2010年职称英语卫生类新增文章

第十二篇 Skin Cancer Now Top Cancer among Young Women in UK (A 级) Melanoma, the deadliest kind of skin cancer, is now the most common cancer in young 1 women, the countrys leading cancer organization said Wednesday. Skin cancer has 2 cervical cancer as the top cancer striking women in their 20s, according to the latest data from Cancer Research United Kingdom. The trend is particularly 3since younger people are not generally those most susceptible to melanoma. Rates of skin cancer are 4 highest in people over age 75. But experts worry that increasing numbers of younger people being diagnosed with skin cancer could be the 5of a dangerous trend. Women6their 20s make up a small percentage of all patients diagnosed with melanoma in Britain, but nearly a third of all cases occur in people younger than 50. Based on current numbers, Cancer Research UK predicts that melanoma will become the fourth most common cancer for men and women of all 7 by 2024, and that cases will jump from about 9,000 cases a year to more than 15,500. Cancer experts 8 the rising number of skin cancer cases largely to the surge in people using tanning salons. “Spending time on sunbeds is just 9 dangerous as staying out too long in the sun,“ said Caroline Cerny of Cancer Research UK. The organization is starting a SunSmart campaign to warn Britons of the 10 of being too bronzed. “The intensity of UV rays“ in some sunbeds can be more than 10 times 11than the midday sun,“ Cerny said. In the United States, several states require parental approval 12 minors can use tanning salons. Wisconsin bans people 16 and 13 from using tanning beds, and others ban children under 14. At least 29 states have -regulations governing minors use of tanning salons. In the U. K. , Scottish politicians passed legislation banning those under 18 from using tanning beds, though it hasnt yet been implemented. There are no plans for 14 in the rest of the U.K. The World Health Organization has previously recommended that tanning beds be regulated because of their potential to damage DNA in the skin. Experts said most deadly skin cancers could be15 if people took the proper precautions when in the sun and avoided tanning beds. 练习： 1. A American B British C world D black 2. A overtaken B overlooked C overseen D overwhelmed 3. A satisfying B encouraging C relaxing D worrying 4. A typically B strangely C occasionally D hopefully 5. A end B start C turn D line 6. A at B on C of D in 7. A kinds B ages C colors D sizes 8. A assign B attribute C contribute D allocate 9. A more B so C as D like 10. A points B benefits C steps D dangers 11. A stronger B nicer C darker D deeper 12. A before B after C until D while 13. A below B low C under D beneath 14. A warning B legislation C approval D debate 15. A predicted B treated C avoided D diagnosed 2010 职称英语卫生完型新增文章-第 12 篇参考答案 BADAB DBBCD AACBC 2010 职称英语卫生完型新增文章-第 12 篇参考译文 第十二篇 皮肤癌成英国年轻女性患癌第一疾病 最致命的皮肤癌黑素瘤现成为英国年轻女性患有的最普遍癌症，英国主要癌症研究组 织周三称。根据英国癌症研究组织的最新数据，皮肤癌已取代宫颈癌成为 20 几岁女性的头 号癌症杀手。 这一趋势着实令人担忧，因为年轻人通常不是最容易患黑素瘤的人群。皮肤癌的最高发病 率常见于 75 岁以上人群。 但专家担心越来越多的年轻人被诊断患有皮肤癌，这可能成为危险趋势的苗头。20 几岁的 女性仅占英国全部确诊黑素瘤病人的一小部分，但近三分之一的病例都出现于 50 岁以下人 群。 根据目前的数据，英国癌症研究组织预计，截止到 2024 年，黑素瘤将成为所有年龄人群患 有的第四普遍的癌症，年均发病率将从目前的 9000 例跃升至 15500 例。 癌症专家将不断增加的皮肤癌病例主要归咎于越来越多的人使用日光浴沙龙。 “长时间躺在 日光浴浴床上与在阳光下呆得时间太久一样危险” ，英国癌症研究组织的卡罗琳赛尔妮说。 这一组织正在开展聪明享受阳光活动，以此来提醒英国人晒太阳过多的危险。 “某些浴床的紫外线强度是正午太阳紫外线强度的 10 倍还多” ，赛尔妮说。 美国的好几个州都要求青少年在获得父母批准后才能使用 13 光浴。威斯康辛州禁止 16 岁 以下的孩子使用日光浴浴床，其他几个州则是对 14 岁以下的儿童开出了同样的禁令。至少 有 29 个州都有管理青少年使用日光浴的法令法规。 英国苏格兰的政治家们通过立法禁止 18 岁以下人群使用日光浴浴床，尽管这一法令还未得 以实施。英国其他地方还没有相关立法的计划。 世界卫生组织早前已经建议对 El 光浴浴床进行控制因为它们对皮肤里的脱氧核糖核酸构成 潜在威胁。 专家表示如果人们在阳光下采取适当的预防措施并避免使用日光浴浴床的话，那么可能就 不会患有最致命的皮肤癌了。 第七篇 Nurse ! I Want My Mummy (B 级) When a child is ill in hospital, a parents first reaction is to be 1 them. Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep 2 with their child，providing a bed or sofa on the ward. But until the 1970s this 3 was not only frowned upon it was actively discouraged. Staff worried that the children were upset when their parents 4 , and so there was a blanket ban. A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study “Nurse! want my mummy“, published in 1974, 5 the face of paediatric nursing. Professor Martin Johnson, professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of 6 like Pamela had changed the face of patient care. “Pamelas study was done against the 7 of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in 8 . “The idea was that if mum came to 9 a small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable for hours. “Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at 10 the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed. “Of course we know now that they had almost, given 11 hope that mum was ever coming back. “To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit. “But children were alone, and 12 , so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit. Dr Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her 13 had been seminal. “Her research put an end to the 14 when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward. “As a result of her work, parents and carers are now recognized as partners in care and are 15 the opportunity to stay with their children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents and childrens experience of care. “ 练习： 1. A for B with C upon D against 2. A occasionally B soundly C overnightD overtime 3. A practice B exercise C thought D request 4. A stayedB criedC appeared D left 5. A lost B changed C studied D made 6. A professors B doctors C nursesD parents 7. A backgroundB history C fact D reality 8. A schoolB hospital C family D world 9. A take B control C persuade D visit 10. A once B will C all D large 11. A up B off C down D away 12. A relaxed B pleased C depressed D stable 13. A workB dream C issue D doubt 14. A hours B days C weeks D months 15. A refused B created C lent D afforded 2010 职称英语卫生完型新增文章-第 7 篇参考答案 BCADB CABDC ACABD 2010 职称英语卫生完型新增文章-第 7 篇参考译文 第七篇 护士，我要妈妈! 小孩子生病住院时，家长的第一反应是陪在他们身边： 现在大多数医院都在病房内提供床或沙发，允许父母陪孩子过夜。 但直到 20 世纪 70 年代，这个习惯不仅遭至不满，而且还被积极阻止。工作人员担心父母 一离开，孩子们会烦躁不安，因此就设置了全面禁令。 一位有心的护士，帕梅拉?霍桑，不同意此种做法，她的研究护士，我要妈妈发表于 1974 年，改变了儿科护理的面貌。 索尔福德大学护理专业的教授马丁?约翰逊说，像帕梅拉这样的护士的工作改变了病人护理 的面貌。 “帕梅拉的研究是在儿科学和心理学的激烈论辩的背景下完成的，这一论辩是关于在外部 世界女性应该与孩子待在一起的程度以及在何种程度上允许她们探望住院的孩子。 ” “一般的想法是如果母亲来到医院探望小孩，小孩就会烦躁不安，几个小时内无法安抚。 ” “但这个护士却注意到如果母亲完全不来探望，孩子处于一种相对稳定的状态但他们可能 会感到沮丧。 ” “当然我们现在知道了他们当时几乎放弃了母亲再度回来的希望。 ” “为了避免小小的痛苦，他们说谁也不应该来探望。 ” “但是孩子们那时是孤单沮丧的，所以霍桑说应该允许父母探望孩子。 ” 英国皇家护理学院的执行董事长和秘书长皮特?卡特博士说帕梅拉的工作有着开创性的意义。 “她的研究使得父母在医院病房门口将自己的孩子交到陌生人手上的日子一去不复返了。 ” “结果，现在家长和护工被视为护理方面的搭档，家长还获得了与住院的孩子待在一起的 机会，这就显著地改善了家长和孩子的护理体验。 ” 第二篇 8 New York Students Have Swine Flu (C 级) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed 1of swine flu in eight students at a New York preparatory school, Mayor Michael Bloomberg said Sunday. The students have had only 2 symptoms and none have been hospitalized, he said. Some of the students have already recovered. More than 100 students were absent from 3 due to flu-like symptoms last week. New York health officials tested samples for eight students Saturday and determined the students were probably 4 from. swine flu, and the CDC confirmed the5 on Sunday, Bloomberg said. The announcement brings the 6 of confirmed swine flu cases in the United States to 20. Bloomberg and New York Health Commissioner Tom Frieden said there is no 7of a citywide outbreak of the flu, and no sign of a potential8of swine flu at other schools. Some students at the school 9spring break1 in Mexico, Bloomberg said, but authorities have not determined 10any of the students with a confirmed case of swine flu was in Mexico. Someone who traveled to Mexico may not have had any flu symptoms but 11 on the flu to someone else, he noted. Frieden called 12 students who are home sick to stay home for 48 hours after their symptoms subside. If symptoms are normal for a regular kind of flu, there is 13 need to go to a hospital, said Bloomberg. If symptoms become severe, as with any 14 , people should go to the hospital, he said. St. Francis, which has 2,700 students, announced it will remain closed for two days. 15 whether the students illnesses have been minor because theyre young and healthy or because it is a minor strain of the virus, Frieden responded, “We dont know. “ 练习： 1. A cases B bases C doses D noses 2. A common B physical C mild D wild 3. A work B home C school D hospital 4. A escaping B surviving C dying D suffering 5. A treatment B diagnosis C doubt D choice 6. A point B number C spread D value 7. A chance B need C hope D sign 8. A welcome B outbreak C success D injury 9. A spent B made C took D traveled 10. A why B how C when D whether 11. A passed B kept C rolled D swept 12. A at B up C on D of 13. A no B much C any D a 14. A person B matter C thing D illness 15. A Asked B Tested C Troubled D Doubted 2010 职称英语卫生完型新增文章-第 2 篇参考答案 ACCDB BDBAD ACADA 2010 职称英语卫生完型新增文章-第 2 篇参考译文 第二篇 8 名纽约学生感染甲型 N1 H1 流感 疾病预防控制中心已经证实来自纽约一所预备学校的八名学生感染甲型 N1HI 流感，纽约 市长迈克尔布隆伯格周日称。他说这几名学生只是有轻微症状，没有一名被送往医院。 部分学生已经痊愈。 上周 100 多名学生因类似感冒的症状而不能上学。纽约市卫生官员周六对 8 名学生的取样 进行了测试，得出结论这几名学生很可能患有猪流感，疾病预防控制中心周日证实了这一 诊断，布隆伯格说。 公告将美国确诊的猪流感病例的数字提高到 20 例。布隆伯格和纽约健康委员会委员弗里登 说现在并没有爆发全市流感的迹象，也没有迹象表明潜在甲型 NlHl 流感会在其他学校爆发。 这所学校的一些学生在墨西哥度过了春假，布隆伯格说，但是美国当局并不确定这些确诊 患有猪流感的学生中是否有人在墨西哥度过春假。去过墨西哥的人，可能并没有任何的流 感症状，但却把流感传给了别人，他指出。 弗里登号召生病在家的学生在症状消退后，继续在家观察 48 小时。 如果症状属于普通流感，就没有必要去医院，布隆伯格说。如果症状加重，就如患有任何 疾病一样，病人必须去医院就诊，他谈到。 拥有 2700 名学生的圣弗朗西斯宣布将封校两天。当被问到学生的病症较轻是因为他们年轻 健康还是因为感染的是一种轻微病菌时，弗里登回应道， “我们不得而知。 ” 第三十四篇 Do Patients Trust Doctors Too Much? （A 级） 2010 职称英语卫生阅读新增文章第 34 篇 Earlier this year, the American College of Surgeons, the national scientific and educational organization of surgeons, conducted a nationwide survey that found that the average patient devotes an hour or less to researching his or her surgery or surgeon. While prospective patients worry about the costs or complications of an operation, they dont necessarily look for information that would address their concerns. In fact, more than a third of patients who had an operation in the last five years never reviewed the credentials of the surgeon who operated. Patients are more likely to spend time researching a job change (on average, about 10 hours) or a new car (8 hours) than the operation they are about to submit to or the surgeon who wields the knife. And many patients are satisfied with the answers they receive from their surgeon or primary care doctor, whoever those individuals happen to be. I felt curious about the survey, so I called Dr. Thomas Russell, executive director of the American College of Surgeons. “There is a tendency for patients not to get particularly involved and not to feel compelled to look into their surgery or surgeons,” he told me. There are consequences to that kind of blind trust. “Today, medicine and surgery are really team sports,” Dr. Russell continued, “and the patient, as the ultimate decision maker, is the most important member of the team. Mistakes can happen, and patients have to be educated and must understand what is going on. “ In other words, a healthy doctor-patient relationship does not simply entail good bedside manners and responsible office management on the part of the doctor. It also requires that patients come to the relationship educated about their doctors, their illnesses and their treatment. “If we are truly going to reform the health care system in the U. S. ,” Dr. Russell said, “everybody has to participate actively and must educate themselves. That means doctors, nurses, other health care professionals, lawyers, pharmaceutical companies, and insurance companies. But most of all, it means the patient. “ Trust is important. But as Sir Francis Bacon, who was among the first to understand the importance of gathering data in science, once observed, knowledge is power. 练习： 1. Patients do not seem to spend enough time A researching job changes. B researching new cars. C researching their surgery or surgeons. D researching the American College of Surgeons. 2. It appears that patients nowadays have A little trust in their doctors. B too much trust in their doctors. C too much information about their doctors. D a healthy relationship with their doctors. 3. The most important role in medicine and surgery should be played A by pharmaceutical and insurance companies. B by doctors and nurses. C by lawyers. D by patients. 4. Its a mistaken idea that a healthy doctor-patient relationship A is a goal that can be achieved. B is what the patient desires. C is dependent just on the doctor. D also, entails efforts made by the patient. 5. The author does NOT believe in A Francis Bacon. B blind trust. C scientific data. D the power of knowledge. 2010 职称英语卫生阅读新增文章第 34 篇参考答案 C B D C B 2010 职称英语卫生阅读新增文章第 34 篇参考译文 第三十四篇病人太信任医生? 今年早些时候，作为国家级外科医生的科学及教育机构的美国外科医生学会进行了一次全 国普查调查发现病人用于咨询自己的手术或是外科医生的时间平均不到一个小时。尽管即 将成为病人的人们担心手术的费用或是手术引起的并发症，但他们却不会查询那些可能为 他们解决问题的信息。 事实上，过去五年来超过三分之一的做过手术的病人从未审核过主刀医生的资格凭证。病 人更愿意花时间寻找跳槽的机会(平均为 10 小时) 或是查询一辆新车 (8 小时)，也不会查询 要做的手术或是主刀医生的信息。无论主刀医生和初级护理的医生是谁，许多病人都对他 们给出的答案感到满意。 对这一调查结果我感到很好奇，于是打电话给美国外科医生学会的执行理事托马斯罗素博 士。 ”病人通常不倾向于参与其中，也不感到必须要询问手术或是医生” ，他这样告诉我。 这样的盲目信任是要付出代价的。 ”现在，内科与外科治疗都属于团队行为” ，罗素博士接 着说道”而病人作为最终的决策者是这个团队最重要的成员。错误时有发生，病人必须知 情，必须了解事情的进展。 ” 换言之，健康的医患关系不是简单需要医生单方面的精心照顾和负责任的事务管理，同时 需要病人了解自己的医生、疾病和治疗方案。 “如果我们真的要改革美国的医疗保险制度” ，罗素博士说， ”每个人都必须积极地参与进 来，进行自我教育，包括医生、护士、其他医保专业人士、律师、制药公司和保险公司， 但最重要的是病人自身。 ” 信任很重要。但正如最早明白采集数据之于科学的重要性的人之一弗朗西斯培根曾经讲过 的那样，知识就是力量。 第十八篇 Human Heart Can Make New Cells (B 级) Solving a longstanding mystery, scientists have found that the human heart continues to generate new cardiac cells throughout the life span, although the rate of new cell production slows with age. The finding, published in the April issue of Science , could open a new path for the treatment of heart diseases such as heart failure and heart attack, experts say. “We find that the beating cells in the heart, cardiomyocytes, are renewed,” said lead researcher Dr. Jonas Frisen, a professor of stem cell research at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. “ It has previously not been known whether we were limited to the cardiomyocytes we are born with or if they could be renewed ,” he said. The process of renewing these cells changes over time, Frisen added. In a 20-year-old, about 1 percent of cardiomyocytes are exchanged each year, but the turnover rate decreases with age to only 0.45 percent by age 75. “If we can understand how the generation of new cardiomyocytes is regulated, it may be potentially possible to develop pharmaceuticals that promote this process to stimulate regeneration after, for example, a heart attack,” Frisen said. That could lead to treatment that helps restore damaged hearts. “A lot of people suffer from chronic heart failure,” noted co-author Dr. Ratan Bhardwaj, also from the Karolinska Institute. “Chronic heart failure arises from heart cells dying,” he said. With this finding, scientists are “opening the door to potential therapies to having ourselves heal ourselves, Bhardwaj said. “Maybe one could devise a pharmaceutical agent that would make heart cells make new and more cells to overcome the problem they are facing. “ But barriers remain. According to Bhardwaj, scientists do not yet know how to increase heart cell production to a rate that would replace cells faster than they are dying off, especially in older patients with heart failure. In addition, the number of new cells the heart produces was estimated using healthy heartswhether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts is the same remains unknown. 练习： 1. The human heart stops producing cardiac cells A when a person is born. B when a person becomes old. C when a person gets sick. D when a person dies. 2. The finding could prove to be helpful to A the study of longstanding mysteries. B the analysis of cardiac cells. C the prevention of chronic diseases. D the treatment of heart diseases. 3. In people who re in their mid-70s, only 0.45 percent of cardiomyocytes A are still functional. B are replaced each year. C are lost each year. D are damaged each year. 4. Chronic heart failure is associated with A the death of heart cells. B the life span of a person. C the effects of pharmaceuticals. D the weight of the patient. 5. It remains unknown whether the rate of cell turnover in diseased hearts A changes over time. B can be monitored. C is the same as that in healthy hearts. D is high enough to replace cells faster than theyre dying off. 2010 职称英语卫生阅读新增文章第 18 篇参考答案 D D B A C 2010 职称英语卫生阅读新增文章第 18 篇参考译文 人体心脏可产生新细胞 科学家解开了一个为时甚久的谜团，他们发现人类心脏在人的一生中不断地产生新的心肌 细胞，尽管新细胞产生的速度随年龄增长而放缓。 此番发现发表于今年 4 月 3 日出版的科学杂志，这一发现可能为心脏疾病的治疗比如 心脏衰竭、心脏病发作开辟出一条新途径，专家称。 “我们发现心脏中的搏动细胞心肌细胞是可再生的” ，首席研究员乔纳斯弗瑞森谈到。他 是一名在瑞典斯德哥尔摩的卡罗林斯卡学院从事干细胞研究的教授。 ”早前并不清楚人们是 否局限于出生时所具有的心肌细胞还是说这些细胞可以被更新” ，他说。 这些细胞的更新过程随时间的推移而有所变化，弗瑞森补充道。一个人 20 岁时，其每年被 更替的心肌细胞约为 l，随着年龄的增长，该更替率不断下降，等到 75 岁时，只有 045。 “如果我们能明白新的心肌细胞的产生是如何控制的，我们就有可能开发出医药品来促进 这一过程的实现，可以刺激心肌细胞的再生，比如在心脏病发作以后” ，弗瑞森说。 这样的治疗方案可以帮助恢复受损心脏。 “许多人遭受慢性心力衰竭的折磨” ，同样来自卡罗林斯卡学院的文章合著者拉坦布哈德 瓦基指出。 ”慢性心力衰竭是由心肌细胞的死亡导致的” ，他说。 有了这一发现，科学家们正在”打开让我们自愈的潜在疗法的大门” ，布哈德瓦基说。 ”或 许人们可以发明一种能使心肌细胞产生新的更多细胞的药剂以克服他们正面临的问题。 ” 话虽如此，困难尤存。根据布哈德瓦基的说法，科学家们还不知道如何使心脏细胞更新的 速度快于细胞死亡的速度，尤其是对于那些心力衰竭的老年患者而言。此外，心脏产生新 细胞的数量是按照健康心脏计算的，而有病心脏的细胞更替率是否与健康心脏相同还不得 而知 2010 年职称英语卫生类国家指定教材阅读理解题型新增文章-第五篇 U.S. Eats Too Much Salt (C 级) People in the United States consume more than twice the recommended amount of salt, raising their risk for high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes, government health experts said on Thursday. They found nearly 70 percent of U. S. adults are in high-risk groups that would benefit from a lower-salt diet of no more than 1,500 mg per day, yet most