个别单词的用法.doc

request 的 “请求”用作名词，意为“请求”，是可数名词。如：It is my last request I shall never ask you anything again.这是我的最后一个请求，我再也不会向你提任何要求。 She refused all requests for an interview.她拒绝了所有的采访请求。用作动词，意为“请求”。这时，其后可以跟名词、不定式的复合结构以及从句作宾语。尤其要注意，当从句作宾语时，从句谓语常用“(should) + 动词原形”结构。如：You have to request permission if you want to take any photos here. 如果你想要在这儿拍照的话，需要申请准许。We requested him to leave the room as soon as possible. 我们请求他尽快离开这个房间。I requested that he (should) leave. 我请求他离开。拓展 at the request of 根据的请求 by request 应的请求 request from 向请求小试 翻译下列句子。1. 玛丽申请准许在这里拍摄。 2. 他写信请求父亲来看他。3. 应观众的要求她又唱了一首歌。 4. 我希望这个请求不会太麻烦你。Key: 1. Mary requested permission to film here.2. He wrote a letter requesting his father to come to see him.3. She sang another song by request of the audience. 4. I hope this request would not trouble you too much.WORDSRequest寓词于境 阅读下列句子，注意request的词性及用法。1. He went to Jinan at the request of his manager.2. May I request you to stop talking?3. She requested that we should go home right now.自我归纳a. request作_词（句1），常见短语是at the request of / at sb.s request，意思是_；b. request作_词（句2、句3），常构成短语request sb. to do sth.，意思是_；c. request后可接从句，从句中的谓语动词用should + 动词原形，should常可省略。即学即练 根据括号内的提示完成句子。1. I requested that nobody _ (上课迟到) tomorrow.2. The president attended the meeting _ (应我们的要求).Base寓词于境 阅读下列句子，注意base的词性及用法。1. I based hopes on the news we had yesterday.2. The base of the house is strong.3. The air base was attacked by the enemy.自我归纳a. base作_词，意思是_（句1），常见短语base sth. on，常用其被动形式be based on。b. base作_词，意思分别是 _（句2）; _（句3）。即学即练 用base的适当形式填空。1. Their relationship _ upon mutual respect.2. There is a door at the _ of the tower.3. Mary always _ her opinions on the facts.Straight寓词于境 阅读下列句子，注意straight的词性及用法。1. Her sister is a girl with straight black hair.2. Go straight ahead along the road and you will find the cinema.3. Without wind the smoke rose straight up.自我归纳straight作_词（句1），意思是_; 作_词（句2和句3），意思是“不拐弯地，笔直地，直地”。注意 straight既是形容词，也是副词，副词与形容词同形。拓展 straighten v. 使变直。如：I straightened my tie and walked in.即学即练 翻译下列句子。1. 放学后直接回家来。2. 他累得走都走不直了。3. 他们坐在一条直线上。Recognize寓词于境 阅读下列句子，注意recognize的用法。1. I can hardly recognize my classmate after five years.2. The United Nations recognized the new government.3. We recognized him to be a great man.4. White Pollution is recognized as one of the serious problems.自我归纳recognize 的意思是_（句1），_（句2）;常见短语recognize sb. as / to be 的意思是_（句3、句4）。联想 类似的短语是consider . as / to be。即学即练 根据括号内的提示完成句子。1. Oh, its you! I _ (没有认出) you.Ive just had my hair cut, and I am wearing new glasses.2. Tom _ (被认为是) the tallest boy in our class.WORDS:request自我归纳 a. 名；应的要求 b. 动；请求某人做某事即学即练 1. (should) be late for class 2. at our request / at the request of usbase自我归纳 a. 动；以为根据, 建于之上 b. 名；根基，基础；基地即学即练 1. is based 2. base 3. basesstraight自我归纳 形容；直的；副即学即练 1. Come straight home after school.2. He was too tired to walk straight.3. They sat down in a straight line.recognize 自我归纳 认出；承认；认为是即学即练 1. didnt recognize2. is recognized as / to berecognize 的用法recognize vt. 1）认出，认识到；其后可以跟名词或者从句作宾语。如： They recognized this man without difficulty. 他们毫不费力地认出了这个人。She recognized the tune at once. 她马上听出了这支曲子。I recognize that I am not fit for the job. 我认识到我不适合这个工作。2）承认。如：I recognize your right to ask that question. 我承认你有权询问这个问题。They dont recognize the new government. 他们不承认这个新政府。3）公认；赏识。如：The film is now recognized as a classic. 这是一部公认的经典影片。联想 recognition n. 认识、认出；承认拓展 recognize.by / from. 认出 recognize as 承认是1.ecognize you now; you are Toms brother.我现在认出你了你是汤姆的哥2. John is recognized as the best footballer in the school. 约翰被公认为是全校最好的足球运动员3. The actor soon won recognition from the public这个演员不久就赢得了观众的承认。PATTERNS1. than ever before原句展示1Today, more people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. (P9)原句展示2So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. (P10)点拨 上面两句中的than ever before，意为“比以前，比以往任何时候更”。ever是副词，用以加强原级、比较级及最高级，常和比较级连用构成比较结构。如：He gets up earlier than ever before. 拓展 than before与than everthan before比以前，比从前；than ever比以前任何时候，比到现在为止的任何时候。如：He is no happier than before.他不比以前幸福。It is raining heavier than ever. 现在雨比先前任何时候下得都大。2. Believe it or not原句展示 Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. (P13)点拨 believe it or not = it may sound surprising but it is true 是习惯用法，意为“信不信由你”，在句中作状语，表示让步，常位于句首。如：Believe it or not, we were left waiting in the rain for two hours. 注意 believe it or not只有这一种形式，动词believe没有believed或believing的形式，也就是说：believe不受主句主语的影响。如：Believe it or not, Mary was admitted to a famous university yesterday. 仿写 _（信不信由你，这种事又发生在我身上了。）联想 用法类似的有：roughly / generally / personally speaking; to tell (you) the truth等。小试牛刀 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。1. With the college entrance examination approaching, he studies harder _. A. as before B. as agoC. than ever beforeD. than ever ago 2. _ you the truth, I dont like him, because he always lies. A. To tellB. TellC. ToldD. TellingPATTERNS:仿写 Believe it or not, this happened to me again.小试牛刀 1. C 2. A。单词的解析1. imagine vt. form a picture of in the mind；think of (sth.) as probable：想象；认为（某事）可能发生或存在。宾语为名词、代词、动名词、从句。宾语从句为否定意义时，要用否定转移，与think, believe, suppose, expect用法相同，成为I/ We dont imagine,意为“我（们）认为不如：We can imagine her sadness.我们可以想象她的悲伤。I didnt imagine (my) becoming a teacher in my childhood.在童年时代，我并未想象能成为一名教师。Can you imagine how much I was surprised to hear the news?你能想象我听见这个消息有多惊讶吗？I dont imagine so. = I imagine not.我认为不是这样。 imagine, guess, supposeimagine意为“想象，幻想”，指在脑海中形成一个清晰明确的印象，或认为某事物可能发生或存在;guess： form an opinion, give an answer, make a statement, based on supposition, not on careful thought, calculation, or definite knowledge: “猜测，臆测”，指未知道前的猜测;suppose: let it be though that; take it as a fact that:认定，假定； guess; think: “想象，推测”，意指“假定或假设中的情形”。2. shake, trembleshake: move, be moved, quickly or violently up and down, forwards and backwards: 最普通用词，可指人或物 “摇动，发抖”。指人时常用于感情激动、寒冷、惧怕引起的身体颤动。在表示 “因而颤抖”时，多用with。在表示 “使受震撼，使（信念等）动摇”，常用于be shaken by/with/at中。tremble: shake involuntarily ( with fear, anger, cold, physical weakness, etc.) 颤栗,震颤,发抖(因恐惧,愤怒,寒冷,体弱等)，常常与shake相互替换，但指握手，摇头或捧腹大笑时用shake, tremble只用作不及物动词。如：The poor boy was shaking with cold.这个孩子正冻的发抖。They were badly shaken by the news.他们对这个消息大为震惊。The host shook hands with all the guests.主人跟所有的客人握手。Her voice was trembling with anger.她气的声音发抖。3. rise, raiserise vi. ( of the sun, moon, stars, river, price, temperature, etc.) appear above the horizon:指自然“上升”，常用于日、月、云、霞、烟、水蒸气、物价、温度、河水、潮水及人的职位等：He rose from his chair and began his speech.他从椅子上站起来开始了他的演说。Her temperature is still rising.他的体温还在上升。He has risen in rank.他已经升职了。raise vt. 1. lift up; move from a low(er) to a high(er) level; cause to rise: 外部的力量，“举起、提高”： The peoples living standard has greatly been raised.人民的生活水平已大大的提高了。 2grow or produce (crops); breed (sheep, etc.); bring up a family: 饲养、种植”、养育、抚育： They can raise rice here.他们这儿能种水稻。4. burst into / burst out : send out suddenly; break out into; suddenly begin to burst into + doing: She burst into tears. = She burst out crying.她突然哭起来了。burst out + n.：All of them burst into laughter = All of them burst out laughing.他们全都大笑起来了。5. destroy, ruin, damagedestroy: break to pieces; make useless; put an end to: 毁灭；摧毁；毁坏；破坏。表示在肉体上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁，使之无法复原，也可以表示对某物体进行完全的毁坏: All his hopes were destroyed.他所有的希望都毁灭了。An atom bomb would destroy a city. 一颗原子弹可以摧毁一座城市。ruin: sth. which has decayed, been destroyed, etc.:败坏，毁坏，崩溃的状态。 指对物体或生命彻底的破坏，但往往是非暴力的，也往往不是一次的打击结果，常指对美好的或希望中的事物的破坏: Smoking ruined his health.吸烟毁了他的健康。She ruined his prospects.她毁了他的前途。damage: harm or injury that causes loss of value: 损害；损毁（使失去价值）。一般指对物体或生命的局部损坏：Their houses were damaged by the enemys shellfire.他们的房屋被敌人的炮火击毁了。6. hurt, wound, injure hurt: cause bodily injury or pain to; damage; pain ( a person, his feeling): 使受伤；使疼痛；伤害； 使伤心。一般用语，即可指肉体上的伤害，也可指精神上的伤害，还可用作不及物动词，意为“疼痛、惹起痛苦”: What he said hurt me deeply.他说的话使我非常伤心。wound: hurt or injury to the living tissue of the body, caused by cutting, shooting, tearing, etc., esp. as the result of attack: 指外伤，如枪伤、刀伤、剑伤，尤指在战争中，战斗中受伤: He got wounded in the fighting.他在战斗中受了伤。injure: hurt; damage, esp. for result of an accident;一般指由于意外或事故而受伤。如：He was badly injured in the accident.他在这次事故中受了重伤。Smoking will injure your health.吸烟会毁了你的健康。7. shock, astonish, surpriseshock vt./n: to cause usually unpleasant or angry surprise to (sb.): 震惊，打击，吃惊程度最大，后面常跟介词at/by构成词组be shocked at/by，表示“对吃惊”，或接不定式表示原因，也可作名词，意为“震动，打击”: He was shocked by what you said.他对你说的话感到震惊。He was shocked to know his son playing all day.他知道他的儿子整天玩大为震惊。The news gave me a great shock.这个消息给了我很大的打击。astonish vt./n: surprise greatly. 语气比surprise要强，含有令人难以置信: I was astonished to see him in Tibet.在西藏见到他，真感到惊异。The news astonished everyone.这个消息使每个人都很震惊。surprise vt./n: (feeling caused by) sth. sudden or unexpected: 最普通用词，意为“使惊讶，使吃惊”，含有“意想不到”之意。如： I was surprised to see the great changes in my hometown.看到家乡的巨大变化他惊讶不已。His failure didnt cause much surprise (was not a great surprise.)他的失败未引起很大的惊奇（并非很意外的事）。II. Words for using language1.congratulation n 1）（with on）an expression of joy for sb. success, good fortune, luck, etc. : 庆贺，祝贺，常用复述形式，并与介词on搭配，构成短语congratulations on sth. /doing . 2）Congratulations ( on your winning the races)！恭喜（你获得了胜利