高三专题复习攻略安徽版英语第一部分专题.ppt

专题三 阅读理解 专题三 阅读理解 精华考点百度 考点一 细节细节 理解题题 (2011年高考山东东卷 D) Since the 1970s，scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers.Braincomputer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines. 经典品味经典品味 Recently，two researchers，Jose Millan and Michele Tavella from the Federal Polytechnic School in Lausanne，Switzerland， demonstrated (展示) a small robotic wheelchair directed by a persons thoughts. In the laboratory，Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand.He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts. “Our brain has billions of nerve cells.These send signals through the spinal cord (脊髓) to the muscles to give us the ability to move.But spinal cord injuries or other conditions can prevent these weak electrical signals from reaching the muscles，”Tavella says.“Our system allows disabled people to communicate with external world and also to control devices.” The researchers designed a special cap for the user.This head cover picks up the signals from the scalp (头皮) and sends them to a computer.The computer interprets the signals and commands the motorized wheelchair.The wheelchair also has two cameras that identify objects in its path.They help the computer react to commands from the brain. Prof.Millan，the team leader，says scientists keep improving the computer software that interprets brain signals and turns them into simple commands.“The practical possibilities that BCI technology offers to disabled people can be grouped in two categories： communication，and controlling devices.One example is this wheelchair.” He says his team has set two goals.One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.And the other is to guarantee that they can use the technology over long periods of time. 【解题导语】 本文主要介绍了Jose Millan和 Michele Tavella利用Braincomputer interface(BCI)technology制作的由人的意念控制 的轮椅以及其工作原理等。 71BCI is a technology that can _. Ahelp to update computer systems Blink the human brain with computers Chelp the disabled to recover Dcontrol a persons thoughts 解析：选选B。细节细节 理解题题。由第一段中的 scientists have been searching for ways to link the brain with computers.Braincomputer interface (BCI) technology could help people with disabilities send commands to machines.可 知选选B。 72How did Tavella operate the wheelchair in the laboratory? ABy controlling his muscles. BBy talking to the machine. CBy moving his hand. DBy using his mind. 解析：选选D。细节细节 理解题题。由第三段内容 Tavella operated the wheelchair just by thinking about moving his left or right hand.He could even talk as he watched the vehicle and guided it with his thoughts.可知选选D。 73Which of the following shows the path of the signals described in Paragraph 5? Ascalpcomputercap wheelchair Bcomputercapscalpwheelchair Cscalpcapcomputerwheelchair Dcapcomputerscalpwheelchair 解析：选选C。细节细节 理解题题。由第五段前三句可 知选选C。 74The team will test with real patients to _. Amake profits from them Bprove the technology useful to them Cmake them live longer Dlearn about their physical condition 解析：选选B。细节细节 理解题题。由最后一段中的One is testing with real patients，so as to prove that this is a technology they can benefit from.可知选选 B。 75Which of the following would be the best title for the text? ASwitzerland，the BCI Research Center BNew Findings about How the Human Brain Works CBCI Could Mean More Freedom for the Disabled DRobotic Vehicles Could Help to Cure Brain Injuries 解析：选选C。标题归纳题标题归纳题 。通读读全文可知，文 章主要讲讲述了BCI是如何帮助残疾人的。故选选C 。 细节理解题旨在考查学生对文章中具体细节的 辨识能力。细节理解题的提问方式灵活多样， 可涉及文章中的各种具体细节，如时间、地点 、结果、原因、方式等。大体可以分为直接理 解题(通常在原文中可以直接找到答案)和语义转 换题(通常将题目信息与原文信息进行语义上的 转换，备选项一般是同义词或词组重新叙述)。 要点浓缩要点浓缩 1细节理解题的设题方式： (1)Which of the following statements is (not) true according to the passage? (2)Which of the following is(not)discussed/mentioned in the passage? (3)According to the passage， what/where/which/who/why/when /how_ ？ (4)How many/How much_？ (5)Which is the right order of the events given in the passage? 2解题技巧： (1)首先从问题中找出关键词，然后以此为线索 ，运用略读及查找的技巧在文中迅速查找这一 细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍 ，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节一点一滴的区 别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳 答案。 (2)略读材料，初步了解原文，掌握文章的中心 或主旨。 (3)按文章的体裁，作者写作的组织模式及有关 的信息词，如for example，first，second等预测 所需要的事实应该在何处。 (4)将精力放在寻找所需要的细节上，快速通读 跳读，眼睛自左向右，自上向下呈Z形扫视，直 到找到细节出处，待找到含细节的句子时，就 要放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，直到找到答 案。做题时注意细节题的对应性、准确性和区 分性，切忌断章取义，过早下结论。 (5)细节理解题所涉及的面很广，有的需要经过 简单的数字运算确定时间、距离、词数、数量 等；有的涉及正误判断；有的询问事实、原因 、结果、目的等。 考点二 推理判断题题 (2011年高考福建卷 D) Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis was one of the most private women in the world，yet when she went to work as an editor in the last two decades of her life，she revealed (展现现 )herself as she did nowhere else. 经典品味经典品味 After the death of her second husband，Greek shipping magnate (巨头) Aristotle Onassis， Jacquelines close friend and former White House social secretary Letitia Baldrige made a suggestion that she consider a career (职业) in publishing.After consideration，Jacqueline accepted it.Perhaps she hoped to find there some ideas about how to live her own life.She became not less but more interested in reading. For the last 20 years of her life，Jacqueline worked as a publishers editor，first at Viking ，then at Doubleday，pursuing (追求) a latelife career longer than her two marriages combined.During her time in publishing，she was responsible for managing and editing more than 100 successfully marketed books.Among the first books were In the Russian Style and Inventive Paris Clothes.She also succeeded in persuading TV hosts Bill Moyers and Joseph Campbell to transform their popular television conversations into a book， The Power of Myth.The book went on to become an international bestseller.She dealt ，too，with Michael Jackson as he prepared his autobiography (自传)，Moonwalk. Jacqueline may have been hired for her name and for her social relations，but she soon proved her worth.Her choices，suggestions and widespread social relations were of benefit both to the publishing firms and to Jacqueline herself.In the books she selected for publication ，she built on a lifetime of spending time by herself as a reader and left a record of the growth of her mind. Her books are the autobiography she never wrote.Her role as First Lady，in the end，was overshadowed by her performance as an editor.However，few knew that she had achieved so much. 【解题导语】 本文主要讲述Jacqueline在选择 了编辑这一职业后所做出的成就。在这一行业 里她的光芒甚至压过了她作为第一夫人的头衔 。 68We can learn from the passage that Jacqueline _. Abecame fond of reading after working as an editor Bwas in charge of publishing 100 books Cpromoted her books through social relations Dgained a lot from her career as an editor 解析：选选D。推理判断题题。由文章内容可知，在 第二任丈夫去世后，朋友推荐Jacqueline考虑虑在 出版业谋业谋 一职职位，之后她在此行业业取得了成功 ，故D项项正确。 69The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that _. AJacqueline ended up as an editor rather than as First Lady BJacquelines life as First Lady was more colorful than as an editor CJacqueline was more successful as an editor than as First Lady DJacquelines role as First Lady was more brilliant than as an editor 解析：选选C。句意理解题题。解本题题的关键键在于 正确理解overshadow一词词。通读读全文可知， Jacqueline作为编辑为编辑 取得了巨大成功，光芒超 过过了她第一夫人的头衔头衔 ，故C项项正确。 70What can be inferred from the passage? AJacquelines two marriages lasted more than 20 years. BJacquelines own publishing firm was set up eventually. CJacquelines views and beliefs were reflected in the books she edited. DJacquelines achievements were widely known. 解析：选选C。推理判断题题。由文章最后一段第三 句In the books she selected for publication，she built on a lifetime of spending time by herself as a reader and left a record of the growth of her mind.可知她的一些个人观观点在自己编辑编辑 的书书中 有所表露，故C项项正确。 71The passage is mainly _. Aan introduction of Jacquelines life both as First Lady and as an editor Ba brief description of Jacquelines lifelong experiences Ca brief account of Jacquelines career as an editor in her last 20 years Dan analysis of Jacquelines social relations in publishing 解析：选选C。主旨大意题题。通读读全文可知，本 文主要讲讲述Jacqueline在她生命中最后的20年里 ，作为为一名编辑编辑 所取得的成就，故C项项正确。 推理判断题题，是阅读阅读 理解中难难度较较大的一类类 题题型。旨在考查查考生根据已知信息进进行判断、 推理以得出合理结论结论 的能力。与其他题题型相比 ，这类题这类题 的答案通常不能从原文中直接找到， 而要经过经过 分析、推理、判断才能获获得。这类题这类题 型要求考生能够够通过过表面的文字叙述“读读出” 隐隐藏在字里行间间的深层层含义义。 要点浓缩要点浓缩 1推理判断题的设题形式： (1)It can be inferred from the passage that. (2)We may infer that. (3)The story implies that. (4)From the passage we can conclude that. (5)It can be concluded that. (6)Which point of view may the author agree to? 2推断题包括数据推断题、知识推断题、逻辑 结论推断题和作者态度、倾向的推断题。 数据推断题关键是要善于捕捉有关数字的信息 ，然后在透彻理解原文的字面意义和题意的基 础上，运用自己的数学知识，对其进行分析、 推算，从而得出正确的结论。逻辑结论推断题 严格根据文章中所阐述的事实、论点、例证等 一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑 的结论，不能根据自己的经验、态度、观点或 爱好去理解文章的内涵。 3解题技巧： (1)判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。切忌用自 己的观点代替作者的本意。 (2)全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得 出片面结论。 (3)善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻 合。 (4)不可直接选取文中的原句。 考点三 词义词义 猜测题测题 经典品味经典品味 (2011年高考江西卷 C) The garden city was largely the invention of Ebenezer Howard (18501928) After immigrating from England to the USA，and an unsuccessful attempt to make a living as a farmer，he moved to Chicago，where he saw the reconstruction of the city after the disastrous fire of 1871. In those days，it was nicknamed “the Garden City”，almost certainly the source of Howards name for his later building plan of towns.Returning to London，Howard developed his design in the 1880s and 1890s，drawing on ideas that were popular at the time，but creating a unique combination of designs. The nineteenthcentury poor city was in many ways a terrible place，dirty and crowded; but it offered economic and social opportunities.At the same time，the British countryside was in fact equally unattractive: though it promised fresh air and nature，it suffered from agricultural depression (萧条)and it offered neither enough work and wages，nor much social life.Howards idea was to combine the best of town and country in a new kind of settlement， the garden city.Howards idea was that a group of people should set up a company，borrowing money to establish a garden city in the depressed countryside，far enough from existing cities to make sure that the land was bought at the bottom price. Garden cities would provide a central public open space，radial avenues and connecting industries.They would be surrounded by a much larger area of green belt，also owned by the company，containing not merely farms but also some industrial institutions.As more and more people moved in，the garden city would reach its planned limitHoward suggested 32,000 people；then，another would be started a short distance away. Thus，over time，there would develop a vast planned house collection，extending almost without limit; within it，each garden city would offer a wide range of jobs and services，but each would also be connected to the others by a rapid transportation system，thus giving all the economic and social opportunities of a big city. 【解题导语】 本文叙述了the Garden City的创 建。详细介绍了其名称的由来、创建过程中遇 到的问题及其发展前景。 66How did Howard get the name for his building plan of garden cities? AThrough his observation of the country life. BThrough the combination of different ideas. CBy taking other peoples advice. DBy using the nickname of the reconstructed Chicago. 解析：选选D。细节细节 理解题题。由第一段中的In those days，it was nicknamed“the Garden City” ，almost certainly the source of Howards name for his later building plan of towns.可知D项项正确 。 67The underlined phrase “drawing on” in Paragraph 1 probably means _. Amaking use of Bmaking comments on Cgiving an explanation of Dgiving a description of 解析：选A。词义猜测题。由第一段中的 Howard developed his design in the 1880s and 1890s，drawing on ideas that were popular at the time.可知“Howard利用当时比较流行的理 念完善发展了自己的设计”，因此， drawing on意为“利用”，与making use of 意义 相同。making comments on对作出评价； giving an explanation of对作出解释；giving a description of对进行描述。 68According to Howard，garden cities should be built _. Aas far as possible from existing cities Bin the countryside where the land was cheap Cin the countryside where agriculture was developed Dnear cities where employment opportunities already existed 解析：选选B。细节细节 理解题题。由第二段中的 Howards idea.far enough from existing cities to make sure that the land was bought at the bottom price.可知B项项正确。 69What can we learn about garden cities from the last paragraph? ATheir number would continue to rise. BEach one would continue to become larger. CPeople would live and work in the same place. DEach one would contain a certain type of business. 解析：选选A。推理判断题题。由最后一段我们们可 以了解到花园城市的数量会越来越多，并通过过 便捷的交通运输输系统统相互连连接。由此可以推断 出A项项正确。 70What could be the best title for the passage? ACity and Countryside BThe Invention of the Garden City CA New City in Chicago DA Famous Garden City in England 解析：选选B。主旨大意题题。全文主要讲讲述了the garden city的发发明。 词义猜测题旨在考查学生正确理解单词、短语 或句子的能力。这要求考生运用所学语法知识 并根据上下文对单词、短语或句子进行分析， 推测出它们在文章中的特定含义。大体上可以 分为三类：词义辨析题；词义转述题；词义指 代题。 要点浓缩要点浓缩 1词义猜测题的题干形式： (1)The phrase “.”could be replaced by_. (2)The word “.” in the paragraph refers to_. (3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph？/What does the underlined word mean? (4)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “.”？ (5)Which of the following words can take the place of the word “.”？ 2解题题技巧： 词义词义 猜测题测题 主要考查查考生根据上下文推测词义测词义 和语义语义 的能力，突出考查对语查对语 境的分析和把握 能力。常见见的猜词词法有： (1)利用上下文语语境。猜测测任何词义词义 都离不开上 下文，所以要借助上下文对对需要猜测测的词词或短 语进语进 行合乎逻辑逻辑 的推测测。 (2)利用定义义或解释释性的线线索。阅读阅读 文章中的有 些生词词往往在其后会有对该词进对该词进 行解释说释说 明的 短语语或句子，利用它们们猜词义较词义较 容易。 (3)利用文章的逻辑逻辑 关系答题题。如并列、对对比、 因果、转转折关系等。这这些逻辑逻辑 关系往往通过过一 些相应应的词词或短语语表达出来，如but，or， however，so，because等。 (4)利用构词词法知识识答题题。熟记记一些前缀缀、后缀缀 所表达的意思，不仅仅可以扩扩大词汇词汇 量，而且帮 助我们们猜测词义测词义 。 考点四 主旨大意题题 经典品味经典品味 (2011年高考课标课标 全国卷 C) Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husbands income.So this year she did something more than a hobby：She planted vegetables in her yard.For her first garden， Ms.Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants，and five rows of a variety of vegetables.The familys old farm house has become a chicken house，its residents arriving next month.Last year，Ms.Rita Gartin kept a small garden. This year she has made it much larger because， she said，“The cost of everything is going up and I was looking to lose a few pounds，too；so its a winwin situation all around.” They are among the growing number of Americans who，driven by higher living costs and a falling economy (经济)，have taken up vegetable gardening for the first time.Others have increased the size of their existing gardens.Seed companies and garden shops say that not since the 1970s has there been such an increase in interest in growing food at home.Now many gardens across the country have been sold out for several months.In Austin，Tex.，some of the gardens have a threeyear waiting list. George CBall Jr.，owner of a company，said sales of vegetable seeds and plants are up by 40% over last year，double the average growth of the last five years.Mr.Ball argues that some of the reasons have been building for the last few years.The big one is the striking rise in the cost of food like bread and milk，together with the increases in the price of fruits and vegetables.Food prices have increased because of higher oil prices.People are now driving less， taking fewer vacations，so there is more time to garden. 【解题导语】 美国经济的下滑给人们的日常 生活带来了很大影响，特别是蔬菜、水果以及 燃油价格飙升，由此人们抢购菜园，种植谷蔬 ，节约开支，争取双赢。并且蔬菜种植在美国 变得越来越受欢迎。 64What does the word “residents” in Paragraph 1 probably refer to? AChickens. BTomatoes. CGardens. DPeople. 解析：选选A。词义词义 猜测题测题 。由第一段中的The familys old farm house has become a chicken house，its residents arriving next month.可知： 家里的旧农农舍已被改成鸡鸡舍，它的“居民”下 个月就搬来。不难难推出residents就是指chickens 。其他三项项“西红红柿”，“花园”，“人们们” 均不符合题题意。 65Why is vegetable gardening becoming increasingly popular? AMore Americans are doing it for fun. BThe price of oil is lower than before. CTheres a growing need for fruits. DThe cost of living is on the rise. 解析：选选D。推理判断题题。通读读全文不难难推知 ：由于各种费费用的提高，人们们才争购购菜园来种 植谷蔬，以节节省开支，故种菜才普及起来。 66Which of the following might be the best title for the text? AFamily Food Planning BBanking on Gardening CA Belttightening Move DGardening as a Hobby 解析：选选B。主旨大意题题。文章主要讲讲述了美 国人为应对经济为应对经济 滑坡引起的生活费费用的提高而 用自己种菜的方式来渡过难过难 关一事，故B项项最 合适。bank on意为为“依靠，指望”。C项项“勒 紧裤紧裤 腰带带行动动”与文章大意相差甚远远。 主旨大意题题旨在考查查考生通过阅读归纳过阅读归纳 文章中 心意思的能力。可分为为主题题型、目的型和标题标题 型，即找中心(Main Idea)、推断作者的写作意 图图(Purpose)、选择选择 最佳的标题标题 (Title)。要做好 这类题这类题 目，考生必须须学会区分主要信息和次要 信息；既要看到树树木，又要看到森林；既要弄 清一词词一句，又要通读读全文，通篇理解。 要点浓缩要点浓缩 1主旨大意题常见的命题方式有： (1)What is the passage mainly about? (2)What is the main idea of the text? (3)What can be the best title for the text/passage? (4)Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? 2常用的掌握大意的方法有： (1)抓主题句归纳大意。说明文、议论文、新闻 报道、科技文献等文章的主题大意通常出现在 文章第一段，抓住了主题句也就抓住了文章的 中心。有时主题句也会出现在文章的中间或结 尾。因此仔细阅读这类文章的首尾句是关键。 (2)归纳分析抓大意。有些文章如记叙文、夹叙 夹议文通常是先摆出事实，然后或记叙或论证 ，最后得出结论，即文章的主题。 (3)抓住高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕一个主 题展开的，因此文章中会反复出现一个中心词 ，即高频词，抓住了它，也就抓住了文章的中 心。 考点五 观观点态态度题题 (2011年高考天津卷 B) In the fall of 1985，I was a brighteyed girl heading off to Howard University，aiming at a legal career and dreaming of sitting on a Supreme Court bench somewhere.Twentyone years later I am still a brighteyed dreamer and one with quite a different tale to tell. 经典品味经典品味 My grandma，an amazing woman，graduated from college at the age of 65.She was the first in our family to reach that goal.But one year after I started college，she developed cancer.I made the choice to withdraw from college to care for her.It meant that school and my personal dream would have to wait. Then I got married with another dream： building my family with a combination of adopted and biological children.In 1999，we adopted our first son.To lay eyes on him was fantasticand very emotional.A year later came our second adopted boy.Then followed son No.3.In 2003，I gave birth to another boy. You can imagine how fully occupied I became， raising four boys under the age of 8！Our home was a complete zooa joyous zoo.Not surprising ，I never did make it back to college fulltime.But I never gave up on the dream