2014年职称英语综合B新增小抄完整版.doc

专业好文档阅读判断 what is a dream？for centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. in fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind and emotions.before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from god. it was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. the austrian psychologist，sigmund freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. in his famous book，the interpretation of dreams （1900），freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a persons wishes. he believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. the swiss psychiatrist carl jung2 was once a student of freuds. jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. he thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. for example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. on the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. for example，psychologist william domhoff from the university of california，santa cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a persons daily life，thoughts，and behavior. a criminal，for example，might dream about crime.domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. his research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. according to domhoff，dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.he has also found a link between dreams and gender. his studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. for example，the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting. this is not true of womens dreams.3 domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world，including both modern and traditional ones.can dreams help us understand ourselves？ psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. however，one thing they agree on this： if you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldnt panic. the dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.？ 许多世纪以来，人们都对他们梦到的奇异事情感到疑惑。一些心理学家认为，这种大脑的夜间活动并没有特殊含义。另一些人则认为，梦是生命中重要的一部分。实际上，许多专家认为，梦能揭示人的心理和情感活动。近代以前，很多人认为梦传递的是上帝的信息。直到20世纪，人们才开始从科学的角度研究梦。 奥地利心理学家西格蒙德弗洛伊德或许是第一个用科学的方法研究梦的人。在他的著作梦的解析(1900)中，弗洛伊德写道，梦是一个人愿望的表达。他认为梦打开了一扇窗，让人们得以表达在生活中不敢表达的情感、思想和恐惧。瑞士精神病学家卡尔荣格曾是弗洛伊德的学生，但他对梦的看法与弗洛伊德不同。他认为，做梦的目的是要给做梦的人传递一种信息。而人们想想自已做的梦，便能对自己有一个更深刻的了解。比如，如果梦到从高处坠落，那么他应该反思自己是不是白视过高。反过来，如果梦中自己成了英雄，应该想想平时可能太看低自己了。现代心理学家还在继续发展关于梦的理论，来自位于圣克鲁兹的加利福尼亚大学的威廉多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他认为，梦境和一个人的日常生活、思想和行为都紧密相关，比方说，一个罪犯就可能梦到犯罪。多姆霍夫还认为，梦和年龄也有关系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做梦做的那么多。他认为，做梦也是一项心理机能，也需要随着年龄增长而发展。多姆霍夫还发现梦和性别之间的关系。通过研究，他发现男性和女性的梦境常常是不同的。例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。多姆霍夫通过研究包括来自现代文化以及传统文化背景在内的11种不同文化背景的人群梦境中的性别差异得出了上述结论。梦能帮助我们更好地理解自己吗？心理学家还在尝试通过不同方式来解答这个问题，不过，有一件事他们是意见一致的：如果你梦到有不好的事要发生，不要慌张。梦可能会有意义，但也不意味着你梦到的一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。要记住，梦中的世界并不是真实的世界阅读理解 ill be bach omposer david cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. it took cope 30 years to develop the software. now most people cant tell the difference between music by the famous german composer j. s. bach (1685-1750) and the bach-like compositions from copes computer.it all started in 1980 in the united states, when cope was trying to write an opera. he was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so he wrote a computer program to create the melodies. at first this music was not easy to listen to. what did cope do? he began to rethink how human beings compose music. he realized that composers，brains work like big databases. first, they take in all the music that they have ever heard. then they take out the music that they dislike. finally, they make new music from what is left. according to cope, only the great composers are able to create the database accurately, remember it, and form new musical patterns from it.cope built a huge database of existing music. he began with hundreds of works by bach. the software analyzed the data：it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns. it then combined the pieces into new patterns. before long, the program could compose short bach-like works. they werent good, but it was a start.cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write. he continued to improve the software. soon it could analyze more complex music. he also added many other composers, including his own work, to the database.a few years later，copes computer program, called “emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera. the process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and emmy. cope listened to the computers musical ideas and used the ones that he liked. with emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish. it was called cradle falling, and it was a great success! cope received some of the best reviews of his career, but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.since that first opera, emmy has written thousands of compositions. cope still gives emmy feedback on what he likes and doesnt like of her music, but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!作曲家大卫科普发明了一个计算机软件，它能编写出古典音乐的原创作品。科普花了30年才完成这个软件。现在，科普的计算机写出的作品与德国著名作曲家js巴赫写作品很相似，很少有人能分辨出其中的不同。这一切始于1980年的美国，那时科普正在写一部歌剧，但是他无法创作出新的旋律,于是他编写了一个计算机软件来帮他编曲。最开始的时候，软件写出的乐曲并不动听。科普是怎么做的呢？他开始重新考虑人们作曲的方式。他想到作曲家的大脑就像一个大数据库，他们先是吸收他们听过的所有音乐，然后去除他们不喜欢的，最后再根据留下的音乐来创作出新的旋律。科普认为，只有伟大的作曲家才能建立好的数据库，并且能熟记于心，从而创作出新的音乐。科普根据现有的音乐建立了庞大的数据库。最开始的时候，数据库包含了几百部巴赫的作品。科普的软仵将这些数据进行分析：首先它将音乐拆解成小的片段，从中找出同定模式，然后将片段组合成新的模式。不久，这个软件就能够写出和巴赫风格很像的小曲子。它们并不完美，但这只是个开始。科普知道，他要做的还有很多他得写出一整部歌剧。他进一步完善他的软件，不久它就能够写出更复杂的音乐了。他还在数据库中加入了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。几年后，科普的软件“艾米”已经能够帮助他创作歌剧了。创作过程需要作曲家和艾米共同配合。科普聆听艾米写出的音乐片段，从中选取他认为好的。有了艾米的帮助，科普只用了两个星期就完成了这部歌剧，叫作摇篮坠落。演出获得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以来最高的评价，但是没有人知道他究竟是怎样创作出这部歌剧的。从那以后，艾米已经写了上千部作品。科普现在依然会给艾米反馈，告诉她自己哪些音乐是他喜欢的，哪些是不喜欢的，但是现在大部分的工作是由艾米来完成的！阅读理解spacing in animals flight distanceany observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. as a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distancethe larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. an antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. the wall lizards flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.critical distance critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. a lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. if the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lions critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.social distance social animals need to stay in touch with each other. loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his groupthat is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the groupit is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. we can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.social distance varies from species to species. it is quite shortapparently only a few yardsamong some animals, and quite long among others.social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. when the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mothers voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. this is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. when the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. when added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. to show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.动物的空间距离 逃离距离一些善于观察的人已经注意到一只野生动物只让人或其他潜在的敌人在特定的距离内接近它， 然后它便会逃走。“逃离距离”是用来描述这种物种间的空间距离的术语。一般说来，动物体积 与其逃离距离之间成正比关系动物的体积越大，和敌人保特的距寓就越大。当敌人离羚羊 500码远时，羚羊就会逃离。另一方面,壁虎的逃离距离大约6英尺。逃离是动物生存的基本手段关键距离关键距离显然与逃离行为的时间和地点有关。关键距离指的是逃离距离和进攻距离之间的狭 窄区域。动物园的狮子会躲开接近它的人，直到它遇到不可跨过的障碍物才停步。如果那人继续 朝它走去,他就很快地进入了狮子的关键距离,这时无路可走的狮子会调转方向，开始慢慢逼近那个人相聚距离 群居动物需要相互之间保持联系。和群体失去联系会因为各种原因（包括面临敌人）而导致 不幸。相聚距离不仅仅是动物和群体失去联系时的距离也就是说，在这个距离它不再能看到、 听到或闻到群体确切地说，它更是一种心理距离，一种当动物超越它的限度后会明显感到焦 虑的距离。我们可以认为它是一条控制群体的隐形带。相聚距离会因动物种类不同而有差别。对一些动物而言，相聚距离非常近，仅有几码远。但 其他动物的相聚距离会非常远。相聚距离不是一成不变的，而是部分地取决于环境。当无尾猿和人类的幼儿会活动，但还不受母亲言语控制时，相聚距离是她手臂够得着的长度。从动物园的狒狒，我们很容易看到这点。当小狒狒走到某个位置时，狒狒妈妈会伸出手来，抓住小狒狒的尾巴，把它拖回身边。因为危险 而需要加强控制时，相聚距离就会缩小。要在人类身上证明这点，你只要观察一个有许多孩子的 家庭就行了。当孩子们横过条繁忙的街道时，他们会互相牵着手。概括大意与完成句子screen test1 every year millions of women are screened with x-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer.if this happens early enough，the disease can often be treated successfully. according to a survey published last year， 21 countries have screening programmes. nin2 but the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial，partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. also，younger women must he given higher doses of x-rays because their breast tissue is denser.3 researchers at the polytechnic universityof valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160，000 women at 11 local clinics. after estimating the womens cumulative dose of radiation，they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.4 the mathematical model recommended by britains national radiological protection board （nrpb）predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100，000 women，18 of them fatal. the model preferred by the un scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.5 the researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is“not very significant compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. the valencia programme，they say，detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100，000 women screened.6 but they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45，because they would be exposed to less radiation. the results of their study，they suggest， could help“optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.7“there is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks，”admits michael clark of the nrpb. but he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “on the basis of the current data， for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. thats why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”每年上百万的女性都做x射线透视，检查是否有乳腺癌迹象。如果检查得足够早，疾病就可以被成功地治疗。根据去年公布的一项调查，21个国家有透视计划。其中9个国家包括澳大利亚、加拿大、美国和西班牙为50岁以下女性进行透视。但是，用x射线检查年轻女性，就医学上的好处而论，是有争议的，部分原因是辐射有诱发癌症的小小的危险。另外，年轻女人乳房组织紧密，给予的x射线的剂量要多一些。valencia理工大学的研究人员分析了】1个社区诊所用x射线检查16万以上女性的结果。估了女性的辐射累积剂量之后，他们用两种模型计算由此导致额外癌症数量。英国国家辐射保护委员会推荐的数学模型预测，透计划会导致每lo万个女性中有36人患上癌症，18人致死。联合国原子辐射影响科学委员会首选的模型得出了一个较低的数字-20人患上癌症。研究人员争辩说，与发现后接受治疗的癌症数字相比，由辐射诱发癌症的数字是很小的。他们说，valencia计划在每10万接受透视的妇女中发现300 -450个乳腺瘟病例但是他们指如果x射线检查从50岁而不是45岁时开始，会使妇女由于辐射而患病的。危险减少40%到80%，因为她们可以接受更少的辐射。他们暗示说，他们研究的结果有助于使乳腺癌透视的技术更加完善。英国国家辐射保护委员会的michael clark承认“在胸透的诊断益处和危险之问有一个平衡”但是他警告说应该谨慎地解释此项研究。“基于目前的数据，每成功地发现io例癌症就有可能导致今后出现一例癌症。这就是为什么在所有的透视计划中，辐射应该减少到最小的原因。”补全短文are online friends real friends?modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship. ( online friends，or virtual friends，are people who have become acquainted with each other through the internet.) are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? what are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? can people form strong bonds online? today these questions are the subject of lively debate.some people believe that the internet is the best way to make new friends. its convenient, its fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world. when you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours. information updates and photos add to the experience. making friends on the internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations. its often easier to share thoughts and feelings online. (in addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support.) they can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.although the internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage. (when youre not face to face, its much easier to deceive people.) online friends only tell you what they want you to know. they sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you cant be sure of what they really like. that is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless youre totally sure of who that person is.can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? there are different points of view. researchers at the university of southern california surveyed 2,000 households in the united states. the results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies” as they do about their “offline” friends. （researchers also found that its not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends.） in contrast, there are many people who believe that its not possible to have deep relationships with online friends. a young indian software engineer, lalitha lakshmipathy，says，“its good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends.”(many people would agree.) they say that its hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you dont share experiences in person.people continue to express different opinions about online friendship. however, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships. as one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the add on in any relationship.”网友算真正的朋友吗？现在计算机技术使得一种新的人际关系成为可能，即网友。网友，或称虚拟朋友，是指在网上认识的人。网友是否能像现实中的朋友一样互相帮助？交网友的利弊分别有哪些？网络上能建立起牢固的联系吗？现今这些问题引起了激烈的争论。有人认为，网络是结交朋友的最好的方式。网络不仅方便快捷，还能让你联系到全世界各种类型的人。当你浏览社交网站和进人聊天室聊天时，你会很容易找到志趣相投的人。信息更新和照片也能增进这种体验。在网上交友对于内向的人来说尤其有利，因为他们在社交场合可能会感到不自在。在网络上，分享思想和情感也变得更为容易。另外，虚拟的朋友能够给人们以情感支持，减少人们的孤独感，帮助他们解决问题。网络虽然可以增进友谊，但也存在不少缺陷。由于没有面对面的接触，人们很容易受骗。网友只会告诉你他们想让你知道的信息。他们有时会夸大自己的优点而掩盖缺点，让你看不清他们的庐山真面目。在因为如此，在不完全确定对方是谁之前，不要随便将个人信息提供给网络上的任何人。网络上的朋友能和现实中的朋友一样有意义吗？对些有许多不同观点。南加州大学的研究人员对美国2000户家庭进行了一项调查，调查结果显示，超过40%的受访者认为“网上的友谊”同“线下的友谊”一样牢固。调查还显示，网友不能转变成现实中的朋友也不是寻常的。与此相对的是，许多人认为与网友发展深厚的友谊不太可能。拉丽莎拉什米帕西是一名年轻的软件工程师，她说：“同很多人保持联系给人感觉很好，但是我网上的朋友不都是我亲密的朋友。”很多人也认同这一点，他们认为，由于缺乏共同的经历，与网友发展信任和联系很困难。人们还在为网友的问题争论不休。不过，大部分人仍认为，虚拟的朋友不能代替现实中的朋友，正如一位人生导师所说：“社交网站只能成为人际关系的助益，而不能取而代之。完形填空the difference between man and computerwhat makes people different from computer programs?what is the missing element that our theories dont yet (1) for?the answer is simple:people read newspaper stories for a reason:to learn more about (2) they are interested in.computers, on the other hand，dont. in fact，computers dont(3) have interests;there is nothing in particular that they are trying tofindoutwhentheyread. ifacomputer(4) istobeamodelofstory understanding ，it should also read for a purpose.ofcourse ，peoplehaveseveralgoalsthatdonotmake (5) toattributeto computers. one might read a restaurant guide (6) order to satisfy hunger or entertainment goals, or to (7) _a good place to go for a business lunch.computersdonot get hungry, and computers do not havebusinesslunches.howeverthesephysiologicalandsocialgoalsgive(8)toseveralintellectualor cognitive goals.a goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to goals to find (9) about the name of a restaurant which(10) the desiredtype offood ，howexpensivethe restaurantis，the location of the restaurant, etc.these are goals to (11)information or knowledge, what we are calling (12) goals.these goals can be held by computers too;a computer(13) want to find out the location of a restaurant ，and read a guide in order to do so(14) the sameway as a personmight. whilesuch a goalwould not(15) outofhungerinthecaseofthecomputer，itmightwellarise outofthegoal to learnmoreabout restaurants.1. a) expressb)explaincaccountd)count2.a)whyb)howc)whatd)when3.a)onceb)evenc)everd)often4.a)programb)instructionc)systemd)function5.a).successb)sensec)scened)point6a)ofb)orc)ind)and7.a)findb)searchc)lookd)watch8.a)wayb)playc)rised)birth9.a)placeb)foodc)referenced)information10.a)ordersb)sellsc)supportsd)serves11.a)acquireb)askc)required)consult12.a)understandingb)learningc)knowledged)awareness13.a)couldb)mightc)shouldd)would14. a) asb) onc)byd) in15. a) ariseb