GreekandRomanCulture.ppt

greco-roman element greek culture (7th century b.c. - 146bc ） (freedom and wisdom) roman culture (146bc -476) (roman law and christianity) european culture greco-roman element free love and pleasure judeo-christian element moralities greek empire (336 b.c.-323b.c.) roman empire (27b.c.-395a.d.) greek culture （peak：5th century b.c.) politics philosophy epics and greek mythology tragedies； qin xianglian and medea greek mythology and chinese mythology science sculpture architecture presocratic philosophy (7th century b.c-socrates) the presocratic philosophers asked questions about “the essence of things” from where does everything come? from what is everything created? confucianism ethics taoism 道可道 非常道 the presocratic philosophers thames 泰勒斯 natural worldwaterfather of western philosophy heraclitus 赫拉克利特 natural world“you cannot step twice into the same river.“ doctrine of change; unity of opposites pythagoras 毕达哥拉斯 natural worldnumber the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of wisdom later philosophers namesubjectmajor ideacontribution protagoras 普罗塔哥拉 on human society man is the measure of all things raising mans position and dignity socrates 苏格 拉底 on ethics and moralities know yourself; knowledge is virtue. from natural world to man himself plato 柏拉图on human society republicidealist aristotle 亚里士 多德 on human society plato is dear to me, but dearer still is the truth. logic, rhetoric, physics i am looking for an honest man diogenes living a dogs life step aside！ you are blocking the sun. alexander the great politics citizen-assembly(平民大会）; hostility to servility奴性 hostility to monarchy君主制 chinese monarchy homers epics (叙事诗) iliad 伊里亚特 greek gods involvement in the war themes odyssey 奥德赛 odysseus and penelope iliad greece troy menelaus the king priam： king paris: prince of troy agamemnon 阿伽门农 achilles； odysseus hector aeneas greek gods step in the war olympic gods apollo and daphne greek gods the gods, like human beings, fight, plot, and feel jealousy all the same. they pursue free love and pleasure, not caring about any moral rule. zeus and leda: helen golden apple golden apple zeus held a banquet in celebration of the marriage of peleus (achilles father) and thetis. left off the guest list was eris (goddess of discord), and upon turning up uninvited, she threw a golden apple into the ceremony, with an inscription that read: “for the fairest one.“ three goddesses claimed the apple: hera, athena and aphrodite. paris of troy as judge. aphrodite (venus）promised paris to give helen to be his wife achilles heel ones principal weakness odysseus discovers achilles disguised as a girl. agamemnon sacrifices his daughter to the sea goddess athena restrains achilles angered by agamemnon themes of the illiad 1. the glory of war (aggression) to fight is to prove ones honor and integrity, while to avoid warfare is to demonstrate laziness, ignoble fear. 2. military glory over family life the “glory” or “renown” by performing great deeds. 3. ephemeral nature of human beings and their world even the greatest of men cannot escape death dramatists in ancient greece 三大悲剧大师 aeschylus prometheus bound sophocles oedipus the king freuds “the oedipus complex” (恋母情 结); euripides medea defiant spirit science math and physics euclids(欧几里得) elements(解析几何 ) archimedes 阿基米德 in geometry几何学，arithmetic算术 ， mechanics机械 give me a place to stand， and i will move the world architecture parthenon帕特农神庙 the acropolis at athens 雅典卫城 parthenon the acropolis at athens 雅典卫城 sculpture： strength and beauty discus thrower 掷铁饼者, venus de milo laocoon group 拉奥孔 laocoon group 拉奥孔 prometheus bound (defying king zeus) aeschylus a titan known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire from zeus and gave it to mortals for their use. zeus then punished him for his crime by having him bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day. oedipus the king (defying fate) sophocles a prophet warned king laius of thebes（底比斯 ） that because he had married his cousin jocasta，he would be killed by his son to avoid the disaster，he ordered his loyal shepherd to kill his newborn baby son then he turned the baby over to the care of a fellow shepherd who happened to be the servant of the king of corinth the child was given the name of oedipus，he was brought up by the childless royal couple as their son and successor on his way to thebes, oedipus saw a cart coming towards him the man sitting in the cart，angry at the young man in the way，whipped him on the face oedipus jumped onto the cart and killed him in his anger. round about this time，the thebans were troubled by a woman headed monster，called sphinx， who produced a riddle to them the crown and the hand of the widow queen were offered to anyone who could solve the riddle oedipus met sphinx on a cliff to the monster s riddle，“what animal walks on four legs in the morning，on two at noon，and on three at night？” he offered the answer，“man，who creeps in infancy，walks upright in manhood，and supports his steps with a staff in old age” thus， sphinx threw herself down into the valley oedipus became king of thebes and husband of the queen，his mother for a long time after this event， oedipus lived in honor and prosperity four unnatural children came out of this odd marriage，two sons and two daughters then the sad thing came a plague raged throughout the land. a prophet warned that the trouble would not be removed until the murderer of the former king laius was driven out of the country oedipus stabbed out his own eyes with a pin and wandered from one city to another. medea (美狄亚defying her parent and husband) euripides in euripides play medea, jason leaves medea when creon, king of corinth, offers him his daughter. the play tells of how medea gets her revenge on her husband for this betrayal. medea was a daughter of king of colchis , granddaughter of the sun god, and later wife to the hero jason伊阿宋, with whom she had two children jason arrived in colchis to claim his inheritance and throne by retrieving the golden fleece.金羊毛 medea fell in love with him and promised to help him, but only on the condition that if he succeeded, he would take her with him and marry her medea distracted her father as they fled by killing her brother. in corinth, jason left medea for the kings daughter. medea took her revenge by sending a dress and golden crown, covered in poison. then medea stabbed to death the two sons she bore jason. chinese mythology sacrifices for the human kind 盘古：开天 女娲：补天 伏羲氏：发明创造了八卦（the eighth diagrams)，成了中国古文字的发端，教会了人 们渔猎的方法，发明了瑟； 相传其人首蛇身，与其妹女娲成婚，生儿育女， 成为人类的始祖 神农氏：传说中的农业和医药的发明者 精卫填海 夸父追日 a contrastive study of greek mythology and chinese mythology introduction chapter one: similarities: similar concerns about origin of man, the universe chapter two: differences 2.1. one is systematic, the other fragmented. 2.2. greek mythology values individualism, enjoyment, instinctual desires; chinese mythology values collectivism, deity, personal sacrifice chapter three reasons for the differences 3.1. geographical location 3.2. economic mode 3.3. thinking mode conclusion a comparison of medea and qin xianglian chapter one: similar sufferings, different endings 1.1. husbands betrayal 1.2. different choices made by the two heroines chapter two: different personalities, different fates 2.1. qin xianglian: filial, meek, submissive, dependent 2.2. medea: strong-willed, being true to herself, rebellious, unyielding, revengeful chapter three: reasons for the differences 3.1. greek culture: adventurous, unyielding, self-reliant, aggressive, pursuing personal dignity and natural desires and individual pleasure above all 3.2. chinese culture: feudal ethical codes; status of women conclusion roman culture (146 b.c.-476) i am a roman citizen! roman culture a: 27 b.c. a big empire. (julius caesar凯撒 (100bc - 44bc）roman general) b: assimilated greek culture c: spreading christianity d: roman law e: literature virgil 维吉尔（70-170: aeneid 阿尼德 f. architecture the pantheon万神庙 （27 b.c） the colosseum罗马圆形大剧场 pont du gard aqueduct庞杜加高架桥 g. sculpture(雕塑) ： she-wolf(母狼) julius caesar凯撒 (100bc - 44bc ）(roman military general) “i came， i saw， i conquered.” the die is cast (木已成舟） men willingly believe what they wish. pantheon 罗马神殿 pont du gard aqueduct庞杜加高架桥 the colosseum 圆形剧场 she-wolf （romulus and remus 一、what is the limitation of “democracy” in ancient greece ？ the embodiment of greek democracy is citizen-assembly公民大会. democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”， but in greece by “the whole people” the greeks meant only the adult male citizens. women， children， foreigners and slaves were excluded from democracy. 二、how did the greek culture originate and develop ？ probably around 1200 b.c.， a war was fought between greece and troy. this is the war that homer refers to in his epics. greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century b.c. a. the successful repulse of the persian invasion (入侵) early in the 5th century. b. the establishment of democracy. c. the flourishing (蒸蒸日上的) of science， philosophy， literature， art and historical writing in athens. 三、how did the ancient greek philosophy develop ？ 1、socrates knowledge is virtue 2、plato：idealist 3、aristotle a humanist. plato is dear to me, but still dearer is the truth.吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。 five contending schools 1、the sophists诡辩派 under the leadership of protagoras. the representative work is on the god. 诸神论 his doctrine教义 is “man is the measure of all things”。人是衡量一切的标准 2、the cynics犬儒派 under the leadership of diogenes. the word “cynic” means “dog” in english. he proclaimed his brotherhood. and he had no patience with the rich and powerful. 3、the skeptics置疑学派 under the leadership of pyrrho. not all knowledge was attainable可获得的 ， and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true. 4、the epicureans享乐派 under the leadership of epicurus伊壁 鸠鲁. pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment. pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.通过实行道德获得 5、the stoics斯多哥派 under the leadership of zeno.齐诺 duty is the most important thing in life. one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. 四：what is the great significance of greek culture on the later-on cultural development？ 1、spirit of innovation创新精神 the greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy. they speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.继承的习俗 2、supreme achievement至高无上的成就 the greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor努力： philosophy， science， epic poetry， drama， architectu