建设项目管理中英文外文翻译.doc

construction project managementvalue engineeringby:fredrick e.gould.nancy.e.joyceabstractvalue engineering is a kind of in the world proved very fruitful way of project management. in our country, with the improvement of socialist market economy, value engineering, whether in theoretical research or practical application aspects, obtained greater progress, and is gradually applied to engineering project management. due to the construction of the project design stage investment is less, the owners often ignored this phase of the application of value engineering, but the practice proof, design phase is the possibility of managing investment the biggest stage. therefore, this paper based on the design stage of a construction project, study the application of value engineering.key words: construction project; value engineering; design stagevalue engineering and cost reduction are often confused, so that the value engineering in the designer had a bad reputation, however, it is important that value engineering is a process, is to consider the cost of other factors, such as: life cycle cost, quality, durability and maintainability. on the other hand, reduce cost, think only reduced. at the same time they are in rely on a given standard role, we consider in the larger context of the standard, while the other reaction activity is only for budget problem. the project team should be very clear in their processes are involved in. despite the tight budget reduces life cost, the owners need to know exactly what he or she buys. value engineering in the process, should the owner to another system reference to buy items or equivalent value system to reduce the cost. in reducing cost in order to save money, he or she is of little value or range less.value engineering is all designed products in the active part. value engineering is not done enough time, reduce cost becomes necessary. value engineering provides a better reduction mode, and reduce the cost can be reduced by engineering quality or quantity, save money.value engineering is not limited to the construction industry, but in the business world to help analysis is to minimize the cost of the optimal value of object technology and products. the best value is not an intrinsic property of. for each project, it takes on a different meaning, often in other similar product comparison. in the construction which is comparable to many products, it is a complicated job. therefore, value engineering is as one of the best team in good operation. value engineering is one of the reasons for negative take designers sometimes feel, architecture is a measure of their work and suggestions, damage the item aesthetic quality. in the process if the designer is an equal partner, this feeling will be reduced. at the same time, the owners need to fully understand the design ideas to make the choice, when the time came, to a specific recommendations for proper balance, to accept or reject.owners of professional designers and construction with the help of setting standards. in general, these standards are divided into several categories: best cost, the best optimal function and aesthetic value. determining the optimal cost for life cycle cost analysis to the building, using the most effective play a role definition. the best aesthetic value, can be difficult to determine, but as with other important criteria. as an important emergency generator case, the team focused on cost and function, but they do not concern for aesthetic values, because the generator will be hidden from view. it takes the first consider the cost, durability, and reliability. its role will be in accordance with safety requirements and the buildings within the residents needs to decide. in a curtain wall system, the owners pay attention to the cost, function and aesthetic value. because the system will be the main architectural image, aesthetic value may cost more than the weight, exceeding even function. these are only the owner can decide to make the final.including value engineering, all items are redundant. after all, is not a design team to put together the best solution, it finds the optimal solution will satisfy the owners cost, functional, aesthetic standards. of course, a good design team is doing. however, every design company established culture also needs to be questioned standard practice. in the value engineering in the process, he could do it. in addition, some teams may be dealt with as soon as possible in the design of the case. for example, the owner should accelerate the job to get the project started construction. its purpose is to return to the previous fact and is not easy to make a decision before the state. value engineering to ensure that such errors do not occur. another possibility is that, the owners have vision, but does not fully explain to the designer. designer response more complexity, to meet the needs of the owners. value engineering process, this complexity will be questioned and clarification.building professionals in their occupation career into contact with many design company. specific design company may not know they brought other products and processes form information. in value engineering, these ideas will be checked, and where appropriate, set down. building professionals can easily acquire about certain product availability information. if a product needs a very long distance transport, which can increase the cost of. maybe there are local products, can also achieve the same standard.although the value engineering in the project construction and even in the construction industry as a whole is pale, the maximum value is obtained in the earlier process: from one system to another, in the schedule have hardly any effect, and the amount of redesign and redraw is minimized. however, in the early stages of design, to produce any saving document is one of the most difficult, because there are usually no formal drawings or plan. the most recognizable effects occur in the schematic diagram of the final and the design and development stage of early. there is enough information on the idea of rational judgment system. of course, most of these savings can be achieved. in construction drawing, macroscopical idea is already in place, and most of the ideas embodied in the file details.during the construction process, value engineering efforts continue. because making changes to the project, design development should follow in the design phase to assess changes in the procedure. contractors can also in the field of application of value engineering principle, save money method, equipment or sequence of operations. who achieve these fields generated by saving depends on the form of contract.some value engineering operation is informal, though the team members in favor of the arrangements and procedures, the others follow a more formal by another person established standards, the following is a good value engineering project is the main component of:(1) review the field identification. he could be performed separately, as each team member critically reviews the design drawings and specifications.the idea was conceived, concern in the design field in this period of time, can use the new product or process, material the use of different strengths, simplify the system, or to processing details.(2) brain storm team members sitting together with idea list and tossing ideas let others to accept, the idea is to get as many ideas as possible on the desktop. as discussed in the context of members should be thought from the others and many have special ideas inspired.(3) each of the proposed analysis. the group determines the standards to evaluate each idea. discussion of alternatives in the brainstorming sessions with standard test. here the brainstorming session, costs are usually not considered first. once a proposal in the functional requirements based on the merits, and then calculate the cost, involves a considerable amount of time and energy. it is a keeping brainstorming focus on functional outcome and reduce costs.(4) report to management. the team will be all the idea of putting it all together. when presented with more and more information is available, some may be in other phases of the project carried out a detailed analysis. some have been team provides a rationale for rejected, some instant recommendation. all the topics for discussion, whether to reject or approve, should keep some for later reference.when the cost of computing work begins, the team can have a look simple first cost, but also can view the life cycle cost proposal. if the proposal in first cost on the basis of sound words, life cycle cost, may not be complete, but the danger is, first cost may not be incorporated into the overall savings work during the life of structures. therefore, it is best to consider the life cycle cost, figure 6.5 shows the first cost and life cycle cost differences between.life cycle cost in building or construction system in the initial study life, operation and maintenance costs, and future interests. prior to this analysis can be applied, assumptions are made about the under construction quality expectations, limitations of the procedure, as well as prospective predictors of cost of capital. life cycle cost can help the design team decided to set system design, site, materials used in construction, and the investment of money. it can be used to build or rebuild project. in the project, the first problem is, whether the buildings were removed or retained. if you have decided to keep the building, the next question is how to scale renovation to meet expectations. these analyses can go through a life cycle cost analysis.the goal is to find, give some to meet the needs of customers alternatives, which cost at least over the life of the building. for example, a specific non traditional heating system can have a higher cost base. basic cost includes direct related design, procurement costs, as well as system installation. however, such a system might be a longer life expectancy than traditional systems, can burn the fuel more efficiently, and may not require so much of the repair, and can use the cheap fuel source.建设项目管理价值工程fredrick e.gould.nancy.e.joyce摘要价值工程是一种在世界各国被证明卓有成效的工程管理方法。在我国，随着社会主义市场经济的不断完善，价值工程无论在理论研究还是实际应用方面，都取得了较大的发展，并且正在逐步地运用到工程项目管理工作中。由于建设项目设计阶段的投资较少，业主往往容易忽略这一阶段价值工程的应用，但实践证明，设计阶段是节约投资的可能性最大的阶段。所以，本文立足于建设项目设计阶段，研究价值工程的应用。关键词：建设项目;价值工程;设计阶段价值工程和减少成本经常搞混淆，这样就使价值工程在设计者中留下了不好的名声，但是，重要的是价值工程是一个过程，是考虑成本的其他因素方面，比如：生命周期成本，质量，耐用性和可维护性。另一方面，减少成本，认为只有减少的意思。同时他们都是在依靠于某种给定的标准而起作用，我们考虑在更大范围内的标准，而其他的反应活动仅是为了预算问题。项目团队应该非常清楚他们在过程中都参与了。尽管紧张的预算降低了现实生活的成本，业主需要确切地知道他或她所购买。价值工程过程中，业主应以另一个系统的参考购买物品或同等价值体系来降低成本.在降低成本中，他或她为了省钱所得到的价值不大或范围更少。价值工程应是所有设计产品中活跃的一部分。价值工程做得并不充足的时候，减少成本就变得必要了。价值工程提供了一个“更好的减少方式”，而降低成本可降低工程质量或数量，节省资金。 价值工程不仅限于建筑行业，但在整个商业界用来帮助分析得到以最小的成本的最佳值的对象工艺和产品。最佳值不是一个固有财产。对于每一个项目，它需要在不同的意义，往往是在其他类似产品之间比较。在建设中这是比较很多的产品，这样是很复杂的一项工作。因此，价值工程是作为一个最好的团队良好的运作的。价值工程消极采取的原因之一是设计者有时会觉得，建筑专业是衡量他们的工作和提出建议，损害了该项目的审美质量。在过程中如果设计师是一个平等伙伴，这种感觉会被减少。同时，业主需要充分了解一定的设计理念使其选择，当时间一到，以一个具体建议理由是适当的权衡，接受或拒绝。 业主在设计师和专业施工的帮助下设置标准。一般来说，这些标准分为几类：最佳的成本，最好的功能和最佳的审美价值。确定最佳的成本可以用生命周期成本分析，以建筑物使用最有效发挥作用的定义。最好的审美价值，是有点难以确定，但可以作为其他重要的标准。作为重要的一个应急发电机案，该团队着眼于成本和功能，但并不对审美价值的关注，因为发电机将被隐藏在视野中。它的花费首先考虑成本，耐久性，和可靠性。它的作用将根据生命安全要求和建筑物内的居民需要而决定。在一个幕墙系统的情况下，业主注重于成本，功能和美学价值。因为系统将是首要的建筑形象，审美价值可能比成本更有重量，甚至超过功能。这些是只有拥有者可以决定最终作出。 其中包括价值工程在内的所有项目都看似多余。毕竟，不是设计团队放在一起的最佳方案，它认为最佳的解决方案将满足业主的成本，功能，审美标准。当然，一个好的设计团队正是这么做的。然而，每一个设计公司已建立的文化也是需要被质疑的标准做法。在价值工程过程中，他能做到这一点。此外，一些团队可能尽快处理在设计的情况下出现的事情。例如，业主要加快工作来获取项目开工建设。其目的是要回到以前的事实和很不容易的重新作出决定之前的状态。价值工程能确保这样的过失不会发生。另一种可能是，业主有远见，但并不能充分地向设计师阐明。设计师响应更多的复杂性，来满足业主。价值工程过程中，这复杂性将受到质疑和澄清。 建筑专业人士在他们的职业生涯中接触到许多设计公司。特定的设计公司可能不知道他们带来的其他产品和工艺的表格信息。在价值工程中，这些观点想法会被检查，并在适当情况下，成立下来。建筑专业人士可以很容易地获取关于某些产品的可用性的信息。如果一个产品需要很长的距离运送，这便可以增加了其花费。也许有本地产品，也可以达到同样的标准。 虽然价值工程在整个项目建设甚至在整个建筑业显得苍白，最大价值的取得是在较早过程：从一个系统转到另一个系统在时间表上几乎不会产生任何影响，以及大量的重新设计和重绘会被最小化。然而，在设计的早期阶段产生，产生任何的的节约形成文件是最困难的，因为那里通常没有正式的图纸或计划。最可辨别的的影响发生