学术英语（医学）

1、学术英语 医学,Academic English for Medicine,Unit 8,Principles of Biomedical Ethics Doctors and biomedical researchers make tough decisions that have to be morally justifiable every day. Biomedical ethics provides moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and practice of medici

2、ne. It encompasses philosophy , sociology, theology, and practical applications in clinical settings.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Unit Contents,Lead-in,Text A,Text B,Text C,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Get reading for Unit 9,Lead-in,Issues to be covered Task,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical

3、Ethics,Lead-in,Issues to be covered,the boundaries between medical research and practice the moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and medical practice the ethical justification of dilemmas in medical practice,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Lead-in,Difference

4、s between medicine from other branches of natural science,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Lead-in,Core terms to know in relation to medical ethics,Autonomy Beneficence Non-Maleficence Euthanasia Informed consent Confidentiality Ethics committees,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Lead-in,

5、Task: Watch a video clip and put down the issues mentioned by the host. Then share with a partner your perspectives about these issues.,death,patient rights,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Useful expressions Difficult sentences Lang

6、uage building-up Signpost language Vocabulary test Suggested answers,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,1. How are research and practice related to each other? (Pre. 1),Blurred distinction Cooccurrence of research and practice like in

7、research designed to evaluate a therapy Notable departures from standard practice as “experimental” with the terms “experimental” and “research” carelessly defined,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,1. How are research and practice rel

8、ated to each other? (Pre. 1),Practice: interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success. to provide diagnosis, preventive treatment or therapy to particular individuals,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A Cr

9、itical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,1. How are research and practice related to each other? (Pre. 1),Research: an activity to test hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge expressed in theories, principles, and statem

10、ents of relationships,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Useful expressions,The distinction between research and practice is blurred partly because and partly because notable departures from,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,2. What is the principle of r

11、espect for persons? (Pre. 2) (In Diagram P194),Topics for presentation,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,2. What is the principle of respect for persons? (Pre.2) (In Diagram P194) (In text),Two Eth

12、ical Convictions to explain, illustrate, or disclose important aspects of difficult concepts; to reduce vagueness and eliminate ambiguity.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,Defining,Language building-up,Suggested answers,Three most common forms of definition by

13、 example by synonym, and analytical definition.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,Defining,Language building-up,Suggested answers,Signals and clue words to indicate definitions By “”, I mean mean refer to describe be understood as designate be defined as be sam

14、e as,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,The following sentences are taken from Text A, and all the signpost languages indicating definition have been removed. Complete the sentences and then compare your answers with the original sentences in Text A.,Language bu

15、ilding-up,Suggested answers,For the most part, the term “practice” _ interventions that are designed to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success. (para.2) By contrast, the term “research” _ an activity designed to test a hypothesis,

16、permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.(para.2) The expression “basic ethical principles_ those general judgments that serve as a basic justification for the many particular ethical prescriptions and evaluations of human actions.(para.3),refer

17、s to,refers to,designates,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,The following sentences are taken from Text A, and all the signpost languages indicating definition have been removed. Complete the sentences and then compare your answers with the original sentences i

18、n Text A.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,The term “beneficence” _to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation.(para.6) This is a question of justice, _ of “fairness in distribution” or “what is deserved”.(para.8),is often understood,in the sense,Unit 8 Principles of

19、Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 3 / Formal English,Paraphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,The distinction between research and practice is blurred partly because both often occur together. (para.1),2. Persons with diminished auto

20、nomy are entitled to protection. (para.4),People with reduced autonomy have the right for protection.,Its hard to find the differences between research and practice partly because both often go along with each.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 3 / Formal English,Paraphrase the foll

21、owing sentences from Text A with a less formal style.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,3. The involvement of prisoners as subjects of research provides an instructive example. (para.5),4. Whether to allow prisoners to “volunteer” or to “protect” them presents a dilemma. (para.5),It is a dilemm

22、a whether to allow prisoners to “volunteer” or to “protect” them.,The use of prisoners as subjects of research is a good example.,5. Another way of conceiving the principle of justice is that equals ought to be treated equally. (para.8),Another way to understand the principle of justice is that equa

23、l people ought to be treated equally.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Additional activity,Group presentation Medical authority and patients autonomy have to be balanced in making medical decisions. Traditionally, doctors played a dominant role in decision making. However, in medical co

24、ntext today, respect for a patients autonomy is considered a fundamental ethical principle. Conduct a survey and find out a case in which a patients autonomy is taken into consideration. The following prompts may be helpful to you. 1.You may first briefly describe the case. 2.Who made the medical de

25、cision? 3.How did the doctor and the patient keep balance in medical decision making? 4.Give your comments on the case.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical reading and thinking Language building-up Suggested answers,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical Reading an

26、d Thinking,1. the case of Ladan and Laleh Bijani (P201),A Heartbreaking Story with Important Lessons to Learn From Laleh and Ladan /wiki/Ladan_and_Laleh_Bijani -29-year-old twin sisters joint at the head -Determined to be separated -Bleeding to death on the operating table -Bur

27、ied in their home country, Iran,Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,2. in defense of the decision to operate (P202),Separate lives over life itself Respect for the

28、 twins autonomy Individual identity: separate interest and career Successful precedents,Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,2. in defense of the decision to operat

29、e (P202),Knowledge of Subject Matter,Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.,doctors encountered unforeseen obstacles in rerouting blood flow in the heads of the sisters, who shared a major vein that drained blood from the brain.,Unit 8 Princi

30、ples of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Useful expressions,opinion is divided as to whether to justify a risky and experimental procedure a pediatric neurosurgeon from Johns Hopkins At a press conference they were so determined to be separated that he felt compelled to try to help them adding, I was convin

31、ced they would,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Useful expressions,he had no regrets about at a later press conference back in the United States surgeons should have performed the operation differently in several stages over the course of weeks until the su

32、rgery was already under way,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Useful expressions,the team considered halting the surgery They proposed this to the person the twins had chosen to represent them, but the representative insisted that the sisters would want the

33、separation to proceed no matter what, so the doctors pressed on. keeping the name confidential the womens adoptive and biological fathers,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,3. in criticism of the decision to operate(P 202),Write

34、down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.,Advanced age Great risk with 50-50 odds of dying Technical uncertainty: joint at the head Lack of justification of a risky and experimental procedure only out of a patients wishes Responsible judgment on the p

35、art of the surgeon,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Useful expressions,it violated ethical standards for experimental surgery and should not have been done. the 50 percent risk of death You need more than an autonomous choice on the part of the patient. You need responsible judgment on

36、the part of the surgeon.,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Useful expressions,to meet the psychological needs of the twins spoken about their desire to pursue separate interests and careers. on at least two occasions at the representatives request when their

37、 medical judgment seemed to suggest a different course.,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,4. an alternative course suggested by Dr. Carson (P 202),Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers wit

38、h your partner.,Rather than complete the operation all at once, the separation could have been tried in several stages over the course of weeks,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,5. twins joined at the head that are still taken care in hospital (P202),Guatema

39、lan twins separated last summer at the University of California at Los Angeles -Need for occupational and physical therapy -Suffering from a neurological setback from contracting meningitis Greek set 2-year-old Egyptian boys, are at Medical City Hospital in Dallas -Separation plan to be finalized,Wr

40、ite down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,Facts about cojoined twins,Watch the Video Clip and Learn More about Cojoined Twins The Science of Conjoined Twins,Unit 8 Princip

41、les of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Useful expressions,a death rate of about 50 percent occupational and physical therapy a neurological setback from contracting meningitis physiologically probably the most challenging procedure are better at compensating for any damage one twin died of an infection,Cri

42、tical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Useful expressions,The survivor did great and neurologically is doing very well. a major stumbling block the hope was to transfer the babies to a center with experience in treating them have not finalized their plans,Critical r

43、eading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B Language Building-up,Vocabulary Test,operating,flow,intensive,obligation,pediatric,perform,adoptive,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,the_ table (手术台) an ethical _ (伦理责任) a(n) _neurosurgeon(儿科神经外科医生) to_ the surgery (做手术) blood _

44、 (血流) _ care (重症监护) _ father(义父，养父) _ father (生父) _ needs (心理需要) _ judgment (医学判断) _therapy (职业疗法) to _meningitis (感染脑膜炎) to die of an _ (死于感染） blood _ (血管) imbalances in _ (循环的不平衡),psychological,biological,medical,occupational,contract,infection,vessel,circulation,Text B,Suggested answers,Critical

45、reading and thinking,Task 1 Reflection The case concerned in the text will pose a dilemma to any doctors: perform the separation in respect of the autonomy of the conjoined twins or deny the request for their safety. Reflect on the dilemma and list the reasons both for and against separation.,Unit 8

46、 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text C,Language building-up Suggested answers,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,the _of human research subjects (人类研究对象的安宁) to approve or _ all research activities (批准或不批准所有的研究活动) to review a _ (审查一个研究计划) at risk of civil or criminal _ (有民事或刑事责任的危险),Text C Langu

47、age Building-up,Vocabulary Test,welfare,disapprove,protocol,liability,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text C,Task: Write a brief summary of IRB following the outline:,Suggested answers,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Listening,Cornell Note-taking System Suggested answers,Unit 8 Princip

48、les of Biomedical Ethics,Listening,Cornell Note-taking System,Five Rs: 1. Record: Take notes, tidying up the notes after lecture. 2. Reduce: Write down key words or questions as cues for the notes taken. 3. Recite: With notes covered, read each key word or question and recite the fact or idea. 4. Re

49、flect: Decide on the best way to summarize the key information in the lecture. 5. Review: Review the notes and the summary,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Listening,Suggested answers,1. questions that medical science cannot guarantee,Task 1 Watch a video clip and take notes on the given clues

50、. Try to follow the Cornell note-taking format.,How can we deal with complications to medical treatments? -a blood transfusion -organ transplant Who has the right to make these decisions? What is our moral responsibility? What are the doctors ethical responsibilities in the decision making process?,

51、Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Listening,Suggested answers,2. shift in medical decision making process in the last 20 to 30 years,Task 1 Watch a video clip and take notes on the given clues. Try to follow the Cornell note-taking format.,paternalistic 20 or 30 years ago -Patients engagement n

52、ot being encouraged -Doctors as decision maker -Not as many options offered autonomous as a recent trend,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Listening,Suggested answers,3. paternalistic approach vs. collaborative approach,Task 1 Watch a video clip and take notes on the given clues. Try to follow

53、the Cornell note-taking format.,Paternalistic approach -Less engagement of patients -Doctors as decision maker -Fewer options offered Patients and the family as passive listeners Collaborative approach -More of the say on the patients side -Patients engagement in the decision making process -More in

54、formation provided to the patients about their health care options,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Listening,Suggested answers,4. factors contributing to more patients involvement in the decision process,Task 1 Watch a video clip and take notes on the given clues. Try to follow the Cornell no

55、te-taking format.,Better informed patients with internet and the enormous amount of information available Greater awareness of the possible harm caused by medications -Antibiotic resistance Patients desire to have more control over his or her course of treatment,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethic

56、s,Listening,Suggested answers,Task 2 Complete the summary of the video clip with the 5 Rs of the Cornell note-taking system and then work in groups of 4-5 to discuss your answers.,1) who should be the primary decision makers in selecting courses of treatment 2) the medical paternalism /paternalistic

57、 approach 3) the collaborative approach 4) the patients wishes/patient autonomy 5) engage the patients as much in the decision process 6) patients are more informed 7) Valium,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Speaking,Developing a Strong Conclusion Task,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Sp

58、eaking,Developing a Strong Conclusion,1) Signal that you are going to finish the presentation. You can use the expressions such as “In conclusion/summary; To summarize/conclude; Before I end, let me say.” 2) Make concluding comments, such as summarizing the main points of the presentation, emphasizing the important points, etc. 3) Thank the audience 4) Ask whether the listeners have any questions.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Speaking,Task 1,Now prepare a 2-minute presentation on one of the following topics with special attention on a strong conc