2014年职称英语考试卫生类阅读判断练习题（一）及答案.doc

2014年职称英语考试卫生类阅读判断练习题（一）stomach ulcerstomach ulcers are the cause of severe pain for many people. doctors have been able to help lessen the pain of ulcers. they could not cure them. now doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers. this means they may have found a way to cure people who suffer from the stomach pain. studies show that ten percent of the population will develop an ulcer at some time in their life. so a possible cure is good news for many people.ulcers are wounds in the stomach that are similar to small cuts or tears. these wounds can harm the tissue in the stomach, the pipe that carries the food to the stomach or parts of the small intestines. fluids in the stomach then increase the pain of an ulcer. how does a person know he or she has an ulcer? doctors say most people with ulcers feel a burning pain in their chest or stomach. this pain often is called heart-burn. it usually happens before eating or during the night. it causes some people to lose their desire to eat, or they are unable to keep food in their stomachs. doctors believed that ulcers were caused by unusually strong stomach fluids, which damaged stomach tissue. now they have discovered that most ulcers are caused by a bacterial organism called hillico bactor pilorie or h pilorie. h pilorie bacteria are what make stomach produce extra stomach fluid. doctors found that they can kill the bacteria with medicines called antibiotics. health experts say the discovery of a cure for ulcers can save thousands of millions of dollars in medical costs. they also believe curing ulcers will reduce the number of people who develop stomach cancer. the number of people with stomach cancer is very high in japan, southeast asia and parts of africa.doctors say a person is more likely to get an ulcer if someone in his or her family has had one. in fact a person with the family history of ulcers is three times more likely to get one than other people. there are ways people can protect themselves from developing an ulcer. doctors say it is more important to reduce the amount of strong fluids in the stomach. to do this, doctors say, people should not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. and they say people should reduce tension in their lives.练习1. in the past, doctors couldnt do anything about stomach ulcers.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned2. now doctors can successfully cure stomach ulcers.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned3. some people are likely to suffer from the stomach pain at some time in their life.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned4. doctors have discovered a cause of ulcers after many years of experiments.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned5. there has been a change in doctors understanding of the cause of stomach ulcers.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned6. stomach ulcer can lead to stomach cancer.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned7. people who eat a lot of spicy food are also susceptible to stomach ulcers.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned答案：bbacaactoo polite for wordsa japanese colleague the other day was talking about a meeting with a man whom she abruptly described using the english word jerk. i thought she was toning down her japanese for my benefit, so i asked her how to say jerk in japanese.theres no such word. she answered helplessly. we have to use jerk . heaven knows its not as if there are no jerks in japan. but the japanese language is just not made for sniping at people. at first, i thought maybe my japanese teachers had been too polite to teach me the real lingo, so watched to see what japanese drivers would say to each other after a accident. it turned out that they say: im sorry. gradually i came to realize that there is perhaps no language so ill suited to invective as japanese. linguistically, these guys are wimps.take the vicious japanese insult kisama, which is deeply offensive. it means your honorable self. thats right. instead of using all kinds of dirty words, the japanese insult each other by frowning and growing: your honorable self.likewise, a nasty expression for a woman is ana, another term not to try with the nice woman at the sushi restaurant. but literally it means nun sure, sarcasm may be intended, but still most women would probably prefer to be characterized as a nun than as a female dog.since people are least inhibited when they are shaking their fists at each other, insults offer a window into a culture. ive been interested in such terms ever since i arrived in cairo a dozen years ago to study arabic and discovered that my name was a curse. nick sounds very much like the imperative of an extremely vulgar for sex. i would introduce myself in arabic, and my new acquaintance would flee in horror.theres no such danger in japanese. there are explicit terms for sex and for body parts, crude as well as clinical, but they are descriptive rather than insulting.there is one exception. one of the meanest things one japanese child can say to another is: omaeno kaachan debeso. that means: your moms belly button sticks out. this has no deep freudian meaning; it simply means that your mother is rude and ugly.1. the japanese woman used the english word jerk so as to make it easier for me to understand hera. rightb. wrongc. not mentioned2. the japanese people cannot fully demonstrate their anger because their language is not suitable for sniping at people.a. rightb. wrongc. not mentioned3. from the linguistic perspective, japanese drivers are cowards,a. rightb. wrongc. not mentioned4. the japanese insult each other by showing their respect in an ironic way.a. rightb. wrongc. not mentioned5. people in other languages may insult a woman with an expression meaning, literally, a female dog.a. rightb. wrongc. not mentioned6. the word nick in the arabic language is a curse.a. rightb. wrongc. not mentioned7. omaeno kaachan debeso is different from other nasty expressions in japanese in that it is insulting both in its literal meaning and in its practical use.a. rightb. wrongc. not mentionedkey: bcacabakitchen designover the years economic, social and technological factors have influenced the design of kitchens. since it is often used simultaneously by both family members as well as guests, the kitchen requires not only a glamorous look but a practical one. also, the design elements must meet the needs of the modern family.environmental concerns have had an enormous impact on kitchen design. this concern includes recycling of house hold material, as well as energy efficient appliances and the purity of both water and air. research shows that up to 85 percent of the population is concerned about what might be in their drinking water. they are also often dissatisfied with the taste and odor of what comes out of their tap. this is why its important to consider adding a water filter system.the character of todays kitchen is very different from the way it was thirty years ago. theres more sophistication in food preparation, and more technological help with cooking and clean-up.when choosing cabinets, first consider the style. use the architectural style of your house as a guide. because cabinets are a big investment, it is best to choose quality. popular styles in kitchen cabinets are framed panel doors with raised or recessed panels of wood, cabinet fronts with glass panes, or simple slab doors in a rich painted or laminated finish. cabinet pulls, dont be afraid to mix and match styles.because many of todays kitchens consist of two of more cooks sharing in the meal preparation, there is a need for more counter space, cooktops and sinks. although lifestyles are changing, the primary function of the kitchen as an area for preparing food has remained unchanged. the sink remains one of the most used areas in the kitchen as well as an important decorative statement.appliance technology is moving at a very fast pace. choosing what type of appliances as well as how many will depend on several factors such as how often and how much you cook and the size of your kitchen.dont limit yourself to one of each kind of appliance. you can have a refrigerator in one place and a freezer in a separate area or two sets of cooktops, one on the counter next to the wall oven and one on an island. you can even have two dishwashers if size and budget require and permit-think of it as saving time in the long run.1. a well-designed kitchen should be modern, beautiful and practical at the same time.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned2. being harmless to the environment is the top priority in kitchen design.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned3. quality matters the most when you are choosing kitchen cabinets.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned4. more counter space, cooktops and sink are needed in todays kitchens because food preparation is more complicated than it used to be.a. right b. wrong c. not mentioned5. the design of the sink is indicative of a kitchen designers intelligencea. right b. wrong c. not mentioned6. means of saving labor, appliances should be replaced whenever new models come outa. right b. wrong c. not mentioned7. it is the amount of time you can spend in the kitchen that decides how many appliances of the same kind you should buya. right b. wrong c. not mentionedkey: a、c、a、b、a、c、bsleep problems plague the older setolder americans often have difficulty getting a good nights rest.its a huge qualityof-life problem，experts say，because contrary to popular belief，seniors require about the same amount of sleep as younger adults.“sleep problems and sleep disorders are not an inherent(固有的)pa rt of aging，”said dr.harrison g.bloom，an associate clinical professor of geriatrics(老年病学)and medicine at the mount sinai school of medicine in new york city.“its pretty much of a myth that older people need less sleep than younger people.”yet.in a study published recently in the american journal of medicine，researchers found that more than half of older americans have problems getting the sleep they need.older people tend to have“sleep fragmentation，”meaning they wake up more often during the night，said study author dr.julie gammck，an assistant professor of medicine in the division of geriatric medicine at st.louis university.they also seem to get less“rem”sleep，the type of sleep during which rapid eye movement occurs，bloom added.its unclear what role these naturally occurring changes in sleep patterns have on persons quality of life，bloom said.“what is important，though，is that older people often have actual sleep disorders and problems with sleep，”he said.and，experts say，there is usually more than one cause.“sleep trouble in older adults is typically associated with acute and chronic illnesses，including specific sleep disorders like sleep apnea(呼吸暂停)and restless leg syndrome that appear with greater frequency in older populations，”said michael v.vitiello , a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and associate director of the university of washingtons northwest geriatric education center.taking multiple medications，as many older people do，can also lead t0 fatigue a“ hypersomnia ，”or being tired all the time，bloom added.another big problem，he noted，is depression and anxiety.“those are very commonly associated with sleep problems.”despite the prevalence(流行)of sleep difficulties in older adults，many patients arent getting the help they need。as a result，problems like insomnia(失眠)，restless leg syndrome and sleep apnea are underdiagnosed and undertreated，bloom said.16. sleep problems can seriously affect ones quality of lifea right b wrong c not mentioned17. it is true that older people need less sleep than younger peoplea right b wrong c not mentioned18 younger people in america seldom complain of sleep disorders.a right b wrong c not mentioned19. the number of older americans with sleep problems is not small.a right b wrong c not mentioned20. “sieep fragmentation” refers to a marked lack of “rem” sleepa right b wrong c not mentioned21. the causes of sleep problems in older people remain unidentified.a right b wrong c not mentioned22. actions will soon be taken in america to better help people with sleep problemsa right b wrong c not mentioned答案：abcabbcrelieving the painexercise may be the best treatment of chronic pain, say doctors at a new clinic for dealing with pain.people with chronic pain need to stop lying around, go out more, and start exercising. the instinctive reaction to acute pain is to stop moving and try to protect the source of pain. but it seems that this is often not productive, especially in the case of back pain. back pain, after headaches and tiredness, has become the third most common reason for people to visit their doctors. painful backs now account for millions of days off work.lumbar(腰部) pains are partly the price humans pay for taking their forelimbs off the ground, but they are made worse by a sedentary(久坐不动的) lifestyle. lack of exercise slowly decreases the flexibility and strength of muscles, so that it is more difficult to take pressure off the site of the pain. exercise is essential. it releases endorphins(内啡肽), the bodys “feel-good” chemicals, which are natural painkillers. in fact, these are so important that researchers are now looking for drugs that can maintain a comfortable level of endorphins in the body.most people who go to a family doctor complaining of pain are prescribed pain-killing drugs rather than exercise. since finding the cause of backache is not so easy, doctors frequently do not know the precise cause of the discomfort, and as the pain continues, sufferers end up taking stronger doses or a series of different drugs. “its crazy，”says dr. brasseur, a therapist at the international association for the study of pain. “some of them are taking different drugs prescribed by different doctors ive just seen a patient who was taking two drugs which turned out to be the same thing under different names.”a generation of new pain clinics now operates on the basis that drugs are best avoided. once patients have undergone the initial physical and psychological check up, their medication is cut down as much as possible. taking patients off drugs also prepares them for physical activity.in some pain-relief clinics, patients begin the day muscle contraction and relaxation exercises followed by an hour on exercise bikes. later in the day, they practice tai chi(太极),self-defense, and deep thought. this compares with an average of two-and-a-half hours physiotherapy(理疗) a week in a traditional hospital program. the idea is to strengthen and to increase long-lasting energy, flexibility, and confidence. explains bill wiles, a consultant pain doctor in liverpool.patients undergoing this therapy get back to work and resume healthy active lifestyles much sooner than those subjected to more conservative treatment.16.to treat pain，patients should stop moving around.a.right b.wrong c.not mentioned17.headaches are partly caused by lack of exercise.a.right b.wrong c.not mentioned18.exercise helps to take the pressure off the site of pain.a.right b.wrong c.not mentioned19.doctors often use drugs such as endorphins to treat patients.a.right b.wrong c.not mentioned20.backache sufferers often end up taking more than one drug to kill pain.a.right b.wrong c.not mentioned21.exercise helps pain sufferers to recover more quickly than traditional treatment.a.right b.wrong c.not mentioned22.new pain clinics ask patients to give up drugs completely.a.right b.wrong c.not mentionedwhy not eat breakfastbreakfast is not only the most important meal of the day, but also the most neglected or skipped . common reasons for not eating breakfast include lack of time, not feeling hungry, traditional dislike for breakfast , and dieting.breakfast simply means the fast. your body spends at least six to twelve hours each night in a fasting state. in the morning your body needs energy to rev up(转动起来)into high gear for the days work ahead.if you skip breakfast , you are likely to concentrate less effectively in the late morning ,feel irritable(易怒的),short-tempered ,tired ,or weak.when you choose not to eat breakfast, your body stays in slow gear. also , people who skip breakfast often binge(无节制的吃)later in the day at other meals or eat a high-calorie snack in the morning .breakfast eaters tend to eat less fat during the day, have more strength and endurance and better concentration and problem solving ability.not hungry in the morning ? well , what time was dinner? did you have a large evening snack? a large dinner or a large bedtime snack can cause you to not feel hungry in the morning. it makes sense to eat more in the morning when there is a full day of activity ahead of you. instead we, tend to have our largest meal in the evening when we are gearing down for sleep.a good breakfast should provide up 1/3 of your total calorie needs for the day. on the average we eat 400 less calories for breakfast then for dinner. if breakfast doesnt appeal to you in the morning, try eating a lighter diner earlier in the evening or save half your dinner for breakfast in the morning.1. the writer thinks breakfast can be neglected or skipped in the day.a right b wrong c not mentioned2. some people do not eat breakfast because they want to lose weight.a right b wrong c not mentioned3. if a person does not have breakfast , he would likely find it hard to pay close attention to what he is doing.a right b wrong c not m