毕业论文—国际业务单证.doc

邢台职业技术学院documents making in international tradea graduation thesis submitted byli rongin partial fulfillment of the requirementsforthe certificate of graduationin the subject of business english todepartment of foreign languagesofxingtai polytechnic collegesupervisor: cheng yunapril 29th，2011 8acknowledgementfirst i want to thank my supervisor mr. cheng yun, who has given me a lot of help in studies and life. also thank my classmates and colleagues, they generously helped me collect materials i needed and made many invaluable suggestions. during these days in mr. chengs class, i have learned much from him and it is very helpful to me. firstly, he let me know the responsibility and carefulness. and, i think, it is very important no matter in life or working. this can help me with my documents working. secondly, i have got enough confidence in spoken english from his class and it took me a long time to gain this confidence. now, i always express my ideas in english as possible as i can. its great to do that. i think when i work as the international sales, i can do well. the last but not the least, i find that learning english is not an boring thing as before and im interested in studying english which was just a necessary tool to my success. reading, listening or speaking, all become interesting and i really enjoy it.my parents took good care of my life and gave me a lot of encouragement when i was working at this thesis. they always share my weal and woe. i feel much grateful and heartily owe my achievement to them. above all, i want to say thanks again to all of them. abstractin the international trade, the documents are the titles which the customers obtain the goods. if the documents that the customs need are not provided completely in the destination, our customers will not get the goods. in additions, all the orders are carried out by the documents and end by the documents. so as we all know, the documents play a key role in the whole process of international trade. this paper has been a detailed analysis to the kinds and usage of documents, the importance and significance of documents, the process of making documents and some particular information about documents. certainly, i will add some experience and lesson of mine to the paper. the purpose of writing this paper is to summarize the methods the documents making, which aspects we should pay attention in the process of making documents and how to make the theory apply in practice. meanwhile, we can learn more knowledge and some social experience. key words: species and usage importance making process摘 要在国际贸易中，单据是客户取得货权、得到货物的凭证，如若不能完整出具目的港海关所需的单据，我们的客户将不能得到货物。而且，所有的订单都是起于单据，终于单据。他们都是按单据在执行。每个贸易人都会知道，单据在国际贸易的整个过程中起着至关重要的作用。本文从单据的重要性、意义、种类、作用及其制作过程做出了细节描述，而且加进了一些个人的经验教训。本文旨在总结单据制作的方法与在中做过程中的注意点及其如何将理论知识应用于实践，与此同时，让自己从中学到更多的知识，增加一些社会经验。关键词：种类及作用 重要性 制单过程contentsacknowledgementiabstract.iicontents. iiiintroduction.ivi. the definition of documents .11.1 the species and usage of documents .11.1.1 the species of documents .11.1.2 the usage of documents21.2 the importance and significance of documents.2ii. the documents making .32.1 some attention points in the documents making.32.1.1 the requirements of documents making.32.1.2 the rules of documents making .42.1.3 some examples in documents making .42.2 the order of everyone in documents making.52.2.1 the process of documents making.52.2.2 the sequence of documents making.5iii. some special requirements in different countries.63.1 some documents provided as the customers or policies.63.2 some privileges when some documents provided.7conclusion .7bibliography 8introduction as we all know, in a sort of sense, international trade is document trade, even if in the high-tech age, document also plays an important role. if you are not familiar to documents, which means that you have little knowledge of international trade. so make a clear introduction of making document is important. it will give you some help in your document working. in this paper when we get the talking the point of “the definition of documents”, we take “the species and usage of documents”, “the importance and significance of documents”. when we get the talking point of “the documents making”, we take “some attention point in the documents making”, “the order of everyone in documents making” when we get the talking the point of “some special requirements in different countries”, we take “some documents should be provides as the customers or policies”, “some privileges when some documents provided”.i. the definition of documents1.1 the species and usage of documentsgenerally speaking, documents are used to international settlements. with it, we can deal with the delivery, transportation, inspection and the settlement of exchange of goods in the international trade.1.1.1 the species of documentsin the international trade, the documents can be divided to different kinds according to different standards.according to the documents that the trade partners refer to and all the transaction parts, it can be divided to export document, import document, checked document and settlement document.the export document is the document which the enterprises in export countries and the relative governmental departments refer to, sales contract, export license, declaration for exportation, packing document, commercial invoice, insurance policy, draft (bill of exchange), certificate of inspection and quarantine, certificate of origin (co) and so on.the import document is the document which the enterprises in import countries and the relative governmental departments refer to, sales contract, import license, l/c, declaration for importation, insurance policy and so on.the checked document is the document which ensures the shipment of good safely.the settlement document is the document which ensures to get the payment safely.according to the character and usage, the documents can be divided to financial document, commercial document, governmental document and subordinate document and so on.the financial document is the receiving voucher, for example, the draft, promissory note, check or other similar vouchers.the commercial document is commercial invoice, transport documents, insurance policy, certificate of inspection and quarantine, certificate of origin (co) or other similar documents. among them, all kinds of transport documents are collectively called “transport document”, bill of lading (b/l), non-negotiable maritime transport document, airway bill of lading, universal transport document, shipping note, goods declaration for exportation and so on.the governmental document is the document and certificate issued by governmental office. for example, export license, customs invoice, consular proof or consular invoice and so on.the subordinate document is including certificate for dispatch of documents, certificate for dispatch of shipment sample, shipping advice and so on.1.1.2 the usage of documentsin general, the documents are the proof of execution of contract by exporter, are the representative of trade, are the voucher of international trade settlement and are the financing means. besides, the goods of documents are the premise that the bank acts in international trade settlement. and the documents are the important voucher for getting goods, customs declaration and paying taxes.next we will introduce some main documents, for example, the sales contract, the b/l, and the commercial invoice.the sales contract is the center of international trade, because all the activities are going around it. besides, because the buyer and seller in different countries, more questions can happen easily, the sales contract is not only the guarantee for getting the payment by seller, but also the guarantee for getting good by buyer. meanwhile, by the joint efforts, the biggest benefit can be achieved. in fact, the sales contract plays an extremely important and non-substitutable role in international trade. the b/l is another important document in the international trade. generally speaking, it has three main functions. firstly, it is the goods receipt. and it is issued by shipping company or other agents, meanwhile it can be identify the goods received according to the content of b/l. secondly, it is the title deed to the goods. it stands for title to the goods, and the b/l owner can get goods by it, also transfer or pay a date through endorse. thirdly, it is the evidence of contract of carrier. for truly speaking, the b/l itself is not the evidence of contract of carrier, but it is the basis of dealing with the rights and obligations between carrier and shipper.the commercial invoice can react in the whole content of the sales contract. although it is not the title deed to the goods, if there is not the commercial invoice, the documents will not react in the overview of a transaction. besides, the commercial invoice is the basis of making other documents, the voucher of settlement instead of draft when no draft used.1.2 the importance and significance of documentsas we all know, the documents play a important role in the international trade.firstly, it is enterprises need of receipt of proceeds and payment. in true transaction, how to achieve currency transfer, how to pay, how to get goods, all of them finish by documents.secondly, it is the method and voucher of execution of contract. in the transaction providing the relevant documents are the methods of execution of contract by contract parties, also are the voucher of fishing contract by contract parties. thirdly, it is the basis of avoiding and solving problems. fourthly, it influents the impress and benefit of nation, enterprises and itself directly.finally, it is an important part in the running and management of enterprise.ii. the documents making2.1 some attention points in documents making2.1.1 the requirements of documents makingin summary, there are five requirements in making. they are “correctness”, “completeness”, “punctuality”, “conciseness” and “tidiness”.correctness, it is premise of all the documents making. if the documents are incorrect, we can not settle a foreign exchange account safely. firstly, when make the documents, the points that we should pay attention to are “just the same”, “the same document”. secondly, any kinds of documents should be fit for the requirements of the international trade practice, the law and the rule of all kinds of countries. thirdly, it is consistent with the goods that it stands for.completeness, in a way, it mainly is the completeness of documents that a transaction refers to. we can explain as follows in details, “the completeness of contents”, “the completeness of copies”, and “the completeness of species”. in a word, all the documents that the customer needs or the import country needs should be provided.punctuality, that is to say, dealing with documents should be finished in a certain time. we need to learn the bellowing points, “making documents in time”, “reviewing documents in time”, “handing in documents in time”, “settlements in time”. besides, we also learn that the issuing date of every document should be reasonable and workable.conciseness, that is to say, the contents of documents should be concise, avoid unnecessary lengthiness. the concise is not only reducing the workload and improving work efficiency, but also improving the quality of documents and reducing the mistakes of documents.tidiness, that is to say, the documents should be clear, clean, and beautiful etc. besides, the reasonable format design, the clear distinction between primary and secondary in contents arrangement and the important contents stroked. and the smeared appearance should not be appeared, meanwhile, add and amend should be avoid or reduced.2.1.2 the rules of documents makingwhen make the documents, there are four rules we should pay attention to. they are “consistent between documents and contract”, “just the same”, “the same document”, and “consistent between document and goods”.2.1.3 some examples in documents making in the international trade, there are some basic and important documents. here i will emphatically introduce them. firstly, the invoice is the center of all the documents. the invoice has many kinds, for example, the commercial invoice, the customs invoice, the consular invoice etc. but the commercial invoice is necessary while the customs invoice and the consular invoice should be provided if the customers or the import country requires. when we make, we must pay attention to that in it the “invoice” or “commercial invoice” must be marked, generally, the invoice payee is the applicant unless the l/c has special stipulation, and any dates should be correct exactly. secondly, the b/l is the title deed to the goods. so we must pay attention to it, if has a little mistake, the goods can not be obtained by buyer. when review it, there are some points we should pay attention to, for example, whether it is the clean b/l or not, whether it has the carrier signature or not, whether “shipped on board” is marked or not, whether the dates are consistent with that of other documents or not and whether the import countries have some special requirements etc. when the term of payment is l/c, we must pay attention that the date of b/l must be not later than the l/c stipulation, whether the contents of b/l is consistent with that of l/c or not, whether the original b/l provided to bank is complete or not etc. when the draft is necessary, we also review whether the issue place and the date of draft is fit for the l/c stipulation or not and whether the amount of draft is consistent to that of l/c or invoice or not etc. thirdly, the l/c is unnecessary but complex documents; sometimes we sign a contract as l/c payment terms. in this condition, as the exporter we should pay attention to it specially. l/c has many kinds according to different standards, for example, the revocable l/c and the irrevocable l/c, the sight l/c and the usance l/c, documentary l/c and clean l/c, confirmed l/c and unconfirmed l/c and transferable l/c and non-transferable l/c etc, but in a word, they are the term of payments, no matter which one we accept, we should make sure whether the settlement has risk or not, especially the fob price term. besides, due to the high rate of bank debit, if the amount is small, youd better not accept this term of payment.2.2 the order of everyone in documents making2.2.1 the process of documents makingin the real transaction, the process of making can be summarized five steps, they are “check”, “calculate”, “assign”, “make”, “review”.check, we should check all the original materials, for example, check the warehouse receipt, the packing list, the l/c or the s/c, check clearly whether the documents is consistent with the goods or not.calculate, we learn that many dates need to be calculated, and they must be finished before making documents.assign, we should prepare the blank format and the copies of documents the goods needs, the copies that the bank need, the office copy or other needs included.make, we can start with invoice, because it is the center of all the documents, when the invoice is finished, the other documents can be made according to the invoice content. when making, the carefulness and patience are important, if any make mistake, the next thing is not going on.review, it doesnt mean the work is finished when everyone is made done. in case of any mistake, we should review. that is another important step.when the five steps are finished, the documents making is done. the documents making is an complicated thing, so in the process of making, we should be patient and careful.2.2.2 the sequence of documents makingany thing will be done as it own order. so will the documents making. when we make the documents, we should making as their time of making so that we can finish correctly.in general, the b/l date is the key of making sure the dates of all kinds of documents. however, when we make, the invoice is made firstly, because it is the center of all the documents. the date of invoice is the earliest. the date of packing list is equal to or later than that of invoice, but is ahead of that of b/l. and the date of b/l does not beyond the time of shipment of the l/c stipulation. the date of insurance policy should be earlier or equal to that of b/l, but it is not earlier than that of invoice. in general, it is two days earlier than that of b/l. the date of certificate of origin is not earlier than that of invoice and not later than that of b/l. the date of inspection certificate is not later than that of b/l, but is not earlier too much than that of b/l, especially, the fresh goods. the date of beneficiarys certificate is equal to or later than that of b/l. the date of certificate of shipping company is equal to or earlier than that of b/l. the date of shipping advice is equal to or later than that of b/l, but it i