2019电大本科民族理论与民族政策形成性考核册作业1-3答案 (2).doc

电大本科民族理论与民族政策形成性考核册作业形成作业1：小组讨论问题：民族关系的核心问题是什么？为什么？ 民族关系的核心问题是什么？为什么？个人讨论观点：民族关系中核心问题是民族利益、民族权力和民族发展，这些是民族关系的、热点和主题小组讨论提纲讨论时间：本学期第三周讨论地点：本班教室讨论方式：每班分两组，每组确定五名中心发言人，按照讨论提纲精心准备，交替发言，发言时间不得超过4分钟。讨论题目：民族关系的核心问题是什么?为什么？讨论要求：1、认真阅读教材，查阅有关资料，搜集相关素材。 2、明确了解和掌握关键词中的重要意义。 3、讨论过程中发言人观点明确，做到有理有据，符合逻辑，允许保留自己的观点。讨论提纲：一、 民族利益时民族关系的焦点 民族利益，指的是法律赋予的正当的、合法的民族应有和应得的各种利益，在一定意义上说，民族关系式民族间的一种利益关系，公平合理的划分和享受可使民族关系和睦，利益划分不合理或者有差别可能导致民族间的矛盾和摩擦。在民族利益问题上，我们有必要重温列宁在1922年10月27日说过的一段话：“五年来，我们在一个举世罕见的多民族国家里解决民族问题的经验，是我们完全相信，在类似的情况下，对待民族利益唯一正确的态度就是予以最大限度的满足，就是创造条件来安排除在这一方面引起冲突的一切根源。二、 民族权力是民族关系的测量表 民族权力，指的是法律赋予的各民族应有的方方面面的平等利益，民主权益，民族权益也是民族关系的核心问题之一，民族平等，自由发展的民主权利和民族权力的享有和行驶的程度是民族发展关系程度的测量表。民族权力的享有和行使受到各种条件的制约，其中包括受民族关系状况的制约，反过来民族权利享有和行使状况又直接影响民族关系。三、 民族发展是民族关系的主题 发展，永远是历史和社会的主题，发展，始终是民族和社会追求的目标。民族关系，既是各民族发展过程中的必然现象，又是各民族发展的客观环境与条件。因为民族的发展取决于自身的生产力、分工和内部外部交往的发展程度。民族的发展是全方位的、多角度的，包括政治经济文化教育等社会各个方面。因此，民族发展的权利和利益，是民族关系发展的核心问题。 总之，在我国民族关系中，我们一定要注意以上三个方面，尽可能采取特殊、灵活和优惠的政策，创造有利于民族发展和有利于协调民族关系的环境和条件，尽可能满足或照顾不同时期不同民族发展利益。形成作业2：论民族区域自治的重要意义（请各位同学对此论文自行删减）民族区域自治，是指在国家统一领导下，按照民族平等、团结、各民族共同繁荣、维护国家统一和尊重民族自治权的原则，各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权。民族区域自治是中国共产党把马列主义民族理论与中国民族和民族问题的实际相结合解决中国国内民族问题的基本政策，是我国的一项重要政治制度，也是具有中国特色的解决中国民族问题的基本形式，它的制定与实施具有重大的意义。一、实行民族区域自治符合我国的历史条件和现实情况我们党和国家把民族区域自治作为解决我国民族问题的基本政策，是有其必然性的，是根据马列主义关于民族问题的理论原则，结合我国的历史条件和现实情况（民族情况）决定的。（一）从历史情况来说，我国在政治制度方面长期存在两大主要特点：一是它的统一性，二是中央集权。2000多年的历史进程中，国家统一则国力强盛、民族团结、人民生活安定；国家分裂则国家衰败、民族分争、人民困苦。我国在解放后建立民族区域自治，保持了国家的统一，符合我国的历史传统，符合我国各民族人民的根本利益。（二）从现实情况来说，首先，我国有56个民族，汉族人口多，少数民族人口少，地大物博，经济文化比较落后。这种情况决定了汉族和少数民族只有在统一国家内团结互助，通力合作，才能得到共同的发展。第二，我国民族分布情况复杂，各民族大杂居，小聚居特点显著，只有具有很大灵活性的民族区域自治才能适应。在各少数民族聚居区建立与其经济、政治条件相称的不同规模的自治地方，才能适应我国民族分布的特点和最大限度的满足少数民族人民的自治要求。第三，在长期的历史发展中，我国各民族之间形成了经济、文化、政治上的密切联系。我国民族关系的这一特点，决定了各民族和则两利，分则两害。只有在统一国家中采用民族区域自治这种形式，才能适应并促进民族关系的发展。第四，各民在长期的反帝反封建斗争中，特别是在中国共产党领导的人民革命中，不但建立了工人阶级同农民以及小资产阶级的革命联盟，也使我国各民族人民进一步团结起来，结成了血肉不可分离的联系。这是我国实行民族区域自治的政治基础。二、实行民族区域自治制度是对马列主义关于民族区域自治理论的实践和发展（一）对马列主义关于民族区域自治理论的实践民族区域自治是马列主义解决民族问题的一个重要原则，是多民族民主国家的一般普遍原则。马列主义从社会发展和无产阶级革命的利益出发，坚持建立集中统一的大规模的国家的原则。同时认为，民族区域自治是建立现代真正民主国家的条件，是解决民族问题的正确途径。在统一的多民族国家中让各民族实施地方自治或区域自治，是马克思列宁主义的一个纲领性原则。我国是一个半封建半殖民地国家，各民族包括汉族在内，都受帝国主义的侵略和压迫，都是被压迫民族。特别是如前所述，我国从来就是一个统一的多民族国家，在革命的整个过程中，国内各民族不仅没有出现过分裂，相反的团结得越来越紧密。截至 2003 年底，我国共建立了 155 个民族自治地方，其中包括 5 个自治区、 30 个自治州、 120 自治县（旗）。根据 2000 年第五次全国人口普查，在 55 个少数民族中，有 44 个建立了自治地方，实行区域自治的少数民族人口占少数民族总人口的 71 ，民族自治地方的面积占全国国土总面积的 64% 左右。（二）对马列主义关于民族区域自治理论的发展我国不仅将马列主义关于民族区自治的论断由理论变成了现实，而且在继承的基础上对其进行了中国化的改造。在国家统一领导下实行民族区域自治，体现了民族平等、民族团结、各民族共同繁荣发展的原则，体现了民族因素与区域因素、政治因素与经济因素、历史因素与现实因素的统一。实践证明，这一制度符合我国国情和各民族人民的根本利益，具有强大生命力。三、实行民族区域自治制度具有重要作用虽然和平与发展已经成为时代的主题，但世界并不太平。一些国家和地区由于民族问题引发的冲突还时有发生，有的酿成局部战争，严重影响地区及世界的和平与稳定。在这方面，中国没有出现大的问题，原因有很多，其中很重要的一条就是在于我国实施的民族区域自治制度发挥了重要作用。（一）民族区域自治制度保障了少数民族在政治上的平等地位和权利，使民主政治在更大范围内得以实现，推进我国的政治文明建设政治平等是解决民族问题的基础，由于民族区域自治固有的灵活性，它能最大限度地满足少数民族积极参加国家政治生活的要求，能保障少数民族行使当家作主、参与国家和本地区内部事务管理的民主平等和平等自治权利。这主要体现在民族自治地方的自治机关享有广泛的自治权利。在我国，无论在司法、行政、教育等领域还是在国家政治和社会生活中，少数民族语言文字都得到广泛使用。此外，还拥有自主安排、管理、发展经济建设事业，自主发展教育、科技、文化等其他各项事业的权利。民族区域自治是我国的人民民主专政制度在少数民族地区的具体表现形式，中国共产党第十五次代表大会把民族区域自治制度和人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导下的多党合作和政治协商制度一同表述为我国社会主义制度的三大形式。这使我国的民主政治在更大范围内得到了实现。（二）民族区域自治制度调动了各民族的积极性，有利于各民族自身及其经济文化等各项事业的发展民族区域自治的实现，开创了少数民族当家作主，管理本民族、本地区内部事务的新阶段。少数民族可以根据本民族、本地区的政治、经济、文化的特点，因地制宜的发展各项事业。这就能够最广泛的调动少数民族群众的积极性，使少数民族人民都以主人翁姿态投入到国家和地方的建设中。民族自身的发展进步，主要表现在两个方面：一是促进人的发展，是通过发展科技、教育、体育、卫生等各项事业来实现的。二是对各民族风俗习惯的尊重。法律规定，民族自治地方的自治机关保障各民族都有保持或改革自己民族风俗习惯的权利，保障各民族公民的宗教信仰自由等等。民族区域自治制度的经济功能首先表现为自治机关把管理经济、发展生产、改善人民生活作为自己的重要职责。民族自治地方的自治机关依法管理本地方的自然资源，并可以根据法律的规定和国家的规划，优先合理的开发利用。国家在民族自治地方进行资源开发是，要对该自治地方进行适当的经济补偿。经过50多年特别是改革开放20多年的努力，民族自治地方的经济得到了飞速发展，人民生活水平显著提高。 （三）民族区域自治有力于协调各民族间关系，达到维护民族团结、国家统一、社会安定的目的实行民族区域自治，有利于疏通改善民族关系，消除历史上遗留下来的民族隔阂，加强民族之间的团结友爱、互助合作。民族区域自治制度保障了少数民族的平等权利，同时促进了经济的发展和人民生活的改善。我国自古以来就是一个统一的多民族国家，少数民族大部分居住在边疆。边疆的稳定对国家的安定和统一至关重要。作为我国人民民主专政在少数民族地区的具体形式的民族区域自治的实施，有利于加强人民民主专政，有利于抵御外来的侵略和颠覆，有利于打击国内民族分裂主义分子的活动，从而巩固国家的统一和社会的安定。形成作业三：一、 填充题1、 民族发展规律2、 民族属性、民族特征3、 血缘4、 社会、历史5、 权利和利益6、 阶级斗争7、 大分散、小聚居8、 1.9万9、 提高民族素质、民主的组织形式10、 设立和建设，自治权的行使问题11、 发展与进步二、 单选题1.B 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.D三、多选题1.ABDE .ABE 3.ABD 4.ABCDE 5.ABCD 6.ABCE 7.ABCDE 8.ABCE 9.ACD 10.ABDE四、辨析题1.错：民族理论研究的主要任务是研究如何正确地解决或处理民族发展及民族之间矛盾的问题。2.错：民族作为一种社会人们共同体，具有自然属性、社会属性、生物属性等多维属性。3.错：少数民族干部的培养任用是体现民族平等的主要表现形式，也是民族平等的主要标志。4.错：民族语言文字是人类社会的产物，最终结果是语言的整合和文字的统一。5.对6.错:宗教信仰不属于政治问题。五、论述题答案：P98P100请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a China-EU investment platform to back European Commission President Jean-Claude Junckers plan to revive the European economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the European Investment Bank, EU leaders should be clear that China wants to see the EU maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. Such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as China which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. It will be a tragedy to allow inaction over the Greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting Sino-EU cooperation.请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention