大学英语语法第2讲-非谓语动词

1、第二讲 非谓语动词 （非限定动词）,1,大学英语语法 Grammar,非谓语动词,概念：非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词、形容词和副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。 特点：与谓语动词相比，非谓语动词既不能单独作谓语，其形式又不受主语的人称或数的限制。故又称为非限定动词。 分类：三种形式：动名词，不定式和分词(现在分词和过去分词)。,一、动名词 动名词是一种非谓语动词，形式为v+ing，与现在分词同形。 基本形式：,非谓语动词动名词,A. 动名词的特点：兼具名词和动词的特征。 1. 动名词的动词特征：动名词可以有宾语，可以用状语修饰 （1）带宾语 a. He avoided giving

2、us an answer. 动名词giving后有双宾语。 b. The doctor advised taking exercise. 动名词taking后有宾语exercise. （2）用状语修饰 a. I enjoy working with you. with you 是状语，修饰动名词working b. She doesnt allow smoking in her house. in her house 是状语，修饰动名词smoking,非谓语动词动名词,2. 动名词的名词特征即其语法功能：在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。 （1）作主语 a. Smoking may

3、 cause cancer. b. Hunting for a job is not easy for those who have just graduated. c. Its nice talking to you. It 是形式主语，真正的主语是动名词短语talking to you d. Its a waste of time arguing about it.,非谓语动词动名词,（2）作表语 a. The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. b. His greatest interest in li

4、fe is traveling. （3）作宾语 a. Would you mind not using your mobile phone in the meeting room? b. Your shoes need polishing(擦一擦). c. Are you interesting in going to the show(演出)？ d. Im proud of having a friend like you.,非谓语动词动名词,【考试重点】 以下动词只能用动名词作宾语 admit 承认 appreciate 赞赏，感激 finish 完成 avoid 避免，避开 imagin

5、e 想象 miss 错过 practice 练习 delay 耽搁 mind 介意 consider 考虑 postpone 推迟 enjoy 享受 risk 冒风险 suggest 建议 Suggest doing 虚拟：that （should） do,非谓语动词动名词,【考试重点】 下列惯用语中，应使用动名词 1）cant help doing = cant but do 禁不住 2）There is / It is no use (good) doing 没有用 3）be worth doing 值得 4）be busy doing 忙于 5）feel like doing 想 6）W

6、hat （How） about doing ？如何？ 7）spend time （in）doing 花时间做某事 8） difficulty（困难） have a trouble （in） doing problem good （hard）time,非谓语动词动名词,非谓语动词动名词,B. 动名词的完成时和被动式 表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。,非谓语动词动名词,B. 动名词的完成时和被动式 完成时 a.He regrets having wasted so much time when he was young. 年轻时浪费了那么多时间，他现在很后悔。 b.He

7、apologized for not having kept his promise. 他对于没有遵守诺言表示歉意。 被动式 c.He dislikes being interrupted when he is working. 他不喜欢在工作时被人打扰。 d.He didnt mind being left at home. 他并不介意把他留在家里。,非谓语动词动名词,C. 动名词的逻辑主语 当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词的物主代词或代词的宾格。 Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 她来帮忙鼓舞了我们所有人。 Janes being c

8、areless caused so much trouble. 简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。 Whats troubling them is their not having enough food. 困扰他们的是食物不足。 18-year-old,非谓语动词动名词,C. 动名词的逻辑主语 当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词的物主代词或代词的宾格。 Would you mind _ the computer game in your room?(04) A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D. him play B He forgot about _

9、 him to attend my wifes birthday party. A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D. mine to ask B,二、不定式 不定式是一种非谓语动词，由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，多与某些动词、名词、形容词搭配。 基本形式：,非谓语动词不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 1）作主语 不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。如： To serve the people well is our duty. 动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，用引导词it作形式

10、主语。上述句子也可改为： It is our duty to serve the people well. 类似这样不定式做主语的句型有: It is + n.+ to do It takes sb.+ some time + to do It is + adj.+ for sb.+ to do It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do,非谓语动词不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 1）作主语 例如： It is our duty to help them. It will take you quite a long time to f

11、inish it. It is easy for us to answer this question. It is kind of you to help me. 注： 1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy， hard， difficult， interesting， impossible等： 2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good， kind， nice， clever， foolish， right等。,非谓语动词不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 2)作宾

12、语 We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers. 注意： 如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语，这时，通常要用it作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。 例如： 他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的。 They found to get everything ready in advance impossible. 宾语宾补 They found it impossible to get everything ready in advance.,非谓语动词不定式,【考试重点】 以下动词只能跟不定式作宾语 afford

13、花费得起，提供 appear 好像 happen 碰巧 arrange 安排 hope 希望 attempt 试图 Intend 企图 decide 决定 learn 学会 plan 计划 expect 期望 offer 打算 pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 fail 未能 manage 设法 fear 害怕 want 要想 wish 希望,非谓语动词不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 3)作定语 This is the best way to solve the problem. 注意： 用不定式作定语时，它与它所修

14、饰的词有时是动宾关系，所以如果不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟上必要的介词。 例如： Mary needs a friend to play with. There is nothing to worry about. Because air pollution has been greatly reduced， this city is still _ . A.a good place to live B.a good place for living in C.a good place to be lived in D.a good place to live in 答案：D,非谓语动词不定

15、式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 3)作定语 不定式作定语，如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系，则不定式后面不能再带宾语。 例如： Here is a letter for you to type it. Here is a letter for you to type. The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them. The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for. 同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式

16、代替被动式。,非谓语动词不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 4)作状语 In order to overcome difficulties， we must work hard. 注意： 不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词，在句中作状语，这时不定式不能再带宾语。 例如： The water is unfit to drink. 错误：The water is unfit to drink it. They found Mr. Jones lecture hard to understand. 错误： They found Mr. Jones l

17、ecture hard to understand it. 同时要注意：在这类结构中，常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。,非谓语动词不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 4)作状语 作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。 例如： To save money， we took the bus instead of plane. To save money， the bus was taken instead of plane. 看一道2005年11月份的三级试题： To succeed in a scientific experiment，_. A.o

18、ne needs being patient person. B.patience is to need. C.one needs to be patient. D.patience is what needed. 答案：C,非谓语动词不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 4)作宾补 动词+宾语+不带to的不定式（do）作宾语补足语 1）感官动词：see, watch, notice , look at, hear, listen, smell, taste, feel 2）使役动词：make, let, have（使得），help（可带to，也可不带

19、to） 3）某些词组：would rather, would/had better,非谓语动词不定式,语法功能：不定式在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。 4)作宾补 动词+宾语+不带to的不定式（do）作宾语补足语 【注意】当感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式变成被动语态时，必须加to。 Henry is often seen_English aloud every morning in the classroom. A.read B.reads C.reading D.to read 答案：D,非谓语动词不定式,不定式的语态 每个不定式都有其逻辑主语，如果逻辑主语是动作的发出

20、者，不定式用主动式，如果其逻辑主语是动作的承受者，不定式用被动式。如： The doctor recommended him to air the room. 医生建议他打扫房间。 The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 医生建议打扫房间。,非谓语动词不定式,不定式的语态 【考试重点】：使用不带to的不定式的几种情况 (1)在口语中，以why开头的简单问句中。例如： Why do it that way? Why not go out for a walk? (2)某些使役动词，如make， let，have等后面跟动词不定时作宾语补足语时，用

21、省略to的不定式。如 Let him do it.让他做吧。 I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。,非谓语动词不定式,不定式的语态 【考试重点】：使用不带to的不定式的几种情况 (3)表示生理感觉的动词后接不定时作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to.这类词有： feel觉得observe 注意到，看到hear听到 watch注视listen to听perceive察觉，感知 notice注意see看见look at看 如要表明不定式或不定式的动作发出者(即逻辑主语)，就要在不定式前用for+名词(或代词的宾格)。如： Is the road w

22、ide enough for two cars to pass? The conference is too important for you to miss.,非谓语动词不定式,非谓语动词动名词与不定式区别,1） 动名词与不定式的区别 动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的 2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。 3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组： 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing 3 remember to do remember do

23、ing 4 regret to do regret doing 5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to dotry doing 7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing 9 interested to dointerested doing 10 mean to do mean doing 11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing,分词（v + ing 和v + ed） 分词的语法功能：分词在句中可作定语、状语、补足语和表语 This is the book g

24、iven by Tim. 1）作定语 现在分词表示主动，进行，过去分词表示被动，完成。 现在分词作定语时，表示正在进行的动作，或表示现状。同时表示主动。 例如： Give the note to the man sitting at that desk.,非谓语动词分词,1）作定语 过去分词作定语时，表示完成的动作。同时表示被动。有时过去分词仅仅表示被动。 例如： Weve met the doctor sent to work here by the city hospital.（表被动和完成） Some of the questions _ in the book are easy to

25、perform.（仅表被动） A.being described B.described C.to be described D.Having been described 答案：B,非谓语动词分词,2）作状语 分词或分词短语可作状语，说明谓语表示的动作发生的时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随情况、行为方式或对谓语加以补充说明等。现在分词作状语含有主动的意思，过去分词作状语含有被动的意思，或是表示状态。 _ ,he had asked three people before he got there. A.Not knowing where was the bookstore B.Knowing n

26、ot where the bookstore was C.Not knowing where the bookstore was D.Not to know where the bookstore was 答案：C _ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a blue planet. A.Seen B.Seeing C.To be seen D.Having seen 答案：A,非谓语动词分词,2）作状语 注意：分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。 判断对错： Waiti

27、ng for a bus, a stone hit me. By swimming an hour everyday, Janes weight was reduced from 120 to 110 pounds. Made of plastic, I didnt expect the chairs would be that strong. 以上三句话应当分别改为： While I was waiting for the bus, a stone hit me. By swimming an hour everyday, Jane reduced her weight from 120 t

28、o 110 pounds. As the chairs were made of plastic, I didnt expect they would be that strong.,非谓语动词分词,2）作状语 分词的独立结构 分词作状语时，要特别注意其逻辑主语和主句谓语动词的一致性。否则，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称为分词独立结构。 The work done, they put away their tools and left the workshop. （= When the work has been done, they put away their tools a

29、nd left the workshop.） His health failing, he decided to retire from office. （= Since his health failed, he decided to retire from office.）,非谓语动词分词,2）作状语 分词独立结构有时还可由介词with, without引出，通常用于补充说明或表示伴随情况，有时也有时间、原因、条件、结果等含义，翻译时可根据上下文译为随着，之后，由于等，有时也可不译出，如： With summer coming on, its time to buy air conditi

30、oners. 出题形式与应对策略： _ , they went swimming. A.Being a hot day B.It was a hot day C.Due to a hot day D.The day being hot 答案：D,非谓语动词分词,2）作状语 首先看题干，逗号的后面是一个完整的句子，两部分用逗号连接，现在我们必须清楚的是逗号并不能连接两个并列句，不等于连词and，因此选项B是错误的。但是，在考察分词作状语或分词的独立结构作状语的时候，四个选项中会有像选项B这样的选项。也就是说下列结构是错误的： It was a hot day, they went swimmin

31、g. It was a hot day, and they went swimming. Since it was a hot day, they went swimming. 注：英语的语法是显性的，句子之间的各种关系要体现在形式上，而汉语的语法则是隐形的，句子之间的各种关系要语义来传达。,非谓语动词分词,2）作状语 小练习：把句子改为分词结构 1.As the secretary was away, Mr. Green had to type his final grade. 2.Since Mother was ill, I offered to do the cooking. 3.Th

32、e machine consists of three parts, each of which has its own motor. 4.When class was over, the students went to the playground to watch the ball game. 5.Because the book was written in English, we found it easy to read. 6.Because a heavy rain flooded the road, he returned three days late than expect

33、ed. 7.He prayed silently and his eyes were closed.,非谓语动词分词,2）作状语 小练习：把句子改为分词结构： 参考答案： 1.The secretary being away, 2.Mother being ill, 3., each having its own motor. 4.Class being over, 5.The book being written in English, 6.A heavy rain flooding the road, 7., his eyes closed.,非谓语动词分词,3）作宾语补足语 注意1： 使

34、役动词have, make, get的后面可以接过去分词作宾补，keep的后面则接现在分词作宾补。在“have+ sth.+过去分词”的结构中，宾语补语所表示的动作往往是由别人来完成的。 I cant see the blackboard very well. Perhaps you need _ . A.to examine your eyes. B.to have examined your eyes. C.having your eyes examined. D.to have your eyes examined. 答案：D,非谓语动词分词,3）作宾语补足语 注意1： When vis

35、iting a foreign country, I sometimes found it difficult_. A.to make myself understood B.to make others understand myself C.to make myself understand D.making others understand me 答案：A,非谓语动词分词,3）作宾语补足语 注意1： There was so much noise outside that the speaker could hardly_. A.make the audience hear B.make himself be heard C.make that the audience would hear D.make himself heard 答案：D Its about the time we got the kitchen repainted. Ill try not to keep you waiting. Youd be