英文科技论文写作-语法和修辞.ppt

1、from: The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors,1st edition(1986), 2nd edition(1997),英语科技论文 语法和修辞（表达）概要,一点说明 不同来源的资料，说法不完全相同 气象科技英文编辑曾晓梅：“信中谈到的问题我也注意到了。不同的书、不同出版单位有自己的说法和做法，不同国家的英文，差异也很大。,我在中国科技期刊研究上文章根据的是几本美国大学英语课常用教学参考书（已列作该文的参考文献），我习惯遵守这几本书的规定。实际上，一些权威的书和期刊上前后都不一致。现在，我在改稿时的做法是，在两者均有根据

2、（或范例）时，一般来说不改，除非文中内容是指个体还是整体非常明显。*” * 指主谓一致。,第1部分 几个语法问题 科技英语写作语法错误举例 第2部分 修辞与表达 英语写作表达的几个问题,平山健三 英语化学论文写作方法 市原 英语论文的写作方法 孙娴柔 实用英语科技论文写作 周春晖 科技英语写作 冯志杰 汉英科技翻译指要 任胜利 英语科技论文撰写与投稿 英文现刊以及英文学术专著,第1部分 几个语法问题,科技英语写作语法错误举例 1Subject-Verb Agreements Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses Dangling Modifiers（垂悬

3、修饰语） 4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs,1 Subject-Verb Agreements （1）在主语中含并列连词“and”时，应正确区分是单个主语还是并列主语。若属前者，谓语动词为单数形式，若属后者，谓语动词则为复数形式。 例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments are described. 说明 The subject is “application”, which is singu

4、lar. Application of this technique to is described.,例2 Description of the experimental conditions and the results of the present investigation is made in detail in this paper. 此句中的主语为description, the experimental conditions and the results是并列的，与of 构成介词短语作定语，故谓语动词用“is made”。,例3 The experimental condi

5、tion and the result of the present investigation are described in detail in this paper. 此句中的主语为the experimental condition and the result, 为并列主语，故谓语用are described.,Sometimes, two singular subjects joined by “and” cause this error. 例4 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was described, Growth and isolati

6、on of M13 virus were described.,Exception: A subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb. 例5 The name and address of each contributor is given on the title page. 例6 Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists. R in that case they are of

7、ten preceded by the word “the”. Collective nouns take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant; in that case, they are often preceded by the word “a”. contents majority range couple number series dozen pair variety group,例13 The series is arranged in order of decreasing size. 说明 Refers

8、to the series as a unit. 例14 A series of compounds were tested. 说明 Refers to each compound.,例15 The number of metal amides synthesized was the largest to date. (Refers to the number as a unit.) A number of metal amides were synthesized. (Refers to each amide.) 例16 The series of compounds was prepare

9、d to test the hypothesis. (Refers to the series as a unit.) A series of compounds were tested. (Refers to each compound.),例17 A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( Mn500-700) has been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts ins

10、tead of NaOH/H2O., A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( Mn500-700) heve been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O.,an average of + 数词（意思为平均数量有之多）作主语，谓语动词用复数形式,An average of 100 kinds of reagents were in

11、regular supply from the company each year.,the average of + 数词 意思为平均数（值） 作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。,The average of a series of values is obtained simply by adding all the individual values and dividing the sum by the number of values. （= The average of a series of values is obtained simply by adding all the ind

12、ividual values and dividing the sum by the measurement times.）,（4） “Data” can be a singular or plural noun. 例18 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results. 说明 Refers to the data as individual results. 例19 After the data are distributed, we can meet to discuss th

13、em., After the data is distributed, we can meet to discuss it. 说明 Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit.,（5）Units of measurement are treated as collective nouns and therefore take a singular verb. 例20 The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent were added., The mixture was stirred, and

14、 5 mL of diluent was added.,例21 Five grams of NaCL were added to the solution., Five grams of NaCL was added to the solution.,例22 Three weeks are needed to complete the experiment., Three weeks is needed to complete the experiment.,例23 None of the samples was soluble. None of the samples were solubl

15、e. 说明 Refers to individuals. 例24 This group of workers are well aware of their responsibilities., This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities. 说明 Refers to the group as a unit.,（6）某些特殊变化的复数名词切不可误认为是单数名词，这样的词（如analyses, bacteria, criteria, formulae, phenomena, spectra，data等）作主语时，谓语动词用

16、复数形式。 例25 Extensive data on the thermodynamical properties of the elements are available. 例26 The IR absorption spectra provide significant information regarding functional groups.,（7）Nouns ending in ics and denoting a scientific discipline are usually singular. dynamics mechanics kinetics physics m

17、athematics thermodynamics Mechanics involves the application of Newtons three laws of motion. The kinetics of electron transfer to and from photogenerated radicals was examined by laser flash photolysis. The thermodynamics is governed by the positions of the valence and conduction bands.,（8）Compound

18、 subjects containing the words “each”, “every”, and “everybody” may take singular verbs. 例27 Each flask and each holder was sterilized before use.,Both components of the compound subject must contain the words in question. Otherwise, the verb must be plural. 例28 Each student and all of the professor

19、s were invited.,（9）Sometimes, one of these words is implicit; such cases take a singular verb. 例29 Each name and address is entered into the database.,（10）Indefinite pronouns themselves (or adjectives combined with the indefinite pronoun “one”) can be the subject of the sentence. Those that take a s

20、ingular verb are “each”, “either”, “neither”, “no one”, “every one”, “anyone”, “someone”, “everyone”, “anybody”, “somebody”, and “ everybody”.,例 30 Each was evaluated for its effect on metabolism. 例 31 Neither disrupts the cell membrane. 例 32 Regarding compounds 1-10, every one reacts with the contr

21、ol agent. 例 33 Someone measures the volume every day., Those that take a plural verb are “several”, “few”, “both”, “and “many”. 例34 Several were evaluated for their effects on metabolism. 例35 Few disrupt the cell membrane. 例36 Regarding compounds 1 and 2, both react with the control agent. 例37Many w

22、ere chosen to be part of the study., Those that take either a singular or plural verb, depending on context, are “some”, “any”, “none”, “all”, and “most”. The number of the object of the preposition determines the number of the indefinite pronoun related to it. 例38Some of the money was stolen. 例39 S

23、ome of the books were lost. 例40Not all the disks are here; some were lost.,（11）When a fraction is the subject of the sentence, the number of the attendant object of the preposition determines the number of the subject. 例41 Onethird of the precipitate was dissolved. 例42 Onefourth of the electrons are

24、 excited. 例43 The remainder of the compounds are yet to be described.,（12）Most of （plenty of , a lot of）+ 复数名词 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式； Most of （plenty of , a lot of）+ 不可数名词 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式 Most of the better-known organic solvents are all suitable for these tests. There is plenty of distilled water in the b

25、ottle.(其中的 water是不可数名词。),There are plenty of test tubes on test table. There is plenty of food. There are plenty of apples. Is there a lot of support for the idea? There are a lot of tourists here.,（13）When a subject and its predicative disagree in number, the verb takes the number of the subject. 例

26、44 The preparation and structure determination of these three compounds are the topic of paper. 例45 The topic of this paper is the preparation and structure determination of these three compounds.,Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses 当复合句的某一从句是限制性从句，则该从句对句子的含义是必须的，如无该从句句子便失去意义。最好以“that”（而非“which”）

27、引出限制性从句。 When a clause in a compound sentence is restrictive, the clause is necessary to the sense of the sentence, the sentence would become pointless without the clause. Restrictive clauses are best introduced by “that”, not “which”.,例46 It was necessary to fined a blocking group which would react

28、 with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl. It was necessary to fined a blocking group that would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.,A phrase or clause is nonrestrictive if it adds information but is not essential ; that is, the sentence does not lose its meaning if the phras

29、e or clause is deleted. Nonrestrictive phrase and clause are set off by commas. 如短语或从句只是给句子增添信息，但并非根本性的，则为非限制性短语或从句，即如删去这类短语或从句，句子并不失去其意义。非限制性短语或从句前后用逗号分隔。,例47 The current-voltage curves, which are shown in Figure 6, clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.,例48 Melvin Calvin, who

30、 won the Nobel Prize in 1961, elucidated the biochemical pathways in photosynthesis. 例49 Here, the Total signal, which is the analog of standard DSC, makes it very hard to find the polymer Tg.,3Dangling Modifiers （垂悬修饰语） 也称垂悬短语 (Dangling phrases) One form of a dangling modifier is a verbal phrase th

31、at not refer clearly and logically to another word or phrase in the sentence., The understood subject is usually the same as in the main clause. Walking across the field, we saw a plane fly past. (= As we were walking , we saw ) 与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语，即动词短语的逻辑主语（隐含主语）与主句主语不一致。 短语的隐含主语和主句中的主语应保持一致。,悬垂修饰语或称悬

32、垂短语（Dangling phrases）是指对句子中的另一词或短语关系不清晰并不合逻辑非谓语动词短语。人们所理解的这类短语的逻辑主语通常与主句的主语是一致的。 下面列举悬垂修饰语的几种情形：,（1）If a modifier precedes the subject of a sentence, it must modify that subject and be separated from it by a comma. Otherwise, it is a dangling modifier. 如果一个修饰语是在句子的主语之前，它必须修饰那个主语，并以逗号分隔。否则就是悬垂修饰语,例 5

33、0 Splitting the atom, many new elements were discovered by Seaborg. 此句中的 splitting the atom 为现在分词短语，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，故需改成, Splitting the atom, Seaborg discovered many new elements.,或将 splitting the atom考虑为动名词短语,在其前加 on 或 upon 变成介词短语： Upon Splitting the atom, many new elements were discovered by Seaborg

34、. Upon Splitting the atom, Seaborg discovered many new elements.,例51 When confronted with these limitations, the experiments were discontinued. When confronted with these limitations, we discontinued the experiments. In light of these limitations, the experiments were discontinued.,例52 Understanding

35、 the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, the ortho hydrogens could be assigned to the high-frequency peak.,Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, we could assign the ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.,例53 Using the procedure described previously, the p

36、artition function can be evaluated. the partition function can be evaluated by using the procedure described previously. Or, Using the procedure described previously, we can evaluate the partition function.,这种悬垂结构（例50、51、53）可修改为介词短语 upon, in light of , by using 但由于主句的主语并非介词短语中的行为执行者，有时仍视为悬垂结构,(2) Ph

37、rases starting with “based on” must modify a noun or pronoun that usually immediately precedes or follows the phrase. Use phrases starting with “on the basis of” to modify a verb. 短语 based on 在句中修饰一个名词或代名词，通常该短语紧跟被修饰的名词或代名词之后。应以 “On the basis of ” 开头的短语去修饰一个动词。即一个句子可以 On the basis of 开头，而不是以Based on

38、开头。,例54 Based on resonance enhancement and frequency shifts, changes in the interring separation were calculated., On the basis of resonance enhancement and frequency shifts, changes in the interring separation were calculated.,例55 Based on extensive study, this genetic deficiency was attributed to

39、the loss of one isozyme. (“Based on extensive study” modifies the noun “deficiency”, but this not the meaning.), On the basis of extensive study, this genetic deficiency was attributed to the loss of one isozyme. (“On the basis of extensive study” modifies the verb “was attributed”.),例56 Style guide

40、lines based on authoritative sources are included in this book. 例57 Figure 8 shows the analysis of a drug delivery system based on amorphous, biodegradable polymer microspheres.,（3）“Due to” means “attributable to”; use it only to modify a noun or pronoun directly preceding it in the sentence or foll

41、owing a form of the verb “to be”. “Due to” 意思是 “attributable to” （归因于）; 用它只是去修饰一个名词或代名词，在句中直接将其前置；或在动词 “to be” 的某种形式之后 。,例58 Delays resulted due to equipment failure., Delays due to equipment failure were unavoidable. The delays were due to equipment failure.,Dangling phrases 包括悬垂分词短语、 悬垂不定式短语和悬垂介词短

42、语3种 a. 悬垂分词短语 (Dangling participle phrases) Having reviewed the technical report, several mistakes were found in it., Having reviewed the technical report, we found several mistakes in it.,Based on the biological and geographical characters, lakes in China can be divided into five major groups., On

43、the basis of the biological and geographical characters, lakes in China can be divided into five major groups. Lakes in China can be divided into five major groups according to their biological and geographical characters.,b.悬垂不定式短语 (Dangling infinitive phrases) In order to realize sustainable devel

44、opment of society, it needs to consider the protected area construction as an important component of regional developmental planning and , In order to realize sustainable development of society, we should consider the construction of protected area as an important component of regional developmental

45、 planning and ,c.悬垂介词短语 (Dangling preposition phrases) After removing the outmost leaves, the material was rubbed with 70% ethanol for surface sterilization. The materials were cleansed with 70% ethanol for surface sterilization, after their outmost leaves were removed. 主句和介词短语均为被动态，their 是指代 materi

46、als,下面几种情形不是dangling modifiers: (4) Absolute constructions are words, phrases, or clauses that are grammatically unconnected with the rest of the sentence in which they appear. They are sometimes called “sentence modifiers” because they qualify the rest of the sentence. They may occur anywhere in th

47、e sentence, and they are always set off by commas. They are not dangling modifiers.,在句中出现的与句子的其余部分在语法上无联系的词、短语和从句。由于它们是修饰句子的其余部分，有时将其称作句子修饰语 “sentence modifiers” 。这种独立结构可出现在句子的任意处，并以逗号分隔，它们不是垂悬修饰语。 例59 Contrary to the excitedstate situation, metalbonding interactions in the ground states are weak.,例

48、60 The constructions were premature, considering the lack of available data. 例61 judging from the spectral changes, exhaustive photolysis of compound 4 had occurred. 例62 The conformations about the ReRe bond, in addition, are different for all three complexes.,Absolute constructions often begin with

49、 one of the following words: 独立结构常以下列各词之一开头： considering provided given providing judging regarding concerning failing,（5）In mathematical papers, absolute phrases beginning with the words “assuming” and “taking” are often used as sentence modifiers. 例63 Assuming that distance d is induced by the nor

50、m, M is a symmetrical and positively defined matrix. 例64 Taking this value as an upper limit, the two shortest distances are sometimes too long for incipient hydrogen bonds.,（6）A subordinate or elliptical clause may be used as a sentence modifier. 例65 The compound is stable in air, as we concluded f

51、rom the experiment evidence. 例66 The Mo 5s orbitals, as expected, interact strongly with the ligands. （7）An introductory infinitive or infinitive phrase may be a sentence modifier. 例67 To prepare compound 2, the method of Garner was followed.,4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs Be sure

52、that each subject in a compound sentence has the proper verbs and auxiliary verbs. 例68 The eluant was added to the column, and the samples collected in 10-mL increments., The eluant was added to the column, and the samples were collected in 10-mL increments.,小结 1 主谓一致 以 and 连接的两个单数主语 通常，谓语动词用复数 有些主语

53、形式上是复数，实际上是单数 这时谓语动词用单数 并列主语前后均含有“each”，“every”， “everybody” 之类的词，用单数谓语动词, 两个主语以“or”连接，谓语与最靠近的主语 一致 集合名词 The series (to be) 视为整体，谓语 用单数 A series of 视为分别的，谓语用复数 度量单位，单数 由分数作主语，由随之的介词宾语的数决 定主语的数,2 限制性和非限制性从句 that ,which , 3 悬垂修饰语 与句子主语没有联系的短语修饰语。 由On the basis of 开头 , 不是 Based on due to 后跟名词或代名词， 或(to

54、 be) due to,Sentence modifiers 独立结构 数学论文，以assuming, taking 开头 的句子 从句或省略句 不定式短语 4 动词与助动词的不合理省略 如助动词“to be”的省略,Language,The language must aid the understanding of your work. Poor use of language will discourage editors from accepting your work. Spend time on perfecting the language. Communicating the

55、science is as important as the science itself. Ask a skilled writer or someone fluent in English to check your manuscript before submission.,Language,Spare the reader the trouble of guessing what you mean! Complaint from an Editor: “I refuse to spend time trying to understand what the author is tryi

56、ng to say. They cannot expect us to correct a poorly written manuscript.If there are more than 6 grammatical errors in the abstract, then I do not waste my time reading the rest. ”,Language,Clarity, objectivity, accuracy, brevity Use scientific English. Practice writing English whenever you can. Kee

57、p records in English during research. Pay attention to the following: Consistency of the sentences Logic of expression Grammar, spelling and punctuation should be correct,Language long sentences,Direct and short sentences are preferred! Avoid long sentences. The average length of sentences in scient

58、ific writing is about 12 to 17 words. The Chinese language can express more complicated meaning with fewer words than English. Change your style when writing in English. One piece of information per sentence is sufficient, avoid multiple pieces in one sentence.,第2部分 修辞与表达,科技英语写作表达 的几个问题,1 简明 2 富于变幻 3 辨析近义词 4 语法修辞及其他