英语专业论文43697.doc

通过小说宠儿看美国的种族歧视an analysis of the racial discrimination in america in beloved开题报告主要内容统计表选题背景、意义托尼莫里森(toni morrison)是美国第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的非裔美国女性。她的作品大多反映了非裔美国黑人特殊的历史、文化及其思想情感。莫里森于1987年发表其第五部长篇小说宠儿并于1993年因这部作品获得诺贝尔文学奖。宠儿是托妮莫里森最震撼人心,最成熟的代表作,现已成为当代文学史上不朽的经典。这部小说紧密地结合社会,反映了现代美国存在的种种社会问题暴力、革命、自由、人性和种族歧视。本文的写作目的是通过研究小说,来展现美国社会中的种族歧视现象。以使国内读者更加了解美国的黑人现状。该课题国内外研究现状国内外学者从女性主义、心理分析、结构主义、解构主义、叙事学、新历史主义等文化研究角度以及写作主题、写作技巧、人物分析等方面进行了大量的研究。很多评论家从不同的角度分析了该小说：有的分析小说的主题；有的分析写作技巧及叙事策略；还有的运用各种文艺批评理论对其进行分析主要包括心理分析批评、后殖民主义批评、后现代主义批评等。在国外方面,middleton, david主编的作品toni morrisons fiction收录了很多名家对托尼莫里森小说的评价作品,其中有许多是关于宠儿这部小说的研究,例如其中gillis将宠儿与美国的社会现实连接起来进行研究,对本文的写作启发很大。在国内方面也有很多相关的研究,屈婉玲2005年的作品黑人女性的凝聚之力对宠儿中塞丝的女性主义解读,认为托尼.莫里森的长篇小说宠儿叙述了在白人权威肆意践踏性别尊严、蔑视种族身份的文化语境中,黑人女性所进行的百折不挠的文化身份和生存价值的追求,并由此揭示了作家特有的黑人女性主义思想:要争取真正意义上的生存,黑人女性就必须首先结成一个有凝聚力的群体。该课题研究与解决的主要问题通过小说宠儿浅谈对美国的种族歧视的认识进度安排2010年03月20日：交论文提纲2010年04月19日：交论文初稿2010年05月19日：论文二稿2010年06月 3日：论文定稿论文主要内容通过对宠儿命运的分析来看美国的种族歧视。宠儿不受宠的事实可以从多个方面得以体现,而通过这些事实,一些种族问题也得以揭露。造成宠儿不受宠的原因主要包括社会的、家庭的与个人的原因,宠儿的悲剧是整个黑人民族的缩影。在论文的最后,讨论了解决美国种族问题的未来及其解决之道。参考文献1 barbara, smith. toward a black feminist criticism .elaine showalter. the new feminist criticism: essays on women, literature, and theory. new york: random house, 1985.2 danille, taylor-guthrie. ed. conversations with toni morrison m. jackson: university press of mississippi. 1994.3 david l, middleton. ed. toni morrisons fiction: contemporary criticism .new york: garland publishing. 1997.4 emory, et al, elliott. (eds). columbia literary history of the united states c. new york: columbia university press, 1988.5 gurleen, grewal. circles of sorrow, lines of struggle: the novel of toni morrison m. baton rouge: louisiana state university press. 1998,101.6 h aram,veeser. the new historicism a. in veeser (ed) .the new historicism reader c. new york: routledge, 1994.7 nancy j, peterson. toni morrison: critical and theoretical approaches. baltimore: the johns hopkins university press. 1997.8 the oxford english dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.9 toni, morrison. beloved. beijing: foreign language teaching and research press. 2003.10 toni, morrison. rootedness, the ancestor as foundation. in black women writers: a critical evaluation. ed. mari evans. new york: anchor press. 1984.11 toni, morrison. playing in the dark: whiteness and the literary imagination, 1992.12 wang shouren and wu xinyun. gender, race and class: toni morrison and twentieth-century afro-american literature m. beijing: peking university press. 199913 伯纳德. 非洲裔美国黑人小说及其传统m. 四川: 四川人民出版社.2000.14 陈洁. 奴隶制度的“后遗症”和历史创伤的愈合托妮莫里森宠儿简析j. 苏州: 苏州教育学院学报. 2004-20-6.15 杜平. 何木英, 美国文学简史与作品选读m. 四川: 四川大学出版社. 2004.16 胡国成, 透视美国m. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社. 2002.17 姬虹. 民权运动与美国南方黑人政治力量的兴起j, 美国研究 2000(2).18 李道揆. 美国政府和美国政治m. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社.1990.19 罗伯特. 美国黑人在觉醒中m. 上海: 上海人民教育出版社.1976.20 陆谷孙. 英汉大词典m. 上海: 上海译文出版社.1993.21 屈婉玲. 黑人女性的凝聚之力对宠儿中塞丝的女性主义解读n, 四川外语学院学报.2005(5).22 王守仁. 性别种族文化 ： 托尼莫里森与二十一世纪黑人文学m. 北京: 北京大学出版社.1999.23 郑家馨. 殖民主义史m. 北京: 北京大学出版社.2000.24 朱元美. 托尼莫里森的奴隶马车. 北京: 中华书局.2005.25 朱自达. 当代美国文化与社会m. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社.2000.指导教师意见系部意见abstractbeloved is the masterpiece of toni morrison-the famous afro-american woman writer. toni morrison won the nobel prize in 1993 which made her the first black woman to win this prize in the history of america. this novel is regarded as a milestone in american literature. morrison is such a person who holds the firm national status, and has deep personal views on the racial contradictions. in beloved, she stats a central story of sethe killing her daughter beloved. through this novel she exposes the problem of racial discrimination in america.the author of the present thesis tries to see the racial discrimination in america through the analysis of the fate of beloved. the fact that beloved is not beloved could be displayed in many aspects, and through these facts, some racial problems could be exposed. what makes beloved not beloved includes the social reasons, the family reasons and the personal reasons. beloveds tragedy is a epitome of the whole black people. at the end of the present thesis, the author tries to talk about the solution to the racial problem in america.key words: beloved； love； slavery system ； racial discrimination摘 要宠儿是美国著名非洲裔女作家托尼莫里森的代表作,于1993年获得诺贝尔文学奖,从而使莫里森成为第一个获此奖项的黑人女作家,而该部作品也成为了美国文学史上的一个里程碑。莫里森作为一个黑人,对种族问题持有深刻的个人见解。在宠儿中,她讲述了塞丝杀死女儿的中心故事,并通过这个故事揭露了美国的种族歧视问题。在本论文中,作者通过对宠儿命运的分析来看美国的种族歧视。宠儿不受宠的事实可以从多个方面得以体现,而通过这些事实,一些种族问题也得以揭露。造成宠儿不受宠的原因主要包括社会的、家庭的与个人的原因,宠儿的悲剧是整个黑人民族的缩影。在论文的最后,作者讨论了美国种族问题的未来以及解决之道。关键词：宠儿 ；宠爱 ；奴隶制 ；种族歧视contentsintroduction11 introduction of toni morrison and beloved12 background knowledge2chapter one beloved is not beloved31.1 the facts that beloved is not beloved31.2 the racial problems reflecting from the above facts5chapter two the reasons that make beloved not beloved62.1 the social reasons72.2 the family reasons92.3 the personal reasons10chapter three the echo of the tragedy123.1 the future of the racial problem in america133.2 the solution to the racial problem in america14conclusion16the graduation thesis of sifang college in shijiazhuang tiedao university introduction1. introduction of toni morrison and beloved beloved is an outstanding literature work of toni morrison who is one famous afro-american writer born in the state of ohio in 1931. morrison has deep views on the racial problem and has written many books to display this long-existed problem in america. beloved is the fifth and the most mature work of toni morrison, as well as the masterpiece of hers. beloved got the nobel prize in 1993, thus making its author the first black woman to win this prize in literature, so the novel became a milestone in the history of american literature. many critics have recognized beloved as the best novel of america in the last 25 years. so beloved is one work worth of studying. when this work is put into the wide background of the modern society of america, the fate of beloved is not one fate of herself, but that of the whole black. through the analysis of the fact that beloved is not beloved, one of the biggest problems in america could be exploded, thus having its practical values in the modern society. beloved is a historical fiction as well as a ghost story in which morrison tells a central story that sethe kills her daughter beloved. sethe is a slave in the sweet house-plantation in kentucky, and unable to bear the inhuman treatment of slave owners. she escapes to her mother-in-laws house in cincinnati, where she and her children spend a happy life of 28 days, after which the slave catchers come and sethe, in order to protect her children from slavery, chooses to kill them. however at last, only the elder daughter beloved dies. eighteen years later, beloved comes back into the earth as a woman. beloveds return consumes sethe to the point where she ignores her other daughter and even her own needs, while beloved becomes more and more demanding. at last paul d and denver expellee beloved away. as morrison says at the first page of this novel: six millionand morei will call them my people,which were not my people;and her beloved,which was not beloved.romans 9:25112. background knowledge2.1the setting of the story the setting of the novel beloved is the reconstruction era in 1873, which is a period after civil war. the reconstruction period is ranked from 1865 to 1877, during which there are two extrusive problems which americans face, namely the reconstruction of the status for the southern states and the reconstruction of the position for the black people. in the process of the reconstruction, the conflicts of classes, races, and religions are complicated. the black people are cruelly persecuted and the black slaves who have got freedom are also lynched by many terror organizations. the freed slaves dont live much better than the slaves actually.this story frequently flashbacks to the early 1850s when slavery is rampant, as well as the time when the black people are in awake to have active attitude towards the fighting for freedom and equality. the white slave owners treat the slaves cruelly.2.2 the setting for the creation of this storyfor a very long time, toni morrison had a hope that she could rebuild the lost history for the whole black people, and she wanted to create a canon of the black work. in 1974, when morrison was an editor for the language bookshop, she touched a true event that a black mother margaret who was a slave in kentucky escaping from the farm, and when the slave owners captured her, she killed her daughter with an ax in order to save the daughter from being a slave. then after ten years of preparing and three years of writing, the striking composing beloved came into being in 1987. in the novel, morrison borrows the true story of margaret. the mother is the model of sethe, and this incident is also the model of the central event in beloved.17chapter one beloved is not beloved beloved has an elusive, complex character. her identity is the central character for the readers to understand the novel. as most readers consider, beloved is the embodied spirit of sethes dead daughter. beloved never receives love truly, and through these facts some racial problems in america could be reflected.1.1the facts that beloved is not belovedbeloved is a beautiful name, giving people the illusion that she is a child who grows up in the atmosphere of being loved and cared. however, it is contrary to the fact, because she is the one who is never cared but only deserted and murdered. the fact that beloved is not loved could be displayed mainly in the following aspects. 1.1.1 beloved is murdered by her own mother beloved is killed by her own mother when she is only about one year old. her mother, sethe, cut her throat with a sharp handsaw. sethe doesnt want her children to experience what she has experienced in the sweet house. living there is a rather unpleasant experience for her. she is put to the animal side and works hard but being treated as a cow or goat. the two white slave owners hold her down and take her milk away. whats more, her saint love as a mother is invaded cruelly. finally, beloved becomes the only one who escapes from the earth because of her mothers “help”, but at the same time she becomes the only one who is deserted to the world full of darkness. at that time, she is still a small baby who could only crawl. she has to be used to facing the darkness by herself.1.1.2 beloved is hated by paul d paul d plays an important role to repress beloved. from the beginning to the end, what he does is to exorcise beloved out. when coming into the house of 124 for the first time, he uses his power to force the baby ghost go away. when beloved comes back to the earth in the form of a woman, both sethe and denver treat her as a member of the house, but only paul d could not accept a stranger again, even bases on the fact that he doesnt know this woman is the ghost. so maybe his prejudice and unfriendliness is not pointed to beloved but to all the persons who snatch sethes love. however, his hostile mood and his feeling or attitude to other intruders have made beloved a person who could not get love from him nor from her mother at last. paul d has played a role in repressing beloved. he has no relation with beloved but adds more bitterness on her.1.1.3 beloved is expelled to the edge of death by her sister at the end of the story, as the sister of beloved, denver comes out of the house to seek help from the community, thus making beloved disappear. to some extent, denver is the murder of beloved who has come back to the earth. if it were not for denver, no one in the community would pay attention to the house of 124, and without her, no one would come to the house to expel beloved. whether beloved does right or wrong, it is a fact that her sister sends her to the death once again as her mother did 18 years ago.1.1.4 beloved is exorcised by the community the black community exorcises beloved from 124: they treat her as just a haunted ghost, hates her and then forgets her. for a very long time, the community has ignored the family of 124 where sethe and her children live. because sethe kills her own daughter and all the people living in the community think that a mother who could murder her child would definitely not worthy of getting along with. “the community makes the family of sethe live separately for nearly 19 years.”2 but when beloved comes back as a ghost, they show their empathy to sethe for the first time and they try to drive the ghost away from their group. this behavior shows that comparing the criminals that the alive person has done, people who live in community could not endure the things the ghost does. beloved sees that the black people become a hill before her. when the ghost without skin comes and takes her away to the darkness again, the community expellees beloved out successfully. they give no living space for the pity girl at all. beloved disappears, in other words, she is destroyed once more. people forget her. what beloved left is just a dream that everyone is not sure whether it is true. this forgetfulness is the betrayal to beloved, but also the necessity for the black people who are still alive. this forgetfulness is one thing that makes beloved a floating dead soul who is poor enough. 1.1.5 beloved has no identity of herselffrom cradle to grave, she even does not have a real name. when the minister makes his preach, sethe hears the word of “dearly beloved” and mistakes the words as the dead people. then she offers her sex to make an exchange with the burier. thus on the grave of the dead girl there comes her name-beloved. no lucky children, or in other words, no child that gets enough love could get his name in this way. whats more, in fact, it is not a name at all. “everybody knows what she is called, but nobody anywhere knows her name.”3 she is such a child that has no identity at all.1.2 the racial problems reflecting from the above facts in beloved, the author explores one of the most serious problems in americathe racial problem through the fact that beloved is not beloved.1.2.1 the historical origin of the racial problemthe dark place that beloved lives lonely is one that of the dark hot quarters, a pile of dead bodies. the water may be the representative of the “middle passage” to transport slaves. slavery is the origin of the racial problem that makes their colored skin a brand for the inferior. thus hundreds of years after the time when slavery ends, the black people still live at the bottom of the american society. in the slavery society, the black people are not humans who have the independent identities, they are treated as animals. and because of the slavery, the white people have the prejudice and discrimination towards the black. 1.2.2 the high rate of criminal for the blackthe dehumanizing slavery, as well as the racial discrimination has driven the black people to be brutal. the white people think that in every black persons heart, there is a wild wood, but they do not know it is their cruelty that makes this wood uncontrolled. the more the black want to estimate that they are human, the more cruel would the white exploit them. when they are driven to some extent beyond their endurance, they would turn to the violent force, even to murder. the black people, a weak group, are more tended to use violence to solve problems. sethe, a black woman, is the representative of the weaker. she could not use violence to hurt the white who has persecuted her but only could hurt her most imitate children. the mother who is helpless could only choose to kill her daughter to protect her and then go to the prison. america, a country which is considered as “the paradise of freedom”, makes so many people feel helpless as in prison. it is the result of the slavery and the racial problems.1.2.3 the lack of education for the black most black people are illiterate. few of them have the chance to get education, because the society show prejudice to them. sethe even could not understand the simplest address of the preacher, thus giving her dead daughter a name like beloved. the limit of the language is one signal of the poor education level. 1.2.4 the black suffer the most the racial problem is the chronic illness of america. the black people could not face the past. indeed it has the condonable and harmonious surface, but the racial problem exists in subtle everywhere. enduring the discrimination, the black was lack of the courage to see the ghost who had come back for debts. the ghost represented their brethrens who were killed, if they accepted it, they would try to kill the white for revenge, but in one society that the white was in majority, if they revenged, they could not survive. 4 so what they do could only be expelling the ghost away. the black would not only face the discrimination at present, but also the history of dead souls. so they suffer the most that is all brought by the slavery and the racial discrimination in america. chapter two the reasons that make beloved not belovedin fact, beloved is only a name, and the girl is never beloved. in other words, beloveds parents want to love her but the society could not allow. how could a child who seems to be very loved by parents become a ghost? there are many reasons that make beloved not beloved, and they could be mainly categorized to the following three aspects: the social reasons, the family reasons and the personal reasons.2.1 the social reason