文艺复兴时期的人文主义、古典主义.ppt

The Renaissance Humanism 阮君 2011年12月15日 The renaissance and the Humanism wRenaissance sprang as a result of rediscovery and restudy of the Greek and Roman civilization which is based on the conception that the man is the measure of all things, the man-centered culture. wThe Renaissance was marked by the spread of humanism. Humanism is the keynote (the great spirit ) of Renaissance. 人文主义是欧洲文艺复兴 运动时期出现的一种资产阶级的 世界观，是文艺复兴的指导思想 ，强调人的自然本性、价值、自 由意志、世俗生活和世俗教育 The origin of Humanism Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged by scholars, writers, and civic leaders who are today known as Renaissance humanists. It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of medieval scholastic education, emphasizing practical, pre- professional and pre-scientific studies. The main centers of humanism were Florence and Naples(那不勒斯). Rather than train professionals in jargon and strict practice, humanists sought to create a citizenry (sometimes including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity. Thus, they would be capable of better engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis（人文学科）, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy. Early humanists, such as Petrarch(彼特 拉克), Coluccio Salutati(科卢乔萨卢塔蒂 ) and Leonardo De Vinci(达芬奇), were great collectors of antique manuscripts. Many worked for the organized Church and were in holy orders (like Petrarch), while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities, like Petrarchs disciple, Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence, and thus had access to book copying workshops. Francesco Petrarca 彼特拉克 （13041374） Petrarca is traditionally called the father of Humanism and considered by many to be the “father of the Renaissance.” 提出“人学”对抗“神学” 被誉为“人文主义之父” What is humanism Contrary to the subordination(附属) of individuals to the feudal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life for a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection. By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, humanists voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. The main content of humanism wMan is the measure of all things, man- centered culture wEmphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. wBelieve human beings were glorious creatures and man has the right to pursue personal happiness, knowledge and wealth. 文艺复兴时期的思想,因其对“人”的发现和重视，被后世 称作人文主义(Humanism)思想. w(1)从对上帝与彼世的关注，转到对人与现实社会与自然的关注 。不仅促进了哲学、文学等各项发展，而且带来了“科学的发现 ”。 w(2)反对神权，肯定人的价值、尊严和高贵。 w(3)提倡理性精神，反对蒙昧与愚民 薄伽丘十日谈 爱拉斯莫的愚神颂 w(4)反对禁欲主义，要求现世权利 我是凡人，我只要凡人的幸福。 彼特拉克 w(5)反对等级观念，要求平等 The features of humanism w1. Emphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human beings and holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants . This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeares Hamlet. What a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like an angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals. 人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理 性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！ 多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天 使！在智慧上多么像一个天神！宇宙的精 华！万物的灵长！ w2. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism; wInfluences: shifting mans interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains. w3. Applying Aristotles theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature(缩影) of the society. wInfluences: These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe. The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one 人文主义是欧洲文艺复兴时期的主要思潮和理论。人 文主义是欧洲新兴资产阶级在反封建、反教会斗争中形 成的思想体系。“人文主义”反对一切以神为本的旧观念 ，宣传人是宇宙的主宰，是万物之本，以“人权”对抗“神 权”，人文主义者否定教会宣扬的人一生下来就有罪孽， 否定人生的目的是死后永生的来世思想，猛烈抨击教会 鼓吹的禁欲主义。他们肯定现世生活，颂扬现世欢乐和 幸福，赞美爱情是人的最高尚的情感，认为人有追求荣 誉和财富的权利等等。所以，人文主义在反对中世纪的 教会统治和宗教教义、破除封建社会的旧观念方面，具 有重要的进步意义。 The church-centered culture wThe medieval Catholic teachings were characterized by God-centeredness, otherworldliness(来世) and asceticism. wThe nature of human is guilty, the highest duties of human is to atone to the God wThe belief in God is the noblest virtue. wJesus is referred to as a Redeemer wAdvocate for the obscurantism and the asceticism 人文主义与宗教神学的观点对比分析 ： 宗教神学以神为为中 心(神性) 禁欲和来 世 等级观级观 念 蒙昧主义义 神秘 人文主义义以人为为中 心(人性) 现现世的享 受 自由平等理性主义义 科学 The positive influence of humanism wHumanism is the essence of Renaissance. wHumanism stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical literature. wHumanism helped to civilize man, to make him realize his potential powers and gifts. It contributed a great deal to the progress of human society. It represented the new ideas of the rising bourgeoisie . Thomas More, Marlowe and Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists. The humanistic ideas and belief permeated(充满) the literature of this period. w1)反映资产阶级的要求，动摇 了封建神学，一定程度打击封 建制度 w(2)文艺复兴的指导思想，贯穿 于各领域和整个过程。 w(3)影响广泛（各领域）而深远 （宗教改革，启蒙运动） w(4)托马斯，马洛和莎士比亚是 人文主义的代表。他们人文思 想贯穿这一时期的文学。 Thomas More Thomas More (1478-1535) 托马斯莫尔（ St. Thomas More又作 Sir Thomas More ）欧洲早期空想社 会主义学说的创始人,才华横溢的人文 主义学者和阅历丰富的政治家,以其名 著乌托邦而名垂史册。 Utopia (1516) 乌托邦一书是莫尔的不朽之作,它 的全名是关于最完美的国家制度和乌 托邦新岛的既有益又有趣的金书,写 于1515年至1516年出使欧洲期间,用拉 丁语写成。书中叙述一个虚构的航海家 航行到一个奇乡异国乌托邦的旅行见闻 。 克里斯托弗马洛 (1564-1593) Plays: Tamurlaine 帖木儿大帝 Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士 Edward the Second 爱德华二世 Poems: Hero and Leander 希罗与利安德 The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 热情的牧羊人致情人诗 Christopher Marlowe 莎士比亚 （15641616） The four tragedies： Hamlet 哈姆雷特 Othello 奥赛罗 King Lear李尔王 Mac Beth 麦克白 The four comed