高二(动词不定式)讲解与练习.doc

英语语法（动词不定式）定义：动词不定式是一种非限制动词形式，即非谓语动词。非限定动词是指不能单独在句中充当谓语的动词形式。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式，-ing分词和-ed分词。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。2不定式的用法1)不定式结构作主语1.Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago To see is to believe.2.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由it作形式主语，而将不定式放到后面。如：1.It made him happy to get 100yuan by his own effort.2. Its+adj. for sb to do.和 Its adj. of sb to do.1）for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：例如：Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2）of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind， naughty，nice，silly，stupid。例如：Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法：用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果通顺用of，不通则用for。例如： You are nice.（通顺，所以应用of）。He is hard. （非所表达的意思，不通，因此用for。）2)不定式作宾语不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式， 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。及物动词+带to的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有: afford， agree， aim， appear， ask， believe，claim，decide, demand， desire， determine， expect， fail， happen， hesitate， hope， intend， learn， long， manage， offer， pretend， promise， prepare， refuse， seek， swear， undertake，want， wish等。1.He managed to solve the complicated problem.2.The stranger offered to show me the way.3.Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：这类动词常见的有advise， decide， find out， forget， inquire， know， learn， see， regard总结， remember， teach， tell， understand， wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what， when， where， which， how， whether等。1.He does not know when to start.2.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.3.I will show you how to deal with it.有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find， think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。1.She considers it necessary to make friends with him.2.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 oclock.3)不定式做表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如:1.To see is to believe.另一种情况为主语是以aim，duty，hope， idea，job， plan，problem， purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：；例如：1.His aim is to study abroad in the near future2.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price3.What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience4)不定式作定语 不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型：第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如：1.There was really nothing to fear 2.He gave me an interesting book to read如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如：1.Mary needs a friend to play with2.That girl has nothing to worry about3.They have a strict teacher to listen to4.Although the film had been on for ten minutes， I still was not able to find a chair to sit on第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如：1.Have you got a key to unlock the door?2.The action to be taken is correct第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability， attempt， effort， impulse， inclination，wish等。例如：1.Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her2.I have no wish to quarrel with you3.Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作状语1）目的状语常用结构为to do , only to do（仅仅为了）, in order to do,so as to do,so（such） as to（如此以便）。例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。3）表原因Im glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。4）表示理由和条件He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully. 不带to的不定式的使用动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：1) 在cancould， maymight，willwould，shallshould，must， need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。2)在感官动词，如see，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或使役动词，如have，let，make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：1.I often heard him say that he would study hard2.I must have him see his own mistakes但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。例如：1.He was often heard to say that he would study hard3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如：1.Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.4) 在had better，would rather，maymight as well最好还是，不妨，rather than，can not but不得不，等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to。例如： 1.Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight2.She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.5)在介词but，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不，只能”。例如：1.He will do anything except work on the farm2.There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender3.The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in4.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如：I can not but admire his courage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：I did nothing but watch TV last night如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to：I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：Why stand up if you can sit down?Why not ask your teacher when you dont understand the meaning?You neednt decide yet whether to study arts or science4不定式的时态语态：（以to do为例）时态主动被动一般式To doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done进行式To be doing完成进行式To have been doing1.She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline2.The Vikings are believed to have discovered America3.When you called me last night, I happened to be working on the computer4.The snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain不定式的否定形式否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如：1.I decided not to ask him again. 2.Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are outI单项选择：1. He seems _ the old lady.A. knowing B. to be knowing C. to know D. to be known2. Tom_when they spoke ill of him.A. happened to be passed B. happened to be passing by C. happened passing by D. happened to passed3. We all hope_ scientists. A. become B. to become C. becoming D. became4. The boy refused _ for climbing the tall tree.A. to pay B. to be paid C. being paid D. paying5. I happened _ the article when he asked me about it.A. having read B. to have read C. to be read D. reading6. _with him is a great pleasure. A. To talk B. Talk C. Talked D. To talking7. It is nice _ your voice. A. to hear B. hear C. heard D. to be hearing8. _is to struggle. A. Living B. Live C. To live D. To be lived9. Her wish is _ a doctor. A. becoming B. become C. to become D. being come10. I was just about _the office when the phone rang.A. leaving B. leave C. to leave D. to leaving11. I didnt _it until you had explained how.A. manage to do B. managed to do C. manage to have done D. manage doing 12. He found it important _ the situation all over the world.A. study B. to study C. studies D. to be studied 13. At last the enemy sold