高考英语二轮复习 专题7 阅读理解 类型3 科普知识讲练

系统掌握蕴含其中的马克思主义立场观点方法，要在系统学习、深刻领会、科学把握习近平教育思想上下功夫。精心组织开展学习宣传贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和党的十九大精神知识问答活动。类型3| 科普知识考查要点方法技巧1.科学现象、概念、定义、类别等。2事物的性质、特点、原理、用途等。3事物或现象产生的原因、过程、演变。4相似事物间的异同。1.理清说明顺序：时间、空间、逻辑顺序。2把握文章结构：并列式、承接式、递进式、总分式。3认清说明方法：下定义、举事例、做比较、打比方等。(2016四川高考D)A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good nights sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod offif it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素)，which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study，by researchers from Seoul，South Korea，involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime，according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now，taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugarfree and additivefree with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime，the greater burden you will put on your body at night.32According to the text，the mice fed with daytime milk Astarted sleep more easilyBwere more anxiousCwere less activeDwoke up later33Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?AIts been tested on mice for ten times.BIt can make people more energetic.CIt exists in milk in great amount.DIts used in sleeping drugs.34What can be a suitable title for the text?ANight Milk and SleepBFat，Sugar and HealthCAn Experiment on MiceDMilk Drinking and Health35How does the author support the theme of the text?ABy giving examples.BBy stating arguments.CBy explaining statistical data.DBy providing research results.语篇解读：本文是一篇议论文。长期以来，人们认为睡觉前喝一杯热牛奶，但研究表明，只有喝晚上挤的牛奶才真正有助于睡眠。这到底是什么原因呢？快来读文章吧！长难句解读：Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime，according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.分析：本句为复合句。given night milk为过去分词短语作定语修饰其前面的those；which引导的定语从句修饰先行词night milk；fed with the milk为过去分词作定语修饰其前的those；collected during daytime为过去分词短语作定语修饰其前的milk。翻译：由发表在药物食品杂志上的研究可知，饮用夜间挤出的牛奶的老鼠比那些饮用白天挤出的牛奶的老鼠更不活跃、更不焦虑，在夜间取自奶牛的牛奶所含的褪黑激素是在白天取自奶牛的牛奶的十倍。32B细节理解题。由第四段中的信息Those given night milk .were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime.可知，老鼠喝了白天挤的牛奶会更活跃，也更焦虑，故选B项。33D推理判断题。由第六段中的信息taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night可知，褪黑激素被用于安眠药中，故选D项。34A标题归纳题。作者在第一段就点明了文章要论述的对象晚上挤的牛奶。在接下来的几段中，作者通过研究人员在老鼠身上做的实验论证了晚上挤出的牛奶与睡眠的关系，故选A项。35D推理判断题。文章的第二、三、四、五段都是讲研究人员的实验及其结果，所以作者是用研究人员的研究结果来支持论点的，故选D项。A(2016福建省五校统一考试)More than nine out of ten young people expose themselves to the blue light from smartphones before bed，causing problems with sleep.A new survey also shows more than 28 million people in the UK regularly get no more than seven hours sleep a night.Prof Richard Wiseman，who commissioned the YouGov poll described the findings as “extremely worrying”Of the 2，149 adults questioned，78% said they used electronic devices before going to bed.This rose to 91% among the 18 to 24yearolds questioned in the survey.Getting less than seven hours sleep a night is below the recommended guidelines，and is associated with a range of problems，including an increased risk of weight gain，heart attacks，diabetes and cancer.“The blue light from these devices suppresses(压制) the production of the sleepinducing hormone melatonin，so its important to avoid them before bedtime，” said Prof Richard Wiseman，from the University of Hertfordshire.Everyone needs different amounts of sleep，but adults are generally thought to require a minimum of seven to eight hours a night.Teenagers are recommended to get more，about nine hours.The proportion(比例)of people thought to be getting too little sleep had risen by a fifth since a “bedroom poll”conducted last year by the National Sleep Foundation.Last week revealed opticians were warning that the overuse of smartphones may be increasing peoples risk of eye damage.Optician Andy Hepworth said，“Blue violet light is potentially harmful to the back of your eyes.” So over a long period of time it can damage your eyes.When youre looking at a smartphone，the light peaking out of that is blue violet.The news came as a survey of 2，000 people suggests under25s check their smartphones 32 times a day.本文是一篇科普说明文。研究表明，睡前使用智能手机将导致睡眠问题。1The purpose of the passage is to Astress that people dont use smartphonesBremind people of enough sleepCask people not to sleep too muchDtell people not to use smartphones before bedD写作意图题。根据第一段的第一句“More than nine out of ten young people expose themselves to the blue light from smartphones before bed，causing problems with sleep.”可知，超过90%的年轻人会在睡前玩智能手机，因此导致睡眠问题；据此可以判断，本文旨在告诉人们不要在睡前玩智能手机，故D项正确。2According to what Andy Hepworth said，the overuse of smartphones may be increasing peoples risk of Aweight gainBcancerCeye damageDheart attacksC细节理解题。根据最后一段的第一、二句“Last week revealed opticians were warning that the overuse of smartphones may be increasing peoples risk of eye damage.Optician Andy Hepworth said，Blue violet light is potentially harmful to the back of your eyes.”可知，Andy Hepworth认为，过度使用智能手机会损伤眼睛，故C项正确。3Teenagers are generally thought to get sleep of a night.Aabout 9 hoursB78 hoursCless than 7 hoursDmore than 10 hoursA细节理解题。根据第三段的第二句“Teenagers are recommended to get more，about nine hours.”可知，青少年所需要的睡眠时间是每天大概9个小时，故A项正确。【导学号：85602016】B(2016山西省第二次四校联考)For most caffeine(咖啡因) consumers，its chief benefit is that it helps you get more done.This is what makes it unusual，says Stephen Braun，author of Buzz: The Science and Lore of Alcohol and Caffeine.“Its appeal is that it helps us earn more money，” he adds.“What makes it different from other drugs is that its used as a productivity toolnot for pleasure.”Many of historys creative minds have also been associated with a large amount of caffeine consumption.According to one biographer，the French novelist and playwright Balzac drank as many as 50 cups of coffee a day.“Were it not for coffee，one could not write，which is to say one could not live，” he once insisted.For seven years，the filmmaker David Lynch ate at the same Los Angeles diner every day，drinking up to seven sweetened cups of coffee “with lots of sugar” in one sitting，which he said would guarantee that “lots of ideas” arrived.Ludwig van Beethoven was said to have painstakingly counted out exactly 60 coffee beans per cup when he brewed (煮) coffee.Perhaps recent tales of caffeine excess featured the singer Robbie Williams，who reportedly consumed 36 cups of black coffee and 20 cans of Red Bull a day.It is the routine task itself，as much as the stimulating(刺激的)effects of caffeine，that makes the process so important，says Mason Currey，author of Daily Rituals: How Artists Work.“A lot of artists use the process of making coffee as a gateway to the creative process，” he adds.“ You need to get into the right mindset to do that sort of work，and the preparation process provides a focus.”One problem with attempting to control caffeine, says Braun，is that it affects everyone differentlyit is impossible to work out a “safe” limit that works for everyone.“Eventually，you have to become your own scientistthere isnt an alternative to careful selfexperimentation，” he says.本文讲述了喝咖啡不仅可以帮助人们提神和提高工作效率，而且还可以帮助艺术家们获得灵感。尽管如此，我们对咖啡的饮用量还是应该控制在需要的范围内。4Stephen Braun mainly stresses caffeines Acreating ideasBimproving work efficiencyChelping people to relaxDstimulating peopleB细节理解题。根据第一段的“it helps you get more done”和第二段中的“What makes it different from other drugs is that its used as a productivity toolnot for pleasure.”可知，Stephen Braun强调caffeine可以帮助我们提高工作效率。故选B项。5The examples of some famous people are given to show that Amost artists like drinking coffeeBdrinking coffee helps artists make more moneyCtheres a link between drinking coffee and creating ideasDdrinking coffee makes artists become more successfulC写作意图题。根据第三段“Many of historys creative minds have also been associated with a large amount of caffeine consumption.”和下文对这几位名人的描述可知，他们都通过喝咖啡来获得创意与灵感。故选C项。6What does Braun advise us to do in the end?ATo drink less coffee.BNever to take more coffee than you need.CNever to limit caffeine use.DTo work out a safe level of caffeine use.B推理判断题。文章最后一段Braun指出，就咖啡因的食用量而言，我们很难制订出一个适用于所有人的安全标准，最终，每个人都必须成为自己的科学家。其言外之意是喝咖啡的量是因人而异的，故选B项。C(2016石家庄市教学质量检测)Back in 1969，it was the Apollo 11 crew who flew to the moon in a spaceship.When US.astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin stepped foot on the moon，they were the first.Meanwhile，their fellow astronaut Michael Collins circled the moon in their spaceship，named Columbia.When Armstrong and Aldrin were done with their walk，they returned to the command module，and back to the Earth.That part of the spaceship is on view at the Smithsonians National Air and Space Museum in Washington，D.C.But，if you cannot get to Washington，soon you will be able to see Columbia on your computer or your smartphone.Digital scientists are scanning the inside of Columbia.They are creating an online model，in three dimensions，or “3D”By looking at these photographs，you will be able to see outer space the way the astronauts did.It will be like sitting in their seats.Want your very own Columbia? You will be able to print a 3D copy of Columbia.Experts say anyone can make a lifesized model.But they expect most people to make smaller models of the 320400 cm( 11*13* ) command module.Scientists are using special 3D technology to scan the inside.They use cameras on long arms to take the photographs.The thousands of photographs taken will be combined with 50 laser scans.What would it be like to sit inside Columbia and take a look around？All the images will be loaded into software that allows you to look around the module on a computer screen.The user will be able to see Columbia both inside and out.The Smithsonian says that the 3D technology gives the user ways to see things they cannot see at the museum.And it will give information that even the museum curators(馆长)have not seen before.“With the command module，no one has been inside since it came into the collection，” says Adam Metallo，Smithsonian 3D imaging specialist.“Now the information we capture can give anyone in the world a view of what it looks like inside this incredible piece of history.”本文主要介绍了3D技术的应用使参观哥伦比亚指令