论提高建筑电气设计的可靠性和经济性 毕业论文外文翻译.doc

英文原文：on improving reliability and economical efficiency of building design reasonable design building electricity of each the electricity equipments of the system and usage forerunner to satisfy building function request and economy jis set up investment be extremely importance.in actually of the design, usually because of design of the period be short, time tight, the mission be heavy, but to design of the economy neglect and cause at building initial stage electricity equipments investment of waste.building electricity design of the economy be an electricity equipments of initial stage investment and circulate the expenses attain economy reasonable.now building electricity design is divided into strong electricity with weak electricity two part, underneath difference two from this part to discussion building electricity design initial stage investment of economy.1 .strong electricity partstrong electricity part of design main include high pressure to go together with electricity system, low pressure go together with electricity system, motive lighting trunk line system and go together with electricity box system and lead spread of line electric cable to establish etc., this part design of basic request is a credibility, vivid, safety.credibility-according to use an electricity burden of grade, assurance at various circulate under the way exaltation power supply of continuous, try hard for credibility power supply.vivid-lord knot the line try hard for simple, obvious, have no surplus of electricity equipments;devotion or cut off some equipments or the operation of the circuit convenience.so can avoid a mistake operation, again exaltation circulate of credibility, processing trouble also ability simple quick.vivid still the performance be have orientation of possibility.safety-assurance at carry on the whole operation cut over staff member and equipments of safety, and ability at safety under the condition carry on a maintenance check to fix workusually in the design as long as satisfy norm of request basically ability satisfy above-mentioned 3:00 request, but economy similarly design each system of electricity of importance principle.consideration economy, essential set out from the whole overall situation for construct, according to building oneself of characteristics, economy reasonably design electricity of each system, however credibility and economy two it be current antinomy of a side also have unify of one side, if over-emphasize credibility, take going together with electricity system as an example, big and parts of equipments from change to go together with electricity low pressure mother line project type power supply, certainly will result in the equipments increase, investment enlarge, cause unnecessary of waste, make the economy descend;if over-emphasize economy, decrease equipments, simplification knot line, inevitable would credibility, will result in while being occurrence trouble bigger area of have a power fail, thus again bring loss, it is thus clear that so of result is to not only lower credibility, the economy also lower in the meantime.therefore at processing these antinomy, should first satisfy credibility of in the meantime again exaltation economy.the high pressure go together with electricity system is the source head that an engineering go together with an electricity, so this part of economy main body now dont appear break down, result in the whole engineering power failure, choose to use qualified credibility of product.the low pressure go together with an electricity system this part is general public building electricity design of core part.low pressure go together with electricity system general is go together with electricity by the tree trunk type and project the type go together with electricity to combine together but constitute of, same a dong building adoption same product of layer, because of design system of dissimilarity, meeting creation very big of price bad, direct influence arrive the ji set up of initial stage investment, here include system of constitute and design hour the choose of coefficient use.how make system since economy and then safety credibility?we try to raise 1, assumption some one dong key figures public building adoption two road high pressure enter line, adoption two set transformer, and contain a water pump house in this building, refrigeration engine room, we usually the way of doing be a high pressure adoption list mother line cent segment circulate move contact;(auto contact or not contact)low pressure is mother line cent segment circulate, contact the switch establish from hurl from reply, from hurl not from reply and move conversion switch, from hurl hour should auto break to open not assurance burden, with assurance transformer normal work, lord enter switch and contact the switch establish electricity allied lock, any circumstance be next to match among them of two switch, and for avoid motive burden of start interference illuminate burden, usually one set transformer of low pressure line main supply illuminate burden, but another one set transformer of low pressure line main supply motive, air condition burden.how does the designs ability lower the cost of electricity equipments?can solve from 2, one decrease low pressure of the cabinet line back track, two at design of the process win election to choose good demand coefficient, in the meantime coefficient and power factor,underneath difference two from this discussion:decrease low pressure of the cabinet line back trackwhen we do the electricity of an engineering design, first burden of category and position assurance, inside same district mutually congeniality of burden, from low pressure mother the line kui be a back track power supply of, here of same district can inside same layer, is can is also dissimilarity floor but stalk line position homology of district, so do can decrease low pressure of the cabinet line back track, decrease low pressure the set of the cabinet number, lower equipments cost, weakness is be the line carry break down or kui electricity back track check fix will result in big scope of power failure.however this kind circumstance the possibility of the occurrence be very low in the reality.for example we at residence building within real life a year perhaps and more long time basically dont have a power fail, but the department of this kind of residence building power supply enter line big part is an all big capacity of list back track power supply of, and now the function of the electricity equipments be more and more good, usually under the situation that dont appear electricity break down is dont need maintenance need not check fix, so at not importance burden adoption big capacity back track the line be viable, is also lower an electricity equipments cost of valid.(2)exactitude choice demand coefficient, in the meantime coefficient and power factorthis why how many coefficients want to speak of?because they are direct influence to a dong building electricity equipments of investment.the power factor choose to use whether accurate direct the influence arrive calculation electric current, thus influence electric cable(lead line), protection switch of size;demand the coefficient choose to use whether accurate as well direct the influence arrive calculation electric current, thus influence electric cable(lead line), protection switch of size;in the meantime the coefficient take value return direct influence transformer size of choice, if take value to be partial to big but choice big capacity transformer, will result in future transformer circulate hour exhaust of enlarge.therefore in actually of the design must investigate at actual in the same kind equipments circulate of circumstance, reasonable choose to use calculation coefficient.we at shenzhen once meet so an engineering, 80,000 even rice upscale apartment, the design choose to use 4 set 1250 kva stem type transformer, but actual after build up, in order to go into the rate be low, the first party the transformer which use one set 500 kva take all of burden, this oneself reflection design chronometer calculate the coefficient obtain conservative be partial to big.want consideration development foreground when we do design, stay enough to spare quantity, but these year of development process in, along with building the intelligence turn level of exaltation, electricity the quantity have no significant ascension, building yu from control of regulate, economy energy the choose of product use, electric power waste of decrease and the intelligence turn level of exaltation big part from calculator to realization of, to use electricity quantity of demand very low, so we as far as possible take in the design a little bit lower of coefficient. 2 .weak electricity partalong with building the intelligence turn level of exaltation, weak electricity part of system increment a lot of, weak electricity the equipments have ji to set up investment of ratio also more and more gao, so design very weak electricity of each statures system, to economy investment exaltation the intelligence turn level is have importance meaning.weak electricity part of each system in, building yu from control system from design hospital press the first party and norm request put forward into bas supervision or surveillance of point, and in the design the pipeline of of reserve the bas controller.the controller go to various the power supply of control line, controller which spread a feeling machine and change to send machine, valve door.etc., is all carry on by undertaker deep turn design;each other weak system such as cabled t.v. and satellite television system, public security surveillance system, control at gate system, parking lot management the system be all similar to bas system, in the design more deep what to turn be a fire auto report to the police and fire fight allied move system with comprehensive cloth line system two part, underneath difference from this 2 how lower initial stage investment exaltation usage function.a fire auto report to the police and the fire fight be allied to move the cost of system main relate to the amount of locator and mold piece, so in the design decrease locator and mold piece of the amount can lower a fire auto report to the police an equipments of investment.in the jgj/t16.92 in provisionat beam outstanding crest peng of height less than 200 mm crest peng top the constitution feeling smoke, feeling locator, can take no account of beam to the locator protection area of.when beam outstanding crest peng of height in 200 600 mm, according to the appendix l.2 and l.3 assurance beam of influence and a locator can protection of beam the piece of the district.when beam outstanding crest peng of height over 600 mm, is cut off by the beam of each beam district should at least the constitutionand in of the 6thly provision of a locator car database etc. proper choose to use feeling locator.we are in the design usually meet so of underground garage, the pillar net be apart from for the 8.1 m, pillar net isten word beam, beam gao 500 mm, if press above-mentioned norm each pillar net internal help cloth 4 feeling locator, if underground garage areas above 10,000 even rices(this kind of circumstance usually meet), so and only this and no more garage meeting constitution up to thousand wen gan3, so do to have necessity?if adoption smoke locator meeting decrease 3/the amount of 4 locators, and current along with environmental protection request of exaltation, car of tail spirit exhaustion standard also more and more gao, at underground garage adoption the smoke be viable, so can economical a lot of investment, in the meantime general large underground garage all constitution spray system, therefore can decrease locator of constitution even not constitution, certainly this still demand fire fight section of approval.comprehensive cloth line system is language signal, numeral go together with of signal line, through the norm for unify design, comprehensive at a set of standard of go together with line system up, this system is for the terrace of open type, convenience customer while need, formation respectively independence of sub- system.comprehensive cloth line system can the scope resources of the realization world share, comprehensive information database management, e-mail, personal database, statement processing, finance management, telephone meeting, television meeting etc.comprehensive the cloth line system cost of economy also main body now decrease information point up, in the gb/t50311 the 2000 in article 3.03 and 5.0.1 provision a work area press 510 even rices estimate and each work area information the amount of the electric outlet allocation.front a period of time we design the transact of 56,000 even rices building, if subtract engine room and garage area according to the norm should constitution 5000 information line, but this engineering future usage actual transact a number shortage 2000 people, and each information point of the cost be about 500 dollars and by so doing and necessarily result in very big of waste, therefore in the design must basis actual circumstance reasonably design information point, so then can economy investment cost.in a word: a design of quality direct influence electricity equipments of cost, top return just discussion bigger system of influence, but still have in actually of the minute part the design many worthy of inquiry into concerning economy cost of, only have process careful of, according to actual circumstance, for future stay a yu quantity again economical investment, so be a good design.中文翻译：论提高建筑电气设计的可靠性和经济性合理设计建筑电气的各个系统和运用先进的电气设备对满足建筑功能要求及节约基建投资是极为重要的。在实际的设计中，往往由于设计的周期短、时间紧、任务重，而对设计的经济性忽视，致使在建筑初期电气设备投资的浪费。建筑电气设计的经济性就是电气设备的初期投资与运行费用达到经济合理。现在建筑电气设计分为强电与弱电两个部分，下面就分别从这两个部分来讨论建筑电气设计初期投资的经济性。1 .强电部分强电部分的设计主要包括高压配电系统、低压配电系统、动力照明干线系统、配电箱系统和导线电缆的敷设等，这一部分设计的基本要求是可靠性、灵活性、安全性。可靠性根据用电负荷的等级，保证在各种运行方式下提高供电的连续性，力求可靠供电。灵活性主结线力求简单、明显、没有多余的电气设备；投入或切除某些设备或线路的操作方便。这样就可以避免误操作，又能提高运行的可靠性，处理事故也能简单迅速。灵活性还表现在具有适应的可能性。安全性保证在进行一切操作切换时工作人员和设备的安全，以及能在安全条件下进行维护检修工作。通常在设计中只要满足规范的要求就基本上能满足上述三点要求，但经济性同样是设计电气各系统的重要原则。考虑经济时，必需从整个建筑的全局出发，根据建筑本身的特点，经济合理地设计电气的各系统，然而可靠性与经济性二者之间既有矛盾的一面也有统一的一面，如果过分强调可靠性，以配电系统为例，大部分设备由变配电所低压母线放射式供电，势必造成设备增多，投资增大，导致不必要的浪费，使经济性下降；如果过分强调经济性，减少设备，简化结线，就必然会可靠性，当发生事故时会造成较大面积的停电，从而又会带来损失，可见这样的结果是不但降低了可靠性，同时经济性也降低。因此在处理这些矛盾时，应当先满足可靠性的同时再提高经济性。高压配电系统是一个工程配电的源头，因此这一部分的经济性主要体现在不出现故障，造成整个工程断电，选用合格可靠的产品。低压配电系统这一部分是一般民用建筑电气设计的核心部分。低压配电系统一般是由树干式配电与放射式配电相结合而构成的，同样一栋建筑采用同一层次的产品，由于设计系统的不同，会产生很大的价格差，直接影响到基建的初期投资，这里包括系统的构成与设计时系数的选用。怎样才能使系统既经济又安全可靠呢？我们试举一例，假设某一栋高层公共建筑采用二路高压进线，采用二台变压器，并且在本建筑内含有水泵房、冷冻机房，我们通常做法是高压采用单母线分段运行手动联络（自动联络或不联络）；低压为母线分段运行，联络开关设自投自复、自投不自复、手动转换开关，自投时应自动断开非保证负荷，以保证变压器正常工作，主进开关与联络开关设电气联锁，任何情况下只能合其中的两个开关，并且为避免动力负荷的启动干扰照明负荷，通常一台变压器的低压出线主要供给照明负荷，而另一台变压器的低压出线主要供给动力、空调负荷。如何设计能降低电气设备的成本呢？可以从两个方面解决，第一减少低压柜的出线回路，第二在设计的过程中选择好需要系数、同时系数以及功率因数，下面就分别从这两个方面讨论：（1） 减少低压柜的出线回路当我们做一个工程的电气设计时，首先将负荷的种类和位置确定，将同一区域内相同性质的负荷，由低压母线馈出的一个回路供电，这里的同一区域可以是同一层内，也可以是不同楼层但轴线位置相同的区域，这样做可以减少低压柜的出线回路，减少低压柜的台数，降低设备成本，缺点是当出线端故障或馈电回路检修时会造成大范围的断电。然而此种情况在现实中发生的可能性非常低。例如我们在实际生活中的住宅楼一年或者更长时间基本上不停电，而这种住宅楼的部电源进线大部分都是大容量的单回路供电的，而且现在电气设备的性能越来越好，通常在不出现电气故障的情况下是免维护不用检修的，因此在非重要负荷采用大容量回路出线是可行的，也是降低电气设备成本的有效。 （2） 正确选择需要系数、同时系数以及功率因数为什么这几个系数要提到呢？因为它们直接影响到一栋建筑电气设备的投资。功率