GMAT阅读机经考试复习资料.doc

阅读机经整理稿 目录 星号为确认文章1. 回收材料*32. baby 的意识43. 大象和蜜蜂44. 美国的鸡65. 信用卡76. 木星87. 殖民地妇女*88. 品牌和商标109. 管理策略*1010. 免疫系统*1111. social movement1212. 加拿大好基友1313. 黑人女卖化妆品*1514. 树的年轮*1715. Climate change1816. 海底输油管道1917. 男女工资*2018. 手工作坊到工厂*2119. 硅谷*2320. 妇女的历史研究2421. 美洲移民*2522. 神经元*2623. 博物馆*2724. antitrust的法案*2825. 巨型动物*3026. 美国黑人白人的迁徙*3127. 深海开采3228. 垄断3329. 对称竞争3330. 大小公司*3431.* 第一颗星球3532. 交通规划*3633. 男半球女半球*3934. 非盈利组织*4035. 企业扩张4036. 满意度调查4037. 管理需求4238. WTO*4239. 机械钟*4240. 互相摸的猴子4341. 公司创新（非大小公司那篇大家要仔细！）4442. 光谱*4443. 商业策略4544. 无形的服务*4545. 发展中国家*4546. 应急机构4747. 工人效率471. 回收材料*(篇幅一屏左右)文章大意：说可回收垃圾的成本反而比不可回收垃圾的成本高，美国针对这种情况就专门设立了一个组织M来处理可回收垃圾。接着给出数据，这种垃圾实在是太多而且成本很大，这个组织有点支持不住了，200美元perton是recycle垃圾的成本，120-150perton（【IRIS】数据不一定准）是直接不recycle的成本吧。回收可回收垃圾成本大于传统降解垃圾的成本。可回收垃圾里面稍微profitable的就只有铝，所以在这种情况下，这个M组织是入不敷出，想要持续营运就必须要政府支持。这种情况在政府要求使用可回收材料的情况下更加恶化。问题：1. 问说不回收的价格低in order to（问作用就是）/ 举出传统降解垃圾成本数字的作用是什么？ 答：回收成本高2. 导致价格升高的原因是 答：A 政府非要用 B回收人工费偏高 C M公司要辨别种类（没看清两种位置。大家遇见看一下）D 回收材料市场价值升高3. 政府要求增加可回收材料使用将会导致怎样状况？（定位最后一句）4. 可回收材料的价值怎样增加？2. baby 的意识 文章有点长，重点看第一和最后一段。文章大意：P1. 说婴儿（infant）天生是没有主观道德感的，是后天社会和父母教育才产生guilty之类的感情. P2. 反驳说infant天生就能分辨好坏，举了个例子说让一群宝宝看视频，里面有三个东西，圆形，三角和方形，圆形要上一个坡，方形帮助它，三角形阻碍它，然后看完给宝宝三角形和方形选择，发现宝宝都很明显偏向的喜欢帮助别人的方形【IRIS】正方形和三角形角色可能有出入 上考场注意!，所以infant是能分辨好坏的。（有一个考题问weaken这种结论的-选择版本1没看这个video还是喜欢方形/ 版本2家长在孩子小时候就已经教过他们moral了【IRIS】倾向版本1的答案）P3. 说就算这样为什么还是需要父母和社会的教育，因为人会习惯学习和模仿周围人的行为（考点），还有说limited在比较小的群体里（这个好像也考了一道）但是作者说现在全球习惯共同化所以不明显了。补充V2好像除了视频的实验还有第二个实验，具体忘记是什么了。然后又有人说，这个不是因为天生的，而是因为婴儿学得很快，6个月的时候就从父母那里学到了“道德”。 补充背景知识（可看可不看）接着，研究人员又增加了一个既不帮助也不妨碍圆形爬山的“中立者”，以更加明确婴儿的立场，实验结果显示，婴儿会在“帮助者”和“中立者”中选择“帮助者”，在“中立者”和“阻碍者”中也无一例外地选择“中立者”。问题：Q1 主旨题A1是说婴儿有基本的判断有帮助行为的意识啦，注意，有道德意识这两个英文，但好像选项没选他，因为这个选项说，是靠父母帮助，社会培养什么的A2有两个选项挺犹豫的，一个说暗示了婴儿天生有道德，另一个说说明了婴儿更喜欢helpful的不喜欢unhelpful的Q2 第二段是怎么反驳第一段的论点的第一段说有些心里学家认为婴儿都是后天学习培养道德的，不是天生就有的，这个题目不难，其他几道题鸡精里好像都有提到Q3 问根据3个图形的实验，如果下列选项的哪个成立，将削弱这个实验得出的结论？A1 选项E说试验里的那些婴儿其实根本没懂实验在表达什么意思 A2 有选项说婴儿不看实验中的短篇也倾向于选那个代表帮助者的图形3. 大象和蜜蜂 （篇幅一屏多 到文中定位，不难）文章大意：P1. 象虽然外皮厚，但是某些部位还是比较薄弱，蜜蜂蛰一下也痛。小象的皮比大象的皮薄，所以小象vulnerable to bee sting.女科学家LUCY KING带领的研究团队在研究中惊奇的发现，elephant除了flee（逃跑）来respond to bee buzz，自己还发出一个rumble（n. 隆隆声）P2. 于是进行第二个试验，将recorded bee rumble 放给大象听，结果有几个flee，有几个不知道怎么了.失忆了。就讲它们自己的叫声可能是预示其他的danger, 或者保护那些inexperienced elephant.P3. 讲了又一个的试验对这个indication有帮助还是指出试验缺陷的，忘了有个地方的稻田好像是播放了蜜蜂的声音吧，从而导致大象不会过来破坏稻田。（有个针对这个的问题说，这个说明了什么。）问题：Q1. 下列哪些are used in the passage to 说明大象是为了protect from bee, except _ /一道except的题问文章列用了以下那些例子来支持观点 除了.A. 小象皮很薄B. 大象会rumble respond to bee rumbleC. 什么在wild 大象会avoid beeV1 我选的CV2 我最后选的是elephant还会对其他的danger做出rumble的反应。因为原文我认为我黑体字标出来的后面那句话就是elephant avoid bee hives in the wild的具体例子,而且原文提到Further work is needed to confirm whether the rumble call is used for other kinds of threats, not just bees. 所以我觉得其实文章本身没有正面去说elephant还会对其他的danger做出反应 大家自己判断 小心被我误导Q2. 从第三段可以得出农民可以采取什么措施来预防大象的袭击crop选B还是C的，反正跟大象的rumble有关Q3 问第一段的实验有什么作用Q4 最后一段为什么提起KINGS的研究报告，有什么作用Q5 大象的鸣叫是为了什么Q6 问全文中心思想。Q7 叫我看第一段，大约是这里 问king king通过什么方法证明大象是怕bee的Importantly we discovered elephants not only flee from the buzzing sound but make a unique rumbling call as well as shaking their heads. The team then looked to isolate the specific acoustic qualities associated with this rumbling call and played the sounds back to the elephants to confirm that the recorded call triggered the elephants decision to flee even when there was no buzzing and no sign of any beesQ8 还有一个问king那个research有什么uncertainty，答案就从最后一段找近似原文：感谢amati2116 (ID: 659554) 下划线部分文章中有出现A team of scientists from Oxford University, Save the Elephants, and Disneys Animal Kingdom, made the discovery as part of an ongoing study of elephants in Kenya. They report their results in the journal PLoS One.In our experiments we played the sound of angry bees to elephant families and studied their reaction(第二段开头), said Lucy King of Oxford Universitys Department of Zoology and charity Save the Elephants, who led the research. Importantly we discovered elephants not only flee from the buzzing sound but make a unique rumbling call as well as shaking their heads(第一段结尾).The team then looked to isolate the specific acoustic qualities associated with this rumbling call and played the sounds back to the elephants to confirm that the recorded call triggered the elephantsdecision to flee even when there was no buzzing and no sign of any bees(第二段第二句).We tested this hypothesis using both an original recording of the call, a recording identical to this but with the frequency shifted so it resembled a typical response to white noise, and another elephant rumble as a control, said King. The results were dramatic: six out of ten elephant families fled from the loud speaker when we played the bee rumble compared to just two when we played a control rumble and one with the frequency-shifted call(第二段中段). Moreover, we also found that the elephants moved away much further when they heard the bee alarm call than the other rumbles.(第二段最后貌似是 我记得不清楚了)The researchers believe such calls may be an emotional response to a threat, a way to coordinate group movements and warn nearby elephants or even a way of teaching inexperienced and vulnerable young elephants to beware. Further work is needed to confirm whether the rumble call is used for other kinds of threats, not just bees.(第三段, 后面出了几道题关于这点的)The calls also give tantalising clues that elephants may produce different sounds in the same way that humans produce different vowels, by altering the position of their tongues and lips, said Dr Joseph Soltis of Disneys Animal Kingdom. Its even possible that, rather like with human language, this enables them to give superficially similar-sounding calls very different meanings.Earlier Oxford University research found that elephants avoid bee hives in the wild(这是后面一道except的题的选项) and will also flee from the recorded sound of angry bees. In 2009 a pilot study led by King showed that a fence made out of beehives wired together significantly reduced crop raids by elephants. The team hopes that the new findings could help develop new ways to defuse potential conflicts between humans and elephants(第三段最后).Despite their thick hides adult elephants can be stung around their eyes or up their trunks, whilst calves(幼仔) could potentially be killed by a swarm（蜂群） of stinging bees as they have yet to develop this thick protective skin(出现在文章第一段中部). 4. 美国的鸡 篇幅约一屏，内容较多，但题目不太难【I】考古已经确认 故整合文章大意：P1 Storey在智利（Chile）发现美洲有鸡骨头，认为可能暗示波利尼亚人（Polynesia）比哥伦布先到达美洲。因为鸡不是美国本土的产物（non-native for america），但鸡骨头测出来却产于13801410年左右（有题，说这句话的目的，我选的暗指鸡骨头到美洲的时间在哥伦布之前【760】，选项的表述很专业，好像是指出了一项在文中没有明示的事实，有explicitly【明确地】这个词）。而史料记载波利尼亚人当年的确是经常带着鸡到处航海。不过呢，这个P人最远是到那个easter 什么什么地方，然后这个easter 什么什么地方是2000 miles away from the western of the chile。P2 Storey又说通过DNA证明那鸡P人带来的。但是recent study指出（对应Q5），这种DNA在所有鸡身上都有，研究还发现鸡骨头里DNA有unusual genic 存在于rare modren asian 的鸡中，而这个DNA没有在（P中以及）most mordern 鸡中发现。（这句话挺绕的我也不知道有没有翻译正确或者完全，有题）【I】P2结尾有两个版本貌似= =V1结尾就是不晓得P怎么把鸡带到美洲的。如果能证明波西尼亚人是早于哥伦布来到美洲的 then the remain question would be how they bring the chicken to the continent.V2 最后说如果鸡确实不在美洲，那么确实有人比哥伦布早到达美洲。问题：有问题涉及很多地名比来比去的。大家要耐心Q1主旨题 A1 主旨题有干扰选项，分别是polynesian怎么把鸡骨头带到美洲和鸡怎么会出现在美洲（没记错的话应该是这样的），我选了后者。（770）提示 *主旨题和细节题的选项中有有关如何到达的美洲的干扰选项，不要选但最后文章主要还是没有批驳storey的意思，这些观点只是削弱storey观点的力度 而非否定。（730）A2 A.argue 波斯尼亚人比欧洲人先到美洲（作者是否同意这个观点呢？不同意的话就不应该用argue，没有选）；B. 提到鸡骨头（感觉靠谱，选了）（750）*【I】大家自己取舍Q2 which of the following if occured would most expain the apparent date of the chicken boneQ3高亮那句美国没有鸡（highlight the chicken is not native to American） 问作用A1 选的暗指鸡骨头到美洲的时间在哥伦布之前。选项里面有 explictly（明确地） state, implictly, explanation，imply/impicate（暗示） 等词。（760）A2当时我选了 impicate chickbone the age但是后来觉得好像不太对比较像C： imply polynicia people does not (忘记是否定还是肯定了）bring the domestice chick to the america不过都不是很确定啊大家自己确定啊A3 我选的是，作者暗示地否定了一个解释。（750）*【I】大家自己取舍Q4 哪一个是Alice Storey的team 的finding（the team of story found that）比较tricky, 选项有Polynesia人把鸡带到island, 鸡有什么基因,基因的特殊性, 基因和现代的鸡相似, 鸡化石里的基因和欧洲亚洲鸡的不同和相似程度, 仔细读第二段Q5 有题问recent研究为了什么？（other study views are used to）用来question the strengthen of the theoryQ6 细节题，问哪个选项最符合第二段的人的观点Q7有一个问题是问到第二段的，第二段提到ASIAN 是为了说明在美洲的鸡骨头不像ASIAN的，而更像european,所以是应该是欧洲人先到美洲的by sophiemaa（750）Q8关于Mordern的鸡哪个选项是对的？Q9 高亮一句好像叫this chicken is native american还是啥了.失忆.反正有native american和chicken的一句话.5. 信用卡 文章大意：P1 美国的信用卡持有人（credit card holder）pay more tips, pay more on the same product, purchase more in one time, purchase more times.比起cash user, credit card holder always underestimate or even forget their most recent purchase amount.P2 某教授做了一个research说明了credit card user willing to pay 50%-200% more问题Q1 有问compare credit card 和其他人比较XXXX事情的态度.还是购物的习惯Q2 然后好像记得有问第二段关于那个人的research的细节题Q3 People using credit card are morelikely to do the following than a cash user EXCEPT: 回第一段确认，recall their most recent purchase amount背景补充：感谢QQ0225 北京mia /simester/Public/Papers/Alwaysleavehome.pdf6. 木星文章大意：围绕 Jupiter的，但是好像是讲用神马判断行星的方法判断Jupiter是不是怎么样第一段讲一个一般认为的有关木星、土星等这类大行星形成的理论，词很多，planetary core， protoplanetary disk（原行星盘*），gas envelopes很多不懂。后面讲发现类似太阳系中的大行星有所不同，orbit比较近之类，说和木星等形成方式应该不同，可能是migrate来的，planetary migration，scattering。*原行星盘：原行星盘是在新形成的年轻恒星（如金牛座T）外围绕的浓密气体，因为气体会从盘的内侧落入恒星的表面，所以可以视为是一个吸积盘。但是，不能将这个过程与恒星形成时的吸积混淆在一起。（来源百度百科）问题Q1（记得出在scattering这一块，原文可对应。）从文中infer什么，选项都是那种more.more.或者more.less.举个例子：记得一个选项是行星越重（weight）它表面的气体就更热还有什么忘了Q2 主旨题7. 殖民地妇女* by tangyue119 (ID: 803011) -V40 确定原文 感谢狗主哈In her account of unmarried womens experiences in colonial Philadelphia, Wulf argues that educated young women, particularly Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books. Wulf suggests that this critique circulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose commonplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker schools brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds.Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools impact. At least three years study would be necessary to achieve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes. In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of Philadelphias Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools. Refining Wulfs numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender, and length of study, it appears that only about 17 poor non-Quaker girls were educated in Philadelphias Quaker schools for three years or longer. While Wulf is correct that a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas in the lower classes. Popular literary satires on marriage had already landed on fertile ground in a multiethnic population that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices. These ethnic- and class-based traditions themselves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage.Q15: The primary purpose of the passage is toA. argue against one aspect of Wulfs account of how ideas critical of marriage were disseminated among young women in colonial PhiladelphiaB. discuss Wulfs interpretation of the significance for educated young women in colonial Philadelphia of the poetry they copied into their commonplace booksC. counter Wulfs assertions about the impact of the multiethnic character of colonial Philadelphias population on the prevalent views about marriageD. present data to undermine Wulfs assessment of the diversity of the student body in Quaker schools in colonial PhiladelphiaE. challenge Wulfs conclusion that a critique of marriage was prevalent among young women of all social classes in colonial Philadelphia-Q16: According to the passage, which of the following was true of attitudes toward marriage in colonial Philadelphia? A. Exemplars of a critique of marriage could be found in various literary forms, but they did not impact public attitudes except among educated young women.B. The diversity of the student body in the Quaker schools meant that attitudes toward marriage were more disparate there than elsewhere in Philadelphia society.C. Although critical attitudes toward marriage were widespread, Quaker schools influence in disseminating these attitudes was limited.D. Criticisms of marriage in colonial Philadelphia were directed at only certain limited aspects of patriarchal marriage.E. The influence of the wide range of marital beliefs and practices present in Philadelphias multiethnic population can be detected in the poetry that educated young women copied in their commonplace books.-Q17: The author of the passage implies which of the following about the poetry mentioned in the first paragraph? DA. Wulf exaggerates the degree to which young women from an elite background regarded the poetry as providing a critique of marriage.B. The circulation of the poetry was confined to young Quaker women.C. Young women copied the poetry into their commonplace books because they interpreted it as providing a desirable model of unmarried life.D. The poetrys capacity to influence popular attitudes was restricted by the degree of literacy necessary to comprehend it.E. The poetry celebrated marital beliefs and practices that were in opposition to patriarchal marriage.-Q18: Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the authors basis for saying that Wulf overstates Quaker schools impact (lines 17-18)? A. The information that Wulf herself provided on religious affiliation and gender of students is in fact accurate.B. Most poor, non-Quaker students enrolled in Quaker schools had completed one or two years formal or informal schooling before enrolling.C. Not all of the young women whose commonplace books contained copies of poetry critical of marriage were Quakers.D. The poetry featured in young womens commonplace books frequently included allusions that were unlikely to be accessible to someone with only three years study in school.E. In 1765 an unusually large proportion of the Quaker schools student body consisted of poor girls from non-Quaker backgrounds.-8. 品牌和商标篇幅一屏半。文章大意：P1说了很多商家都流行用商标和品牌来收买顾客的人心。And brands do benefit the sellers and buyers. 然后说了顾客能从中获益什么：比如减少自己的市场调研时间如果你认定了一个品牌，就不用货比三家拉，这样就节约时间呦亲。P2之后开始转折，说其实现在品牌效应已经在弱化了，比如有网络，大家都轻易能在网上查到资料。另外，很多人都在老龄化，他们就更experienced了。举了一个例子 说aging group呢 对品牌不那么sensitive 了 他们对price sensitive。P3 最后一段继续说这个品牌策略不应该再继续下去了，说了这个行销方法的弊端。问题：Q1 他们就更experienced了那段，问为什么作者举aging groupe这个例子。我选的好像是因为他们经历过这些品牌效应的花招，更有经验和狡猾了9. 管理策略*篇幅挺长的，1屏半多吧。问题基本上全集中在第二段。文章大意：P1 说managerial的方法正在undergoing变化。因为经济downturn逼迫很多公司没办法，要做出改变.P2大意就是在解释这种改变，没有了过去的hierarchy，horizontal xx在取代vertical xx，鼓励跨department的交流。还有说suppliers和内部的交流形成一种external的交流模式，他们的意见还极有可能影响manager的决策（有题）。P3P4不记得了。没什么题应该。问题：Q1是类比，说底下哪个例子和作者观点一致（a. 增加不同部门竞争 b. 让nonmanagerial的人管理这个部门（狗主答案）c. 培训什么的) Q2是高亮题，高亮了整个第二段，是在说要让更多人或者组织什么参与到manager level, 最后说了company还让supply和customer参与进来来帮助公司更好的制定政策（选了最后一个让外部的资源什么的也能影响公司决策）Q3 主旨题我选的是什么新旧方法还是啥的Q4 问文章结构.记忆中问的是第三段.Q5 有问最后一段的问题.问题实在记不起了.Q6 细节题：建立外部联盟，说明了什么（或者客户和供应商怎么样？）我选的是客户和供应商对公司的decision有影响。Q7 细节：现在根据现在的情况，这帮人（就是以前的那帮经理）要怎么做？*其中还有一题我选的是各个部门的员工加强交流 考古已确认：虽然已经确认，但与之前的解释好像不太能对上号 简单看看讲什么经理（还是管理？忘了）制度的权限在消弱。说以前他们全力比较大，能过通过私人的权利和关系获得这样那样的资源。但是现在公司逐渐让员工参与到一些program中（好像是），意思就是说让把这帮人的权限分摊给每个员工。公司还跟外部的供应商和客户建立了一个XX联盟，客户和供应商也对公司的policy有影响。然后就说这帮人现在想要获取什么资源比以前麻烦了，想要从别的部门获取资源，现在没这么容易了。必须要跟别的部门的人弄好关系之类的。原文逻辑不是特别难，主要再将一个东西的变化。10. 免疫系统*篇幅3段，有不少专有名词文章结构：第一段是说一个通常认为的观点，并否认之。第二段是说由一个研究推测新观点，第三段揭示了压力和免疫力的two-way communication以及环境因素的影响。文章大意：P1说众所周知depression can result in decline in immune system。原来认为人身体里的adrenal gland（肾上腺）分泌hormones（荷尔蒙）和stimulus（刺激物）从而使得压力可以影响免疫系统。后来发现这个理论不太对，因为有这样一个实验，把将肾上腺切除的小老鼠作试验，发现经过电击以后，这个小老鼠的免疫系统还是受了影响（原文有题，问这个新理论的可靠性？忘了，反正就是答-不确定之类的）。于是推测可能还有除肾上腺外的其他因素对压力产生反应。之后举了个例子（有题，我的答案就是证明该影响的复杂性）P2然后引申到人，作者自己推测（有题，问作者此处的态度之类的，我的答案是speculate）说有可能是一种能够修复创伤的蛋白质起到了有力的神经元的作用。 说压力促使肾上腺释放神马物质，这种物质又促使释放一种白细胞。这种白细胞不但能消灭入侵的细菌（microphyte），而且能把需不需要增强免疫的信息传回控制中枢，来避免免疫反应过度，杀死太多自身细胞（这里有题，问为什么说白细胞（white blood cell/leukocyte）two-way communication）P3又说压力和免疫力不仅可能成正比，也可能成反向变动关系即压力上升是免疫力可能短暂下降。然后解释原因。说免疫力太高可能会导致免疫过度，大面积伤害体内正常的组织，所以在受伤时可能先会出现一阵子地免疫力下降，然后免疫力再升高。举了一个例子，说比如n万年之前古人类被老虎咬了，会造成紧张和惊吓(视作一种depression), 但是伤口一时半会儿感染不了，不需要太多免疫系统介入；过几天细菌侵入比较多了，紧张的情绪没有了，但是就需要免疫了。这样的巧合久而久之就导致了depression和immune此消彼长，互相影响。近似原文：（是考古出来的，有狗主说就是原文看着很爽！）P1 Attention all parasympathetic（副交感神经系统） forces. Urgent. Adrenal gland （肾上腺素）missile silos（简单的储存仓） mounted atop（在顶上） kidneys have just released chemical cortisol weapons of brain destruction. Mobilize all internal defenses. Launch immediate counter-calm hormones before hippocampus（海马状突起） is hammered by cortisol（一种叫做可的松的物质）.Hormones rush to your adrenal glands to suppress the streaming cortisol on its way to your brain. Other hormones rush to your brain to round up all the remnants（剩余的，残留的） of cortisol missles that made it to your hippocampus. These hormones escort（护送） the cortisol remnants back to Kidneyland for a one-way ride on the Bladderhorn. You have now reached metabolic equilibrium, also known as homeostasis（同质的，均质的）.P2 第二段也是比较学术性的.【原考古中如此，第二段没有近视原文的英文解释】P3最后一段说effects的,跟e