高三英语高考阅读理解技巧训练—词义猜测题、重点词汇和词组的掌握，作文训练.doc

XXXX教育学科教师辅导讲义讲义编号 学员编号： 年 级： 高三 课时数： 学员姓名： 辅导科目： 英语 学科教师： 学科组长/带头人签名及日期 学员家长签名及日期课 题重点词汇词义辨析，词形转换掌握词组掌握理解阅读理解技巧突破之词义猜测题授课时间： 备课时间： 教学目标掌握重点词汇和词组词汇高考阅读理解-词义猜测技巧；重点、难点掌握重点词汇和词组高考阅读理解-词义猜测题的解题技巧考点及考试要求词义猜测在阅读理解中是一个需要突破的难点。教学内容Part I: Checking and revision1. 上次课知识回顾； 2.词汇记忆检测 Part II：I词语辨析（旨在提供完型填空提供所需材料）1. voyage/journey/travel/trip/tour【解释】voyage: 去国外或较远地方的海上旅行journey: 指较远的从一地到另一地旅行travel: 一系列的旅程，尤指旅行的概念trip: (短途)旅行【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1). It is tiring to take a long _ by train from Paris to Moscow.2). It is a prosperous _ to the ship.3). _ broadens the mind.4). We went on a guided _ round the castle.2. frequent/common/ordinary/general/regular 【解释】frequent经常的，时间或间歇很短的发生或出现common 通常的、常发生的、广泛使用或众所周知的ordinary指种类普通且不能从其他中加以区别的，有时含贬义regular平常的；惯例的；习惯性的、通常的或正常的【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1) That is only an_ incident.2）It is _ knowledge that the earth is round.3）The crops suffered from _ blights.4）A period is the _ ending for a sentence.3. especially/ specially【解释】especially意思是“尤其，特别”，表达事物的不寻常或特别重要specially 指为了某一目的，专门做某事【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1). Our city is very beautiful, _ in spring. 2). He came here _ to ask you for help. 4 a number of / the number of【解释】a number of意思是“若干；许多”the number of意思是“的数目”【练习】用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空1). Today _ people learning Chinese in the world is raising rapidly.2). _ books in the market are in English.II词性变化 （旨在提供语法填空所需材料）1. actual adj. 实际的actually adv. 实际上；事实上2. base n. 基地；基础base v. 以为根据basic adj. 基本的3. east n. 东方eastern adj. 东方的；东部的【练习】用括号内所提供词的适当形式填空1) What did he _ say? (actual)2) The _ cost was much higher than we had expected. (actual)3）My knowledge of physics is pretty _. (base)4）She used her familys history as a _ for her novel. (base)5）This novel is _ on historical facts. (base)6）He is interested in _ customs. (east)7) The wind is blowing from the _. (east)III：词组练习：at present目前 We dont need it at present. under ones command.由控制 The army is under the kings direct command. request sth (from/of sb)要求，（尤指）请求某人做某事: I requested him to come before ten.Part II. 阅读理解技巧突破猜测词义题在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。常见的题干有：1) Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word？2) The word. could best be replaced by.3) In the. paragraph, the word. means (refers to).4) According to the passage,. probably means.5) The author uses the word. to mean.猜测词义时，一般可利用以下四个方面的线索：一是针对性的解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。1.根据定义（definition）猜测词义如果生词有一个句子（定语从句或是同位语或是同位语从句）或段落来定义,或使用破折号，冒号，分号后的内容和引号括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。例1.Do you know what a “territory” is ? A territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims（声称）as its own.（2005年湖北卷）例2.In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today（2005年浙江卷） 2.根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。例4. The course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. It will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the European Union, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, and the World Bank.（2004年辽宁卷）二是内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。1.根据对比、比较关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。 表示对比关系的句子结构：while 引导的并列句。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。例5.A childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.What does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) probably mean? （2002年NMET）A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thoughtC. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests例6.Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.2.根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。例7.I feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .”（2005年上海卷）The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.Afull of respect Btoo confident and rude Clacking in experience Dtoo shy and quiet 3.根据说明、并列、同等同义近义、反义等关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表面的关系猜测词义。例9.William Shakespeare said. “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn（纱线），good and ill together.” （2005年江苏卷）The underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .Asimple Bmixed Csad Dhappy.例12.The game Americans call soccer is known around the world as football. 例13.The house stood at the end of a quiet neat street. The little dwelling, however, looked neglected and cheerless.例14.Most women in China -educated and illiterated urban and rural, the young and old-work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.三是通过构词法在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。1.根据前缀猜测词义例15.Do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?2.根据后缀猜测词义例16. People who say we will go to the moon used to be call _ .3.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例17.Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（别扭的）hand positions.（2005年北京卷）例18. We live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. Because of this, most people that craft (手艺) no longer exists. （2004年浙江卷）四是根据生活常识运用自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，可以正确猜出词义。下面文字中划线单词的词义你能猜出来吗？ 例21.Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects. 例22.Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold.练习：请猜测下列句子中划线部分的含义。1）Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 2）They traveled a long way , at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 3）She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. 4） Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred? 巩固练习：请猜测下列句子中划线部分的含义。1）It will be very hard but also very brittle-that is , it will break easily. 2）We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.-this week. 3）The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year. 练习 Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self- respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as honor help you create this life of good feelings. Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerks mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. On the other hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul. Then, what is it to do with our sense of happiness? In the first case, where we dont tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process, we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect. We would also demonstrate that we cannot lie trusted, since we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others. In contrast, bringing the error to the clerks attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store, we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased. Whenever we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility. There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. And its easy to think and act honorably again when were happy. While the positive cycle can be difficult to start, once its started, its easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness. The phrase bringing the error to the clerks attention (in para. 5) means_.A. telling the truth to the clerk B. offering advice to the clerkC. asking the clerk to be more attentive D. reminding the clerk of the charged item写作内容Hi, I am Mike! Personally, I prefer to study alone. I find studying alone more challenging and exciting. Each time I come up with an idea after long time thinking, I feel a great sense of achievement. Studying alone also allows me to develop independent thinking which is a very important skill I need as I grow older and must solve the problems myself without the help of parents and teachers. Our teachers often encourage us to study in groups. I enjoy my friends company, but in-group study, I find we spend far less time studying and more time playing games and having fun. It is for these reasons that I believe the most effective way to learn new knowledge is by studying alone. 学校最近组织了一次中关学生交流活动，你参加其中的“合作学习”讨论：听完Mike的发言之后，你准备写一份发言稿，题目是“My View on Our Study”，内容要点包括： 1、以约30个词概括短文的要点： 2、以约120个词谈谈你对同学间是否必要合作学习的看法，并包括下面要点： 1)你对Mike的观点的评价; 2)你赞成哪一种学习方式，合作学习还是单独学习? 3)你以前采取什么学习方式，比较你先后采取两种学习方式上的变化及不同结果。写作要求 1作文中可使用自己的亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；标题自定。 2作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。评分标准概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。写作辅导 1写作有可能用到的主要短语和单词：热情enthusiasm, 合作学习study in groups，单独学习study alone。 2本文的概要必须包含以下要点：I prefer to study alone. I find studying alone more challenging and exciting. / I believe the most effective way to learn new knowledge is by Studying alone. 3本文要注意，概要一定要根据文段的时态来写。同时，绝对不能抄袭原文的句子。文章是谈你对同学间是否必要合作学习的看法，属于评论性文字，故多用一般现在时或一般将来时态。但你以前采取何种学习方式属于经历，必须使用一般过去时态。_Part IV. HomeworkSometimes youll hear people say that you cant love others until you love yourself. Sometimes youll hear people say that you cant expect someone else to love you until you love yourself. Either way, youve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky. Sure we all know that were the apple of our parents eyes, and that our grandmas think were great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics. But sometimes its a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves. If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge. It is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.Self-image is your own minds picture of yourself. This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think. Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about US. Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be. Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes. That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day. Dont allow doubts to occur in it. It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you cant move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself. Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task. If you think youre silly because you arent good at math, find a tutor. If you think youre weak because you cant run a mile, get to the track and practice. If you think youre dull because you dont wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes. But remember, just because you think it doesnt mean its true. The best way to get rid of a negative serf-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities. Changing the way you think and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image. When you can pat(拍) yourself on the back, youll know youre well on your way. Good luck!46. You need to build a positive self-image when you _.A. dare to challenge yourselfB. feel it hard to change yourselfC. are unconfident about yourselfD. have a high opinion of yourself47. According to the passage, our serf-images _.A. have positive effectsB. are probably untrueC. are often changeableD. have different functions48. How should you change your serf-image according to the passage?A. To keep a different image of others.B. To make your life successful.C. To understand your own world.D. To change the way you think.49. What is the passage mainly about?A