英语完成时态详解及练习.doc

延续性动词一、延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy等。二、延续性动词的用法特征1. 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示“时间段”的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有：for+一段时间（eg: for two years）, since从句（eg: since he came here）, since+时间点名词（eg: since last year）, during the past three years, how long, for a long time等。例：I have learned English since I came here. 自从我来到这儿就学习英语了。2. 延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“时间点”状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.（误）rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示“时间点”，前后显然矛盾。如果要用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等非延续性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.又如以下这段对话：-When did you get to know Jack? 你什么时候认识Jack的？-Two years ago. 两年前。-Then youve known each other for more than two years. 也就是说你们俩认识两年多了。-Thats right. 没错。非延续性动词 1. 非延续性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：The train has arrived. 火车到了。Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗？2. 非延续性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用（只限肯定句）。如：(1) 他死了三年了。误：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years.正：He died three years ago.正：It is three years since he died.正：Three years has passed since he died.(2) 他来这儿五天了。误：He has come here for five days.正：He has been here for five days.正：He came here five days ago.正：It is five days since he came here.正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come为非延续性动词，不能与表示“时间段”的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：a. 将句中非延续性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leavebe away,borrowkeep,buyhave,begin/startbe on,diebe dead,move tolive in,finishbe over,joinbe in/be a member of, open sth.keep sth. open,fall illbe ill,get upbe up,catch a coldhave a cold。b. 将句中表示“时间段”的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。c. 用句型It is+段时间+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。d. 用句型时间+has passed+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。3. 非延续性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示“时间段”的状语连用。如：He hasnt left here since 1986. 从1986年以来他就没离开过这里。I havent heard from my father for two weeks. 我已经两周没收到我父亲的来信了。4. 非延续性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成not+终止性动词+until/till.的句型，意为“直到才”。如：You cant leave here until I arrive. 直到我到了，你才能离开这里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我画完画，我才去睡觉。5. 非延续性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。因为when表示的时间可以是“时间点”（从句谓语动词用非延续性动词），也可以是“时间段”（从句谓语动词用延续性动词）；而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词要用延续性动词。如：When we reached London, it was twelve oclock.（reach为终止性动词）Please look after my daughter while/when we are away.（be away为延续性动词短语）6. 终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用（只限于肯定句）。如：误：How long have you come here?正：How long have you been here?正：When did you come here? 浅谈延续性动词和终止性动词一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。二、延续性动词的用法特征1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示段时间的状语连用。表示段时间的短语有：for two years, during/in the past/last three years, since last year, how long等。如：I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的点时间状语连用。如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示点时间，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then youve known each other for more than two years.-Thats right.三、终止性动词的用法特征1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：The train has arrived.火车到了。Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗？2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：(1)他死了三年了。误：He has died for three years.正：He has been dead for three years.正：He died three years ago.正：It is three years since he died.正：Three years has passed since he died.(2)他来这儿五天了。误：He has come here for five days.正：He has been here for five days.正：He came here five days ago.正：It is five days since he came here.正：Five days has passed since he came here.(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示段时间的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：leavebe away(from),borrowkeep,buyhave,begin/startbe on,diebe dead,move tolive in,finish/endbe over,joinbe in/be a member of,open sth.keep sth. open,fall illbe ill,get upbe up, catch a coldhave a cold,close-be closed,open-be open,come to/go to-be in(on,at),wake-be awake,fall asleep/get to sleep-be asleep,turn on sth.-sth. be on , turn off sth.-sth. be off,return/come back/get back/go back-be back,get back（取回）-have back, reach/arrive in (at)/get to-be in(on,at),get to know-know,get/turn/become(系动词)-be，hear from/get(receive) a letter from-have a letter from .(2)将句中表示段时间的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语，如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。(3)用句型It is+段时间+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。(4)用句型时间+has passed+since.表达原意，如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中，成为可以延续的状态，因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如：He hasnt left here since 1986.I havent heard from my father for two weeks.4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用，构成not+终止性动词+until/till .的句型，意为直到才。如：You cant leave here until I arrive.直到我到了，你才能离开这里。I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是点时间(从句谓语动词用终止性动词)，也可以是段时间(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如：When we reached London, it was twelve oclock. (reach为终止性动词)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如：误：How long have you come here?正：How long have you been here?正：When did you come here? 延继性动词和终止性动词巩固练习1. When Henry arrived at the bus stop, the bus _ for two hours. A. has left B. had left C. has been away D. had been away2. I _ the League for five years so far. A. joined B. have joined C. have been in D. join3. The factory _ since the February of 1995. A. has been open B. has opened C. was open D. opened4. Mary and Rose _ friends since they met in London in 1998. A. have made B. have been C. made D. have become5. You mustnt _ until he comes back. A. be away B. leave C. be left D. have been6. The meeting _ for a week now. A. has finished B. has ended C. has been over D. has been in7. Miss Gao_this school since 1996. A. has come to B. came to C. has taught D.has been in8. Ben _ a teacher for early three years. A. has been B. has become C. was D. became9. I _ home for a week up to now. A. have returned B. have been back C. returned D. were10. How long _ Mr Smith _? A. did; die B. was; dead C. was; dying D. has; been dead11. When I _ in Beijing, it was raining hard. A. got B. reached C. arrived D. was12. Tom _ the car for two months. A. has had B. bought C. has bought D. had got13. -How long _ you _? -Two weeks. A. did; all ill B. have; fallen ill C. were; ill D. have; been ill14. Since 1942 he _ his hometown. A. has left B. has moved away from C. has been away from D. moved away from15. Ill lend you the bike, but you can only _ it for two days. A. borrow B. lend C. keep D. take16. The bus _ on the road for an hour. A. has stopped B. stopped C. is stopping D. has been17. Are you _ the jacket these days? A. wearing B. putting on C. dressing D. pulling on同义句转换1. My cousins fell asleep 10 minutes ago.My cousins_ _ _ for 10 minutes.2.The paper factory opened in 1999.The paper factory _ _ _ since 1999.3. Mr. Smile borrowed the book 3 days ago.Mr. Smile _ _ for 3 days.4. I bought the piano the year before last year.I _ _ the piano since the year before last year.5. The film began half an hour ago.The film _ _ for half an hour.6The baby caught a cold last night.The baby _ _ a cold since last night.7.Her grandfather died 2 years ago.Her grandfather _ _ _ for 2 years.8.The man became a doctor in 2000.The man _ _ a doctor since 20000.9.My uncle joined the football team last year.My uncle _ _ _ _ of the football team since last year.10.They got to Shanghai 4 months ago.They _ _ _ for 4 months.11.He left the company at ten past eight.He _ _ _ _ the company since ten past eight.12.The Whites came to Hongkong in 1997.The Whites _ _ _ Hongkong since 1997.13.The class ended 5 minutes ago.The class _ _ _ for 5 minutes.14.I put on the coat at 9 Oclock.I _ _ the coat since 9 oclock.一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。-|- |-|-那时以前 那时 现在构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.二、过去完成时的判断依据1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before. （ 2 ）状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：Where did you study before you came here?After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3. 根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、过去完成时的主要用法1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。如：By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在） John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。 Where had he been?他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。如：She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.I (had) called her before I left the office.英语过去完成时重难点实例讲解 要掌握好英语过去完成时，最关键的一点是要掌握它的含义。现在很多的文章在讲解过去完成时的时候，都用了一句流行的说法，叫“过去的过去”。虽然这样的概括点明了过去完成时的要点，但究竟什么才叫“过去的过去”呢？如果不搞清它的含义，只是去记住什么时间状语(如：before, by, until , when, after等)，或者记住哪些动词常用于过去完成时等等，是不能很好掌握过去完成时的。 一、重点 英语中，已经有了一个过去一般时表示在过去发生的动作，为什么还有过去完成时呢？要记住：过去完成时的关键概念是：假设在过去发生了两件(或以上)的事件，一件是A事件，另一件是B事件，如果A、B两个事件几乎是同时发生的，那就用一般过去时；但是，如果A、B两个事件不是同时发生的，怎么办呢？那就是：哪个事件先发生，就用过去完成时；哪个事件后发生，就用过去完成时。在上面的假设中，如果A事件先发生，A就用过去完成时；如果B事件先发生，B就用过去完成时；而不管两件事是用什么样的时间状语或其它形式表示的。 请看例句： 例1She said (that) she had never been to Paris.例2When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.例3We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.例4Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 例5The students were writing, busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. 在上面的五个例子中，我们只要稍微分析一下，就可以发现：每个例子讲述的内容中，都包含着两个(或以上)在过去发生的事件。我们将两件事抽取出来看一下，就非常明白：必定有一件事是先生的，另一件是后发生的：例1said had never been to (先没有“去”，后“说”)例2arrivedhad run away. (先“跑”了，后“到”)例3 had hoped would comedidnt (先“希望”，后才发生“没去”)例4was disappointedhad left arrived (先“离开”，后“到达”和“失望”)例5were writingwent had left (先“离开”，后“到”和“写”) 二、难点 过去完成时的难点在于：有时候一句话中并没有出现两个事件，因此无法比较两个事件的先后。那为什么也用过去完成时呢？请看下面的例句： 例1By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.实际上，在上面的例句中，仍然有着“先、后”之分的。不过，这次不是A、B两件事件的先后，而是有两个过去时间的“先、后”关系。 首先，句子中有个明确的过去时间点：12岁。说他“12岁”，显然是过去式。那么，紧接着说“他已经开始谋生了”，这个“谋生”是发生在“12岁”时，还是“12岁”前，还是“12岁”后？答案是肯定的：他的“谋生”发生在“12岁”之前!也就是说，“12岁”已经是一般过去时，而在“12岁”之前发生的事，当然是过去完成时。所以，在那么多表示时间状语的词中，大家要特别注意By、Until等的用法。可以说，在讲述过去的事件中，如果出现By时间状语，很有可能要用过去完成时了。(当然，我说的是很有可能。) 类似的时间表达方式还有Until、Before等。只要大家把握了过去完成时的基本含义，不管句子怎么变化，应该没有多大的问题。例如： 例2Until then, his family hadnt heard from him for six month. 此句的分析同上面差不多。首先有个明确的过去时间点then(那时)，而hadnt heard发生在then之前(包括then)。所以此句用的是过去完成时。 再举两个例子，请大家自己分析：例3We had learned about 4000 English words by the end of last term.例4I waited until he had finished his homework.例5We had got to the station before 10:00. 过去完成时练习和分析提示请先阅读本站的文章“过去完成时重难点实例讲解”，然后完成下列练习。 汉译英 1.到上学期你们学会了多少首歌？ 2.到昨天晚上，他把这篇课文读了三遍。 3.十点钟前，我们到达了车站。 4.在他上中学之前，已学会了两百多个英语单词。 5.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始五分钟了。 6.昨天找看见李平了。自从我们离开北京，就一直没有见面。 7.我昨天没有给魏华那本书，因为她已经为自己买了一本。 8.他问李先生是否已经回来了 9.我听说他住那五年了。 参考答案 1. How many songs had you learned by the end of last term? 注两个时间点的比较。 2. By yesterday evening, he had read the text three times. 注两个时间点的比较。 3. We had got to the station before 10:00. 注两个时间点的比较。 4. He had learned two hundred English words before he went to middle school. 注两个事件的比较。 5.When we got to the cinema, the film had been on for five minutes. 注两个事件的比较。 6. I saw Li Ping yesterday. We had not seen each other since we left Beijing. 注两个事件的比较。 7. I did not give the book to Wei Hua yesterday, because she had already bought a copy for herself. 注两个事件的比较。 8. He asked if Mr Li had already come back. 注两个事件的比较。 9. I heard he had lived there for five years. 注两个事件的比较。过去完成时态的用法1.过去完成时态的基本的构成。had + 过去分词来构成过去完成时态的基本的用法2.过去完成时态的基本的用法和时态过去完成时所表示的时间概念是“过去的过去”，即在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作。过去完成时所表示的时间概念可以用下图表示：_ * + 时间 更早的动作 过去某一时间或 现在（用过去完成时） 过去另一动作一般过去时表示“现在”以前的任何时间发生的动作或情况。过去完成时则表示过去某一时间或过去另一动作以前发生的动作或情况。上面第一个例句表示在“去年（last year）”这个过去时间内完成的动作，因此用一般过去时；第二个例句表示“到去年年底（the end of last year）”这个过去时间“以前”完成的动作，因此用过去完成时。如能弄清这个时间关系就可正确使用过去完成时。例如：How many English films had you seen by the end of last term ?到上学期末你们看了多少部英语电影？The film had already begun when I got to the cinema . 当我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。过去完成时还可以表示从过去某一时间开始，持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。例如：He had worked in the factory for five years before he moved here . 在他搬到这儿以前，他已经在那家工厂工作了五年。I saw Li Ping yesterday . We had not seen each other since I left Beijing . 我昨天看见李平了。自从我离开北京，我们就没见过面。但需要注意下列三种情况不用过去完成时：1. 句中如有yesterday , last year , in 1986 , three days ago等表示过去时间的状语，谓语动词必须用一般过去时。例如：Peter didn”t play football yesterday . 彼得昨天没有踢足球。2. 汉语中虽然有“了”、“曾”、“过”等字眼表示动作完成，但没有说明动作是在过去某一时间以前完成的，译成英语时要用一般过去时，不用过去完成时。例如：前天他去了北京。He went to Beijing the day before yesterday . 3. 叙述在过去连续发生的两件以上的事，虽然在时间上有先后之别，但仍用一般过去时。例如：They decided to stay here , and so they built their houses and made their farms . 他们决定呆在这儿，所以他们建了房子，开垦了农场。一、短暂性动词与until状语（从句）连用持续性动词的肯定式与until时间状语连用时，表示该动词动作一直持续到until表示的时间为止就停止了，以后不再进行。如： Myfatherworkedatthisfactoryuntil1990. 我父亲在这家工厂一直工作到1990年。（含义：到了1990年他就不在这家工厂工作了）持续性动词的否定式与until时间状语连用时，表示该动词动作在until表示的时间之后发生，而在此时间之前未发生。如： Myfatherdidntworkatthisfactoryuntil1990. 到1990年我父亲才在这家工厂工作。（含义：在1990年之前他没有在这家工厂工作） 短暂性动词只能用否定式与until状语连用，表示直到until表示的时间时，该动作才发生，发生后就停止了，即不再持续下去。如： Hedidntappearuntilthemeetingbegan.直到会议开始时他才出现。（appear为短暂性动词）考例： Ididntreallyworkhere；I_untilthenewsecretaryarrives.（NMET1994） A.justhelpoutB.havejusthelpedout C.amjusthelpingoutD.willjusthelpout分析：helpout意思是“帮助完成工作”，具有短暂性动词特性，与u