that引出的定语从句都用来修饰主语method。) 9. Nothing- education, home environment, other interests, wise discouragement- is likely to restrain the obsessed gambler and even when it is he alone who suffers the consequences, his diseases is a cruel one, resulting in a wasted, unhappy life. 教育、家庭环境、其他兴趣、明智的劝阻-任何东西都不能使赌徒们回心转意，正是他们自己饱尝苦果，这种疾病是残酷的，其后果是使他惨淡地虚度一生。 (Nothing是主语，谓语是is。破折号之间的字用来对主语nothing的说明。hiswho是强调句型，强调主语he。resulting in结果，终归，导致，是现在分词短语，在句中作结果状语。) 10. By many careful experiments it has been found that any two different substances when rubbed together, or even when brought into close contact, become somewhat electrified. 通过多次仔细的实验已经发现，任意两个不同物体在一起摩擦时，甚至紧紧接触时，就会在某种程度上带电。(句中两个when均引出分词短语，作时间状语。) 11. It is now known that semiconductors have very few free electrons at low temperatures but that the number of these conduction electrons increase very rapidly at higher temperatures, thus reducing the resistance of the material. 现在大家都知道，在低温下半导体中几乎没有自由电子，但是在较高的温度下，这些传导的电子数迅速增加，从而降低了材料的电阻。 (h是形式主语，that引出两个主语从句，用but连接起来。thus r