英语中的从句解析.doc

从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。主语从句用作主语，如：That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的。宾语从句用作宾语。如：Do you know where he lives?表语从句用作表语，如：My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往。同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词。如：The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的。（that从句用于解释说明the fact）定语从句相当于一个形容词，用于修饰前面的名词。如：The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John. 状语从句相当于一个副词，如：When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时，我通常坐公共汽车上学。（时间状语）If he comes tomorrow, you will see him. 如果他明天来，你就可以看见他。（if 引导的条件状语从句，其结构为：if +状语从句，主句）。要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是“主将从现”，即主句是将来时，则从句要用一般现在时表示将来。主句和从句的划分方法是相同的。句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易。谓语动词前面的部分是主语，后面常接宾语，修饰谓语动词的是状语，修饰主语、宾语的是定语，若谓语是系动词，则系动词后的部分是表语。如：I am a teacher. 其中，I 是主语，am是谓语，a teacher 是表语。He likes playing football very mucy. 其中，he是主语，likes是谓语，playing football是宾语，very much是状语。根据英语从句在句子中的句法作用，从句可分为三类：名词性从句，形容词性从句和副词性从句。通过对引导从句的各种引导词进行观察，我们不难发现，有的从句可以直接从引导词的形式和意义上来区分。如：Thoughtheoldmanisoverseventy,hestillseeswellandhearswell.我们一读此句，就可以认定，由Though引导的从句是一个让步状语从句。因为though只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导其它从句，但是有些引导词却能引导多种从句。如引导词when：既可以引导时间状语从句又可以引导定语从句，还可以引导名词性从句。此外，象that，where等，三类从句均可引导；who既可引导定语从句，又可引导名词性从句；sothat即可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句因此，这些形同义不同的引导词给我们理解、掌握、运用各种从句带来了很大困难。另外，搞不清楚从句在句子中所起的作用，就不能正确理解原文。那么，怎样正确区分各种形同义不同的引导词引导的从句呢？ 、分析句子结构以区虽从句的种类遇到一个复合句，首先要分析其句子结构，看从句在整个句子中起什么作用，那么它就是什么从句。、分析引导词的句法作用以区别从句的种类that这个词即是引导同位语从句，又可引导定语从句，这种两种从句从形式和结构上看特别相似，如何区分呢？区分that引导的是同位语从句还是定语从句的方法是，看that在从句中是否充当句子成分，若that在从句中不充当任何成分，则为同位语从句；若that在从句中充当主语或宾语，则为定语从句。、根据被修饰词来判断从句的种类定语从句常常修饰一些具有实际意义的名词，如：thefilm；thestudent；thebook；ahouse等等。而同位语从句常常修饰一些表示抽象概念的名词，如fact、idea、promise、truth等，用来说明这些名词所表示的具体内容。状语从句在句子中常用来修饰谓语动词。、根据从句前词的词性来判断从句的种类宾语从句分两种：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句。宾语从句前肯定是动词或介词。定语从句是用来修饰名词或代词的，所以其前一定是一个名词或代词。、根据上下文意义和结构形式上区分从句的种类如sothat即可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句，如何区分呢？主要从以下两点来区分。 根据上下文意义判断。“以便”表示目的，是目的状语从句，“以致于”，“结果”表示结果，是结果状语从句。从结构形式上来分辨。sothat前有逗号，为结果状语从句，反之，则为目的状语从句。有时，sothat前无逗号，这里要看从句中有无can、could、may、might、will、would、should等情态动词，如果有，则多是目的状语从句，若没有，则多是结果状语从句。 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES A clause is often defined as a group of related words that contains both a subject and a predicate. Like a phrase, a subordinate (or dependent) clause is not a sentence. The subordinate clause functions as a single part of speech-as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Notice the relationship of the sentences below to the clauses that follow.SENTENCESThat fact I must admit. Ralph was my first and only blind date. I married him. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN SENTENCESI must admit that Ralph was my first and only blind date. (Noun clause-direct object) The first blind date that I ever had was Ralph. (Adjective clause) Ralph was my first and only blind date because I married him. (Adverb clause) In the examples above, that and because are used as subordinators: they subordinate the clauses they introduce, making these clauses dependent. The following words are commonly used to mark subordinate clauses.RELATIVE PRONOUNSthat, what, which, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSafter, although, as, because, before, if, once, since, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while Subordinators may consist of more than one word:as if, as soon as, as though, even though, in order that, in that, no matter how, so that no matter how hard I try, I cannot float with my toes out of the water. We bought three dozen doughnuts so that everyone would be sure to have enough. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES USED AS NOUNSNOUNS NOUN CLAUSESThe news may be false. What the newspapers say may be false. (Subject) I do not know his address. I do not know where he lives. (Direct Object) Give the tools to Rita. Give the tools to whoever can use them best. (Object of a preposition) That fact-Karens protest- The fact that Karen protested amazed me. amazed me. (Appositive) The conjunction that before a noun clause may be omitted in some sentences:I know she is right. (Compare I know that she is right.) SUBORDINATE CLAUSES USED AS MODIFIERSTwo types of subordinate clauses, the adjective clause and the adverb clause, are used as modifiers.Adjective clauses: Any clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun is an adjective clause. Adjective clauses, which nearly always follow the words modified, are most frequently introduced by relative pronoun but may begin with such words as when, where, or why.ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVE CLAUSESEveryone needs loyal friends. Everyone needs friends who are loyal. The golden window reflects The window, which shines like the sun. gold, reflects the sun. Peaceful countrysides no Countrysides where I found longer exist. peace of mind no longer exist. If it is not used as a subject, the relative pronoun in an adjective clause may sometimes be omitted: He is a man I admire. (Compare He is a man whom I admire.)Adverb clauses: An adverb clause may modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb, an infinitive, a gerund, a participle, or even the rest of the sentence in which it appears. Many adverb clauses can take various positions in a sentence. Adverb clauses are ordinarily introduced by subordinating conjunctions.ADVERBS ADVERB CLAUSESSoon the lights went out. When the windstorm hit, the lights went out. No alcoholic beverages are No alcoholic beverages are sold locally. sold where I live. Speak distinctly. Speak so that you can be understood. Some adverb clauses may be elliptical.If I can save enough money, Ill go to Alaska next summer. If not, Ill take a trip to St. Louis. (Omitted words are clearly implied.)Dependent (subordinate) clauses can be adverb clauses, noun clauses, or adjective clauses.A noun clause usually fills a noun slot within the sentence, meaning that it acts in the following roles: Subject Direct object Indirect object Object of a preposition Subject complementAn adjective clause modifies a noun, and answers these questions: Which one? What kind? How Many? Whose?An adverb clause modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb and answers these questions: How or in what manner? When? Where? How often? To what extent or degree?The Role of Relative ClausesAn adjective clause that is introduced by a relative pronoun (this, that, who, whom, whoever, whomever, whose, which, what, whichever, whatever) is also called a “relative clause.” The relative pronouns are used to introduce subordinate clauses, for example: The Atlanta Falcons, which happens to be Toms favorite team, is playing the New Orleans Saints this weekend at Atlanta Stadium. (The clause beginning with “which” is an adjectival clause modifying “Atlanta Falcons” and answering the question, “Which team is Toms favorite?”) When the weather permits, Tom likes to grill hamburgers on the deck. (The introductory clause beginning with “when” is an adverbial clause modifying the verbal phrase “likes to grill” by answering the question: “When does Tom like to grill?”)Some writers might wonder why its important to understand the different types of clauses and their functions within sentences; however, many grammarians argue that writers who possess such knowledge are better equipped to imbue words with power and authority than those who believe it inconsequential.Types of ClausesLike a phrase, a clause is a group of related words, but unlike a phrase, a clause has a subject and predicate. An independent clause, along with having a subject and predicate, expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. On the contrary, a subordinate or dependent clause does not express a complete thought and therefore is not a sentence. A subordinate clause standing alone is the most common type of sentence fragment. Read more: /study_guide/Types-of-Clauses.topicArticleId-29011,articleId-28968.html#ixzz0l8IcpskcIndependent clausesHe saw her. The Washingtons hurried home. Free speech has a price. Grammatically complete statements like these are sentences and can stand alone. When they are part of longer sentences, they are referred to as independent (or main) clauses. Two or more independent clauses can be joined by using coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet) or by using semicolons. The most important thing to remember is that an independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence. In the following example the independent clause is a simple sentence. Erica brushed her long, raven hair.Here, the coordinating conjunction and joins two independent clauses: Fernando left, and Erica brushed her long, raven hair.Here, a semicolon joins two independent clauses: Fernando left; Erica brushed her long, raven hair.All sentences must include at least one independent clause. After she told Fernando to leave, Erica brushed her long, raven hair.The independent clause is preceded by a clause that cant stand alone. Erica brushed her long, raven hair while she waited for Fernando to leave. The independent clause is followed by a clause that cant stand alone.Beginning sentences with coordinating conjunctionsAny of the coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) can be used to join an independent clause to another independent clause. But can you begin a sentence with one of these conjunctions? No one knew what to do. But everyone agreed that something should be done. An old rule says that you shouldnt. But beginning a sentence with a coordinating conjunction is widely accepted today. (Notice the preceding sentence, for example.) Sometimes beginning a sentence this way creates exactly the effect you want; it separates the clause and yet draws attention to its relationship with the previous clause. Use this technique when it works for you. If youre confronted with an advocate of the old rule, youll have no trouble finding support for your position from the best writers and usage experts.Subordinate clausesA subordinate clause has a subject and predicate but, unlike an independent clause, cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else to express a complete thought, which is why it is also called a dependent clause. Some subordinate clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, that, which, what, whose) and some by subordinating conjunctions (although, because, if, unless, when, etc.). Subordinate clauses function in sentences as adjectives, nouns, and adverbs. Relative clausesA relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and functions as an adjective. In the following sentence, the relative pronoun that is the subject of its clause and won is the predicate. This clause couldnt stand by itself. Its role in the complete sentence is to modify novel, the subject of the independent clause. The novel that won the Pulitzer Prize didnt sell well when it was first published. In the next example , which is the relative pronoun that begins the subordinate clause. Celebrities is the subject of the clause and attended is the predicate. In the complete sentence, this clause functions as an adjective describing ceremony. The ceremony, which several celebrities attended, received intense coverage. Note that in a relative clause the relative pronoun is sometimes the subject of the clause, as in the following sentence, and sometimes the object, as in the next sentence. Arthur, who comes to the games every week, offered to be scorekeeper.Who is the subject of the clause and comes is the predicate. The clause modifies Arthur. In the following sentence , mother is the subject of the clause, adored is the predicate, and whom is the direct object of adored. Again, the clause modifies Arthur. Arthur, whom the team mother adored, was asked to be scorekeeper. Noun clausesA noun clause serves as a noun in a sentence. What I want for dinner is a hamburger. (subject of the predicate is) The host told us how he escaped. (object of the predicate told) The vacation is what I need most. (complement of the linking verb is) Give it to whoever arrives first. (object of the preposition to) Pronoun case in subordinate clauseWho, whom, whoever, whomever. In deciding which case of who you should use in a clause, remember this important rule: The case of the pronoun is governed by the role it plays in its own clause, not by its relation to the rest of the sentence. Choosing the right case of pronoun can be especially confusing because the pronoun may appear to have more than one function. Look at the following sentence. They gave the money to whoever presented the winning ticket.At first, you may be tempted to think whomever rather than whoever should be the pronoun here, on the assumption that it is the object of the preposition to. But in fact the entire clause, not whoever, is the object of the preposition. Refer to the basic rule: The case should be based on the pronouns role within its own clause. In this clause, whoever is the subject of the verb presented. (A good way to determine the right pronoun case is to forget everything but the clause itself: whoever presented the winning ticket, yes; whomever presented the winning ticket, no.) The following two sentences show more dramatically how you must focus on the clause rather than the complete sentence in choosing the right pronoun case. We asked whomever we saw for a reaction to the play. We asked whoever called us to call back later. In each sentence the clause is the direct object of asked. But in the first sentence, whomever is correct because within its clause it is the object of saw, while in the second sentence, whoever is correct because it is the subject of called. Adverbial clausesMany subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions called adverbial clauses.