2015年职称英语综合类B级教材所有文章及译文牛津同义词词典版已编辑完毕直接打印.doc

microscopicmess341由于收纳了教材上所有文章和翻译，使得排版内容篇幅较长。如果你只想借此获取完形填空的15分，则可以考虑删除其中所有的中文翻译，这样篇幅可以减少一半左右。祝您好运！mmicroscopicmess385taking pictures of the worldmeet annie griffiths belt,a national geographic photographer.belt has worked for national geographic since 1978, and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world.in fact,antarctica is the only continent belt hasnt seen yet.belts photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality.they also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world.belt has photographed the ancient city of petra, jordan , as well as the green landscapes of the lake district in england.recently, her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in north america.everywhere that belt goes, she takes pictures of people.belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language. the greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into peoples lives, she has said.the camera is like a passport, and i am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me ! knowing how to break the ice has helped to make belt a successful photographer, but experts say that anyone can learn to connect with new people.when people speak the same language, greeting and small talk can make strangers feel more comfortable with each other.when people dont speak the same language , a smile is very helpful.having something in common can also help break the ice.for example , belt has traveled with her two children , so when she takes pictures of children or their parents, they all have that family connection in common.even bad weather can help people to connect when they are experiencing it together.belt has some advice if you are thinking about a career in photography.you can volunteer to take pictures for a local organization that cant afford to hire a professional photographer.you can also take a good, honest look at your best photographs.if youre a real photographer, your photos are good because of your personal and technical skills.belt also recommends studying and learning from photos taken by professional photographers.remember, the next time you look as a beautiful photograph, you might be looking at the work of annie griffiths belt.and the next time you meet a new person, dont be afraid to break the ice.the connection you make could be very rewarding.镜头中的世界让我们来认识摄影师艾妮?格里菲斯?贝尔特。贝尔特从1978年以来就一直在为国家地理杂志拍摄照片，她的拍摄足迹几乎遍布世界上的所有大洲。事实上，南极洲是贝尔特唯一没亲眼见过的大洲。贝尔特的拍摄作品因美轮美奂和质量上乘而广为人知，它们也反映了世界上不同的文化和地区。贝尔特曾经为约旦古城佩特拉和英格兰湖区的美景拍过照片。最近，在一本介绍北美未开发的自然区域的书中出现了她的摄影作品。无论去哪里，贝尔特都在所到之处拍下人物照片。贝尔特已经找到在语言不通的情况下和不同年龄、不同民族的人进行沟通的方法。“我的工作的最大优势就是可以走进人们的生活，”她说，“照相机就像通行证一样，而且我常常由于人们迅速地接纳我而被搞得手足无措!”知道如何打开话题帮助贝尔特成为了一名成功的摄影师，但是专家们声称任何人都能学会如何同陌生 人打交道。当语言相通时，打招呼和相互寒暄能使陌生人之间感到更舒适。当语言不通时，微笑就会变得很有用。彼此的共同点也有助于打开话题。比如，贝尔特常 和她的两个孩子一起旅行，所以当她为孩子们或孩子们的父母拍照时，他们就有了相同之处：家庭联系。甚至一起体验坏天气也可以帮助人们增进相互间的交流。如果你正在考虑从事摄影行业，贝尔特对此有一些建议。你可以当个志愿者为没钱请专业摄影师的地 方机构拍摄照片。你也可以用诚实的态度仔细端详自己最好的摄影作品。如果你是一位真正的摄影师，你的作品会因为你的个人特色和精湛的技艺而变得出类拔萃。 贝尔特也推荐向专业摄影师的作品学习。记住，当你下一次看到漂亮的照片时，也许你看的正是艾妮?格里菲斯?贝尔特的作品。当你下一次遇见陌生人时，不要害怕打开话题。你为沟通所做的一切都是非常值得的。own your childrens educationhelping them isnt about showing your kids how to do the work.its about being genuinely interested and having regular conversations about what theyre learning,says j.gary knowles,a professor at the ontario institute for studies in education,part of the university of toronto.rozon has a slew of suggestions for how to get more,-involved.get to know the teacher.discuss ways to tailor the assignments to your childs learning style.spend time in the classroom.ask for outlines of unit studies so you can find supplementary materials at the library or through videos.read your childs textbooks：if you work a few pages ahead,youll be able to help them with problems they encounter.reading is another must,says rozon.even after your children can read themselves,hearing somebody else read aloud is important.we nearly always have a book on the go; we read for at least a half hour before bedtime.the more engaged a parent is, the more the child benefits,adds bruce ami.the evidence is clear：parental involvement is one of the most important factors in school success.arai cites the national longitudinal survey of children and youth,sponsored by human resources development canada(hrdc),which is measuring all aspects of child development.the hours children spend in class are but one element of their education,states hdc,which says parental support,along with teacher support and a positive attitude towards school.all contribute to academic success.i see every moment of every day as a learning experience. says goforth.the most satisfying part of it is seeing the,love of learning continued.im not squelching my childrens desire to learn by insisting they learn.they learn because they want to.adds jeanne lambert,mother of carey graham: make the time,take the time,guide,lead,and encourage.if nothing else,your children learn you care,and thats the most important lesson you can give them.“拥有”孩子的教育多伦多大学安大略教育学院的教授j.gary knowles说：“帮助孩子不是告诉孩子怎样做。你要 对他们所学的东西真正感兴趣,并和他们经常进行对话。”怎样才能更多地参与,rozcm给了许多建议。“与老师相识,并讨论怎样量体裁衣地布置一些 适合你孩子学习风格的作业。花些时间在教室里。索要每个单元的提纲,这样的话,你可以在图 书馆或者电视里找到补充材料。阅读孩子的教科书：如果你能提前读几页,你就能帮他们解决遇 到的问题了。”rozcm认为朗读是另外一件必须做的事情。“即使你的孩子已经能自己阅读了,听别人大声朗读也是重要的。我们几乎总是有一本书在读,每天睡前我们至少阅读半个小时。”bruce arai说,父母投入越多,孩子获益越多。“有证据清楚地表明：父母的参与是孩子在 学校的学习得以成功的重要因素之一。” arai引甩了加拿大人力资源发展部(hrdc)发起的一 项对孩子发展的各个领域进行测量的全国青少年纵向调查。hrdc表明,“孩子在课堂的时间 只是他们所受教育的一部分”,父母的支持、老师的帮助和对待学习的积极态度都会促进学业的成功。goforth说：“我把每一天的每一刻都看做是学习的经历。” “最满意的部分就是看到对学习的 热爱得以延续。我不会一味地压制我的孩子对学习的渴望。他们学是因为他们想学。”carey graham的妈妈jeanne lambert补充说：“抽出时间,花点心思,去指引、引导和鼓励。 即使没有别的收获,你的孩子也会知道你在乎他们,这是你能够给孩子上的最重要一课。”across the desertsthe sahara desert isthe largest desert in the world. it stretches across africa from senegal toegypt. the sahara desert is an unfriendly environment. during the day its very hot, and at night its sometimes very cold. it is also difficult to find water in the sahara.in 2006, kevin lin, ray zahab, and charlie ngle decided to do something very difficult. they made the decision to run across the saharadesert 4,300 miles (6,920km). it seemed impossible to do, but they wanted totry. the three men liked to test themselves, and this would be a very big test.on the morning of november 2, kevin, ray, and charliestarted their trip across the sahara. every morning they began running at 5:00.at11 a.m. they stopped and rested until 5 p.m. then they ran again until 9:30 in the evening. each day they ran about 40 miles (64 km). every day it was thesame thing. they got up and ran. they listened to music on their ipods, andthey ran and ran.kevin, ray, and charlie needed to eat a lot of food duringtheir trip. most people need about 2,000 calories of food each day. kevin, ray,and charlie needed between 6,000 and 9,000 calories every day. thats a lot offood! they also needed to drink a lot of water.the three men had some problems on their trip, and many times they wanted to quit and go home. it was often very hot (140f/60c)during the day, and the heat made them sick. their legs and feet hurt.sometimes it was very windy, and they couldnt see. one time they got lost. butthey didnt quit. after 111 days, kevin, ray; and charlie successfully finishedtheir trip across the sahara desert. they hugged each other and put their handsin the water of the red sea. then they ran to a hotel to take a long shower.穿越沙漠撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。它从塞内加尔到埃及横跨非洲。撒哈拉沙漠的环境不好。白天非常热，晚上有时又很冷。在撒哈拉沙漠中很难找到水。2006年，kevinlin,rayzahab和charlie决定做些困难的事情。他们决定跑步穿越4300英里（6920千米）的撒哈拉沙漠。这似乎是不可能完成的，但是他们还想尝试一下。他们三人喜欢挑战自己，而这将是一个很大的挑战。11月2日的早晨，kevin,ray和charlie开始了他们跑步穿越撒哈拉的旅程。他们每天早晨5点开始跑，到上午11点停下来休息，然后到下午5点继续跑，一直跑到下午9点半。他们每天大概跑40英里（64千米）。每天如此，起床，跑步。听着ipod里的音乐不休停地跑。在旅途中，kevin,ray和charlie需要吃很多事物。大多数的人每天需要2000卡路里的热量，而他们三人每天需要60009000卡路里。那真是很多食物！他们每天也需要喝大量的水。 三人在途中也出现了很多问题，很多次他们都想放弃回家。白天通常很热（140华氏度60摄氏度），高温导致他们生病，他们的腿和脚都受了伤。有时候天刮起了大风导致他们什么也看不见。有一次他们迷了路，但是他们没有放弃。111天以后，kevin,ray和charlie成功完成了他们穿越撒哈拉沙漠的旅途。他们彼此拥抱，把手伸进红海的海水里，然后他们跑进旅馆好好洗了个澡。smokingsince 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard.the trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk.research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy.cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body.male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males.female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply.apart from statistics,it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body.smoke is a mixture of gases,vaporized chemicals,minute particles of ash and other solids.there is also nicotine,which is powerful poison,and black tar.as smoke is breathed in，all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs.one point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides.most lung cancer begins at this point.filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.抽烟自 1939年以来，人们进行了无数次研究，以确定抽烟是否危害健康，证据的趋向是一致的，显示出抽烟对健康有严重危害。研究组进行的研究确凿无疑地表明抽烟与人的预期寿命的缩短有关。这个领域的大部分研究人员部认为抽烟是肺癌和喉癌产生的重要原因，并且和人体其他某些器官的癌症有关。抽烟的男性因心脏病而死亡的机率高于不抽烟的男性。女性吸烟者被认为受的影响较小，因为她们不深吸烟。除了统计之外，看一看吸烟对人体的影响也可能会有帮助。烟是各种气体、蒸发的化学物质、微小的灰和其他固体颗粒的混合物。里面还有很强的毒素尼古丁和黑焦油。当烟被吸入时，所有这些成分形成肺膜上的沉淀物，其集中的一点是气管和支气管分叉的地方。大部分肺癌开始于这一点。过滤嘴和焦油含量低的烟草被宣称使抽烟在某种程度上安全一些，但是它们只能稍微降低而不是消除危害。plants and mankindbotany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge.we dont know what our stone agel ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe ofpreindustrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must beextremely ancient. this is logical. plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things,even for other plants. they have always been enormously important to the welfare of people, notonly for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and many otherpurposes. tribes living today in the jungle of the amazon4 recognize hundreds of plants and knowmany properties of each. to them botany has no name and is probably not even recognized as aspecial branch of knowledge at all.unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from directcontact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. yet everyone comesunconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognizea rose, an apple, or an orchid. when our neolithic ancestors, living in the middle east about10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted forricher yields the next season, the first great step in a new association of plants and humans wastaken. grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops.from then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a fewplants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild and theaccumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in thewild would begin to fade away.植物与人类植物学，即对植物研究的科学，在人类文明发展的历史长河中占据着特殊地位。我们不知道旧石器时代的祖先们对植物究竟了解多少，但根据我们对现存的前工业社会的研究，可以肯定对植物及其特点的详细了解一定非常久远。这种分析是合乎逻辑的。植物不仅是其他一切生物所需食物的根基，甚至也是其他类型植物的食物来源。它们对于人类的幸福始终是相当重要的，它们不仅仅为人们提供食物，还提供衣服、武器、工具、染料、药品、住所和许多其他东西。生活在亚马逊河的丛林中的原始部落，能识别成百上千种不同植物，知道每一种植物的属性。他们没有植物学这个概念，甚至可能没有意识到它是知识界的一个分支。不幸的是，我们的工业化程度越高，人类与植物间的直接联系就越少，而且对植物学知识的了解也就变得越来越模糊。然而每个人都会在无意识中获得大量的植物知识，很少会有人分辨不出玫瑰、苹果或兰花。大约一万年前，当居住在中东的新石器时代的老祖先们发现某些草可以用来种植，而且到了来年再把种子种在地里可以得到更好的收成时，人们与植物之间的联系迈出了崭新伟大的一步。谷物的发现创造了人类农业发展史上的奇迹，即耕种庄稼。从那时起，人类就越来越多地从可控制的几种植物的生产中获取生计，而不是从野生的众多种类中东采一点，西摘一点。在数万年的经验中积累起来的知识以及与大自然中各种植物的紧密联系也就开始消失。brandsthe word brand is a comprehensive term that encompasses other narrower terms. a brand is a name, term, symbol, and/or special design that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers. a brand differentiates one sellers products from those of competitors. a brand name consists of words, letters, and/or numbers that can be vocalized. a brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. it is recognized by sight but may not be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.a trademark is a brand that is given legal protection because, under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller. thus trademark is essentially a legal term. all trademarks are brands and thus include the words, letters, or numbers that can be pronounced. they may also include a pictorial design. some people erroneously believe that the trademark is only the pictorial part of the brand.one major method of classifying brands is on the basis of who owns themproducers or middlemen. sunbeam, florsheim, spalding (athletic products), and sara lee are producers brands, while allstate, shurfine, sysco, craftsman, and penncrest are middlemens brands.the terms national and private have been used to describe producer and middleman brand ownership, respectively. however, marketing people prefer the producer middleman terminology. to say that the brand of poultry feed marketed in three states by a small birmingham, alabama, manufacturer is a national brand, whereas the brands of penneys or sears are private brands, stretches the meaning of the terms national and private.品牌品牌是一个综合性的术语，它包括其他范围更小的术语。一种品牌可以是一个名字、一个术语、一个符号或是一个特殊的标志，用以区别不同卖主或卖主群体的货物或劳务。品牌可以把一个卖主的商品同其他竞争者的商品区分开来。一个品牌的名字由可以清晰读出的单词、字母及数字组成。商标是品牌的一个组成部分，其形式为一个符号、一种图案、一种与众不同的色彩或字母书写。它可以从视觉上确认，但在读品牌的名字时不一定能表达出来。商标是受法律保护的品牌，因为依据法律，它已被卖主占有了。因此，商标实质上是一个法律术语。所有的商标都是品牌，它也就包括可以被读出的单词、字母及数字。商标上也可能有图案设计。有些人错误地认为，商标仅是品觯中的图案部分。品牌分类的一种主要方法是依据其所有人制造商和中间商来划分。山比母、弗拉什姆、 斯巴尔丁(体育用品)和萨拉李等是制造商的品牌，而奥斯泰特、舒费因、赛斯克、克拉夫茨曼 和penncrest则是中间商的品牌。国有和私有这两个术语分别用于描述制造商与中间商的品牌所有权。不过，销售人员更偏爱生产者中间商这个术语。我们说阿拉巴马州伯明翰市一家小厂生产的、在三个州都有出售的家禽饲料为国有品牌，而penneys或sears为私有品牌，就把国有和私有这两个术语的意思引申了。moderate earthquake strikes englanda moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast england on 28 april 2007，toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. several thousand people were left without power in kent county. one woman suffered minor head and neck injuries.it felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride. said the woman.the british geological survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a.m. and was centered under the english channel，about 8.5 miles south of dover and near the entrance to the channel tunnel.witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds.i was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me. said hendrick van eck，27，of canterbury about 60 miles southeast of london.i then heard the sound of cracking，and it was getting heavier and heavier.it felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down.there are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year，but they are rare in britain. the april 28 quake was the strongest in britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central england city of birmingham.the countrys strongest earthquake took place in the north sea in 1931，measuring 6.1 on the richter scale. british geological survey scientist roger musson said the quake took place on 28 april in an area that had seen several of the biggest erthquakes ever to strike britain，including one in 1580 that caused damage in london and was felt in france. musson predicted that it was only a matter of time before another earthquake struck this part of england. however，people should not be scared too much by this prediction，musson said，as the modern earthquake warning system of britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. this would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.中度地震袭击英国2007年4月28日英格兰东南部地区发生中度地震，一些房屋烟囱倒塌，许多居民半夜从睡梦中惊醒。肯特郡几千人遭遇断电，一名女子头部和颈部受了轻伤。“我感觉整个房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动。”该女子说。英国地质调查局说，本次里氏4.3级的地震发生于上午8点19分，震中在英吉利海峡底部，位于多佛尔以南约8.5英里处的海峡隧道入口附近。一些目击者看到郡中墙壁现裂缝，并有烟囱倒塌。当地居民说震动大约持续了1015秒。“我当时躺在床上，觉得好像旁边有人从床上站起来。 ”住在伦敦东南部60英里处的 27岁的 hendrick van eck说，“然后我听到有东西裂开的声音，而且越来越响。就好像有人在我床尾不停地并着脚跳。”这种规模的中度地震世界上每年都会发生几千次，但在英国仍非常少见。4月28日的地震是英国自2002 年中部城市伯明翰里氏4.8级地震以来最强的一次。英国的地震最高曾达到里氏6.1级,1931年发生在北海。英国地质勘测所的科学家罗杰马森说，4月28日发生地震的地区曾经遭受过几起英国最大的地震，其中的一次发生在1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，并波及法国。马森预言了英格兰的这个地区早晚还会发生地震，但他说人们不必对此产生太大恐惧，因为英国的现代地震预警系统应该能够侦测即将发生的地震，并在震前数小时内通知大家。这将使人们有时间撤离震区，并把损失降到最低。easy learningstudents should be jealous. not only do babies get to doze their days away, but theyve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.by the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. marie cheour at the university of turku in finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.to test the theory, cheour and their colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first days of their lives. they exposed all the infants to an hour of finnish vowel sounds one that sounds like oo, another like ee and a third boundary vowel peculiar to finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between. eeg recording of the infants brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not di