Lecture+1-绪论.ppt

1、,Introduction: Contrastive Study of C-E,Contrastive vs. Comparative Linguistics,Study in what ways two or more languages differ, applying the findings to related areas of study. (synchronic) Demonstrate family relations between cognate languages, or to illustrate the historical developments of one o

2、r more languages. (diachronic),Content of contrastive study,phonetics vocabulary grammarsentence structure way of thinking discourse,Phonetics,Chinese is tone language. 吗m、马m、麻m、骂m English is intonation language. 语法作用：陈述、疑问、反问 表意作用：态度、口气、情感,我刚来北京，请多多关照Chinese: 31231，31114foreigner: 11111，11111 你嚎小姐刘

3、，我恨歌星扔死你。 服务员，给我两个报纸，一笼轿子，还有一碗红烧屁股。,英语也有四声？,do （嘟，一声）do you think. do (读，二声） you do? do (赌，三声) do you think do （度，四声） I do！,最长四声句子,澳大利亚的意大利面的质量是个世界记录,但是按照字面意思，意大利面是在意大利制造的 (38) 四位澳大利亚会计报道，据业内数据，瑞士社会现在面对巨大技术困境，势必被迫雇印度教授创造政策促进教育制度现代化 (51),下面是饭店让丽丽记住的事情：要是顾客是个意大利的顾客，丽丽就要订印度菜，但是要是顾客是个印度的，丽丽会订意大利面，但要是是个澳

4、大利亚的顾客，丽丽该订澳大利亚菜 (73) 二位教授批判澳大利亚教育政策，认定校内试卷测验太费力，最重要就是在校掌握做意大利菜技术，邓教授意见却是，印度菜是澳大利亚大众最爱，印度菜用蒜、酱、醋，邓教授最爱印度菜。(75),Vocabulary,No brick, no construction; no word, no composition. 无砖不成房， 无词不成章。 Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words. 词本无义，义随人生。,Way of Thinking,中国人: 辩证思维 变化论：世界永远处于变化中，没

5、 有永恒的对与错 矛盾论：万事万物由对立面构成的矛盾统一体，没有矛盾就没有事物本身 中和论：任何事物都存在适度的合 理性，中庸之道,西方人: 分析思维 同一性：事物本质不发生变化，一个事物永远是它自己 非矛盾性：一个命题不可能同时对 或错 排中性：一个事物要么对，要么错，无中间性,Ten Pair of Features,Synthetic vs. Analytic Compact vs. Diffusive Hypotactic vs. Paratactic Complex vs. Simplex Impersonal vs. Personal Stative vs. Dynamic Pas

6、sive vs. Active Abstract vs. Concrete Indirect vs. Direct Substitutive vs. Reiterative,1. Synthetic vs. Analytic,A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. Latin, German, Old English.,An analytic language is marked by

7、 a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.,Modern English has become analytic but still frequently uses some hereditary inflections from Old English. It is therefore a synthetic-analytic lan

8、guage. Chinese is a typical analytic language. Inflection, word order and the use of function words are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences,1.1 Inflectional vs Non-inflectional,He moved astonishingly fast. He moved with astonishing rapidity. His movements are asto

9、nishingly rapid. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. 他行动之快令人惊讶。 他行动之迅速令人惊讶。 他行动之迅速令我们惊讶不已,1.2 Word Order: Flexible vs. Inflexible,一个很重要的问题 a very important question a question of great importance 以空前的速度 at an unprecedented speed at a speed unprecedented,他的讲话并无前后矛盾之处。 There is no inconsist

10、ency in what he said. There is nothing inconsistent in what he said 她闪亮的眼睛说明她非常激动。 Her sparkling eyes betrayed her great excitement. The sparkle of her eyes betrayed her great excitement.,1.3 The Use of Function Words,She was with a child. She was with child. 她身边带着一个孩子。 她怀有身孕。,I have lived here for

11、more than a year. I have lived here for more than one year. 我住在这里已有一年多了。（一年又几个月） 我住在这里已不止一年了。（可能两年或三年）,2. Compact vs. Diffusive,English is rigid in S-V concord, requiring a complete sentence structure through formal cohesion. Chinese has flexible sentence structures through semantic coherence.,这姑娘长得

12、漂亮，鹅蛋形脸，两眼又深又黑，披着又长又密的头发。 She is a pretty girl, with an oval face, deep dark eyes, and long heavy clinging tresses. 他有个女儿，在北京工作，已经打电话去了，听说明天就能回来。 He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.,许多房子，盖着琉璃瓦，曲曲折折，无数的朱红栏杆。 Many houses are ro

13、ofed with glazed tiles and set within numerous winding red balustrades.,Ambiguity in Chinese 准备了两年的食物 喜欢的是她 神秘的少女的心 找到了孩子的妈妈 我差一点没跟他结婚,3. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic,Hypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives. Parataxis is the arranging of clause

14、s one after another without connectives showing the relation between them,不到黄河心不死。 （紧缩句） Until all is over, ambition never dies. 聪明一世，糊涂一时。（对偶） Smart as a rule, but this time a fool. 酒醉智昏(四字格) When wine is in, wit it out. 不打不相识(谚语) Out of blows friendship grows. No discord, no concord.,4. Complex vs

15、 Simplex,Subordination, the placing of certain elements in modifying roles, is a fundamental feature of English. With plenty of subornate clauses and phrases, English has comparatively longer and more complicated sentences than Chinese, which, on the other hand, is marked by its coordination (并列结构),

16、loose or minor sentences (松散句), contracted sentences (紧缩句), elliptical sentences, run-on sentences (流水句), and composite sentences (并列句). English sentence building is featured by an “architecture style” (楼房建筑 法) with extensive use of longer or subordinate structures, while Chinese is marked by a “chr

17、onicle style” (流水记事法) with frequent use of shorter or composite structures.,In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着 一堆雨伞,少说也有十二把, 五颜六色, 大小不一。 Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me? 我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？ 你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？,5. Impe

18、rsonal vs. Personal,Formal written English often goes with an impersonal style, in which the writer does not refer directly to himself or his readers, and he avoids using the pronouns I, we, and you, thus the writer and the reader are out of the picture, hiding themselves behind impersonal language.

19、 Some of the common features of impersonal language are passives, sentences beginning with the introductory word it and abstract nouns as subjects (Leech, 1974:25).,Chinese, by contrast, prefers to use the personal style, which is featured by more active sentences, or more active sentences in form b

20、ut passive in meaning, personal subjects, or subjectless and subject-omitted sentences when the subject is self-evident, unknown or implied in the context.,他开始变得惊恐万状 Alarm began to take entire possession of her. 她独处时感到一种莫名奇妙的宁静。 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。 Excitem

21、ent deprived me of all power of utterance.,一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 人有失误，马有失蹄。 It is a good horse that never stumbles.,6. Static vs. Dynamic,Broadly speaking, nouns are believed to be static in that they refer to entities that are seen as stabl

22、e. At the opposite pole, verbs are featured as dynamic, for they are fitted by their capacity to show tense and aspect, to indicate action, activity, and temporary or changing conditions (quirk, 1973: 48). Adjectives and prepositions often go hand in hand with nouns, while adverbs are frequently use

23、d with verbs.,English is featured by its predominance of nouns over verbs. Nominalization (名词化) is a common occurrence in English,He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。 He has someone behind him. 有人给他撑腰。 He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaler. 他既不抽烟，也不喝酒。,Since he lost his job, hes been a loner!

24、 他失业以后，就很不合群了。 I used to be a bit of a fancer myself. 过去我也常常喜欢胡思乱想。 It came not as a Nixon revelation, but rather as a confirmation of The New York Times story. 这不能算是尼克松透露了什么新东西,而是证实了纽约时报的报道。,Fords first pledge was, “Mr. President, you have my support and my loyalty.” 福特一开始就保证说： “总统先生，我支持您，并效忠于您。”,C

25、ontrast between English and Chinese,Chinese Chinese: left-extending, heavy-headed like a lion 狮子型语言,English English: right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock 孔雀型语言,树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 科技大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 伟人故里科技大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 ,This is the cat. This is the cat that killed the rat. This is

26、 the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house. This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.,Contrast between English and Chinese,Chinese bamboo-like sentence structure

27、 （竹式结构） with different sections linked and yet separated,English tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,Chinese: bamboo-like sentence structure （竹式结构）,从前这里有一个渔村，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰苦，但很安宁。 开始家人是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣

28、好的买，想抽就抽。,The chunks of a sentence seem to be connected and yet separated, like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.,English: tree-like sentence structure （树式结构）,As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population

29、 of the earth, China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead. - Jimmy Carter,Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes,Trunk line: S + V + (O),Contrast between English and Chinese,Chinese Order of linguistic elements: relatively fixed like bambo

30、o-making （制竹） （语序相对固定）,English Order of linguistic elements: relatively flexible like block-building （积木） （语序相对灵活）,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（1）Relatively fixed （相对固定）,Order of time （时间先后顺序） Words: 古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死 Idioms: 冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静 Phrases: 进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书 Sentences: 我们在美国读书的时候，

31、结识了一位木匠。有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其乐,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（2）,Order of space （空间大小顺序） Words: 大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦 Idioms: 大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今 Addresses: 中国上海康桥路1500号 Sentences: 一到上海，我们首先想到浦东这片改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金融开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视塔,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（3）,Order of importance （重轻顺序） Words: 天地、日月、国家、君臣、优劣、强弱 Idioms: 国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强凌弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天 Phrases: 红色的圆木桌