Chapter0101 导言：经济学10大原理.ppt

1、Part B: Ten principles of economics经济学十大原理,Cha 01 Introduction,版权所有：东北师范大学人文地理教研室，2012 地 址：长春市人民大街5268号（130024） 联系方式：内部使用，请勿随意传播,2,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2 经济学十大原理 Ten Principles of Economics,三个基本问题： 生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产 拓展： 以上三个问题是关于人们如何决策的问题 此外还要思考： 人们如何相互相互联系？ 影响经济总体的力量和趋势有哪些？,3,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2 经济学十大原理

2、 Ten Principles of Economics,How People Make Decisions People face tradeoffs. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Rational people think at the margin. People respond to incentives.,4,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2 经济学十大原理 Ten Principles of Economics,How People Interact Trade can make everyone better

3、 off. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity. Governments can sometimes improve economic outcomes.,5,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2 经济学十大原理 Ten Principles of Economics,How the Economy as a Whole Works The standard of living depends on a countrys production. Prices rise when the government print

4、s too much money. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.,6,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理一：人们面临权衡取舍 People face tradeoffs “There is no such thing as a free lunch!”,7,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理一：人们面临权衡取舍 People face tra

5、deoffs “There is no such thing as a free lunch!” To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing. Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another.,8,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,效率和公平 Efficiency v. equity,效率 Efficienc

6、y 社会能从其稀缺资源中获得最多的产品 means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. 公平 Equity 经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性 means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society. 注意，若非理想中的共产主义世界出现，效率与公平将是一对永恒的矛盾，追求效率即会牺牲公平，追求公平又会牺牲效率。,special column,9,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做

7、出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西 The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Decisions require comparing costs and benefits of alternatives. Whether to go to college or to work? Whether to study or go out on a date? Whether to go to class or sleep in? 引出概念：机会成本 为了得到某种东西

8、所必须放弃的东西（我们所能付出的代价如时间、金钱等有限，因而获得一种东西或满足某种欲望的同时必须放弃另一种东西或满足另一种欲望的机会，故曰“机会”成本） an item is what you give up to obtain that item,10,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理三：理性人考虑边际量 Rational people think at the margin 边际变动 Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing

9、plan of action. People make decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin 边际，意为“追加的”。边际量：如果是简单指标，往往是事物的实际增加数量；如果是复合指标，则往往以比值（平均值）形式出现。,11,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.1 人们如何做出决策 How People Make Decisions,原理四：人们会对激励做出反应 People respond to incentives. Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to

10、 respond. The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs! 激励指其他人、社会、政府的行为对某人的利益产生影响，这种影响可以是正的或负的。,12,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.2 人们如何相互交易 How People Interact,原理五：贸易能使每个人的状况更好 Trade can make everyone better off People gain from their

11、ability to trade with one another. Competition results in gains from trading. Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.,13,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.2 人们如何相互交易 How People Interact,原理六：市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity In a market economy, households dec

12、ide what to buy and who to work for. Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. 引出概念：市场经济 当许多企業和家庭在物品與勞務市場上相互交易時，通過他們的分散決策配置資源的经济 market economy is an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servic

13、es,14,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,看不见的手 invisible hand,指价格机制 亚当斯密认为： 家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，并导致了合意的市场结果。 Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions. As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach o

14、utcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.,special column,15,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.2 人们如何相互交易 How People Interact,原理七：政府有的时候可以改善市场结果 Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes When the market fails breaks down government can intervene to promote efficiency and equity. Market fai

15、lure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently. Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ability of a single person or firm

16、 to unduly influence market prices.,16,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.3 整体经济如何运行 How the Economy as a Whole Works,原理八：一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力The standard of living depends on a countrys production Standard of living may be measured in different ways: By comparing personal incomes. By comparing the total market value o

17、f a nations production. Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities. 生产率指每个工人每小时所能生产的产品和服务的数量the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a workers time,17,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.3 整体经济如何运行 How the Economy as a Whole Works,原理九：当政府发行了过多的货币时

18、，物价上升 Prices rise when the government prints too much money Inflation is an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy（通貨膨脹指經濟中物價總水平的上升。）. One cause of inflation is the growth in the quantity of money. When the government creates large quantities of money, the value of the money falls.,18,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,Prices rise,没错，您排队时候的价格是68美分，但现在是74美分了。,19,东北师大人文地理 赵伟,2.3 整体经济如何运行 How the Economy as a Whole Works,原理十：社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment,The Phillips Curve illustrates the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment: Inflatio