管原试题题库2

Chapter1-IntroductiontoManagementandOrganizations

True/FalseQuestions

Thefourcontemporaryfunctionsofmanagementareplanning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling.

True(easy)

Effectivenessreferstotherelationshipbetweeninputsandoutputs.

False(moderate)

Efficiencyisoftenreferredtoas"doingthingsright.H

True(moderate)

Whenmanagersmeetorganizationalgoals,theyareefficientandeffective.

False(difficult)

AccordingtoMinlzberg'smanagementroles,theinformationalroleinvolvesreceiving,collecting,anddisseminating

information.

True(moderate)

Technicalskillsbecomelessimportantasamanagermovesintohigherlevelsofmanagement.

True(moderate)

Thesystemsperspectiveunderscoresandemphasizesthefactthatorganizationsaredifferent,facedifferent

circumstances,andthusmayrequiredifferentwaysofmanaging.

False(moderate)

MultipleChoice

areorganizationalmemberswhointegrateandcoordinatetheworkofothers.

a.Managers(easy)

b.Teamleaders

c.Subordinates

d.Operatives

e.Agents

Typically,inorganizationsitisthewhoareresponsibleformakingorganizationaldecisionsand

settingpoliciesandstrategiesthataffectallaspectsoftheorganization.

a.teamleaders

b.middlemanagers

c.first-linemanagers

d.topmanagers(easy)

e.subordinates

distinguishesamanagerialpositionfromanonmanagerialone.

a.Manipulatingothers

b.Concernforthelaw

c.Increasingefficiency

d.Coordinatingandintegratingothers1work(moderate)

e.Definingmarketshare

WhichofthefollowingisNOTanexampleofadecisionalroleaccordingtoMintzberg?

a.spokesperson(moderate)

b.entrepreneur

c.disturbancehandler

d.resourceallocator

e.negotiator

Whichofthefollowingskillsaremoreimportantatlowerlevelsofmanagementsincethesemanagersaredealing

directlywithemployeesdoingtheorganization'swork?

a.humanskills

b.technicalskills(easy)

c.conceptualskills

d.empiricalskills

Understandingbuildingcodeswouldbeconsideredaskillforabuildingcontractor.

a.human

b.technical(easy)

c.conceptual

d.empirical

e.functional

Whichofthefollowingphrasesisbestassociatedwithmanagerialconceptualskills?

a.decision-making(easy)

b.communicatingwithcustomers

c.motivatingsubordinates

d.productknowledge

e.technicalskills

Accordingtothetext,arenotinfluencedbyanddonotinteractwiththeirenvironment.

a.opensystems

b.closedsystems(easy)

c.flextimesystems

d.reversesystems

e.forwardsystems

Theviewofamanager'sjobimpliesthatdecisionsandactionstakeninoneorganizationalareawill

impactotherareas.

a.systems(moderate)

b.contingency

c.conceptual

d.functional

e.environmental

Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheconceptthatmanagementisneededinalltypesandsizesoforganizations,

atallorganizationallevelsandinallorganizationalworkareas,andinallorganizations,nomatterwhatcountry

they'relocatedin?

a.thepartialityofmanagement

b.thesegmentationofmanagement

c.theuniversalityofmanagement(moderate)

d.theculturesofmanagement

ScenariosandQuestions

TheBusyDay(Scenario)

DonEskew,plantmanageratControlSystems,Inc.,sighedashesippedhisfirstcupofcoffeeat5a.m.andreadhis

agendafortheday.Heisgivingtwocompanytoursinthemorning;thefirsttoanewspaperreporterwhoiswritinga

storyonthenewplantexpansionandhasseveralquestions,andthesecondtoagroupofControlSystems,Inc.,

managersfromtheeastcoast.Hethenhasameetingwithunitmanager,PhilJohnson,todiscussPhifsrecentdropin

performance(ataskhealwayshates).Next,heisspendingacoupleofhoursreviewingthetradejournalshereceives

fromhishigh-techassociationandwritingupabriefsynopsisforhispresentationnextweektotheDivisionPresident.

Finally,inlateafternoon,hewillbereviewingthenewequipmentmalfunctionanddecidingwhethertobringinextra

peopletogettheequipmentrunningassoonaspossible.Whew!Justanotherdayintheglamorouslifeofamanager.

Together,allofthesebehaviorsperformedbyDonduringhisbusydaycorrespondtothemanagementroles

discoveredinthelate1960sbywhichofthefollowingmanagementscientists?

a.Herzberg

b.Skinner

c.Mintzberg(easy)

d.Fayol

e.Maslow

WhenDonwasmeetingwithPhiltodiscusshisperformanceconcerns,hewasoperatinginwhichmanagementrole?

a.leader(difficult)

b.figurehead

c.monitor

d.disturbancehandler

e.spokesperson

114.WhatrolewasDonperformingwhenhegavetheplanttourtothenewspaperreporter?

a.monitor

b.figurehead

c.disseminator

d.spokesperson(difficult)

e.resourceallocator

115.WhenDonwasreviewingthenewequipmentmalfunction,whatmanagementrolewasheplayingwhen

decidingwhethertobringinextrapeople?

a.monitor

b.disseminator

c.resourceallocator(moderate)

d.disturbancehandler

e.figurehead

EssayQuestions

Inashortessay,discussthedifferencebetweenefficiencyandeffectivenessandincludeaspecificexampletosupport

eachconcept.

Answer

a.Efficiencyreferstogettingthemostoutputfromtheleastamountofinputs.Becausemanagersdealwith

scarceinputs—includingresourcessuchaspeople,money,andequipment-theyareconcernedwiththe

efficientuseofresources.Forinstance,attheBeiersdorfInc.factoryinCincinnati,whereemployeesmake

bodybracesandsupports,canes,walkers,crutches,andothermedicalassistanceproducts,efficient

manufacturingtechniqueswereimplementedbydoingthingssuchascuttinginventorylevels,decreasing

theamountoftimetomanufactureproducts,andloweringproductrejectrates.Fromthisperspective,

efficiencyisoftenreferredtoas“doingthingsright”—thatis,notwastingresources.

b.Effectivenessisoftendescribedas“doingtherightthings”——thatis,thoseworkactivitiesthatwillhelpthe

organizationreachitsgoals.Forinstance,attheBiersdorffactory,goalsincludedopencommunication

betweenmanagersandemployees,andcuttingcosts.Throughvariousworkprograms,thesegoalswere

pursuedandachieved.Whereasefficiencyisconcernedwiththemeansofgettingthingsdone,

effectivenessisconcernedwiththeends,orattainmentoforganizationalgoals.

(moderate)

Inashortessay,listandexplainthefourbasicfunctionsofmanagement.

Answer

a.Planning-involvestheprocessofdefininggoals,establishingstrategiesforachievingthosegoals,and

developingplanstointegrateandcoordinateactivities.

b.Organizing-involvestheprocessofdeterminingwhattasksaretobedone,whoistodothem,howthe

tasksaretobegrouped,whoreportstowhom,andwheredecisionsaretobemade.

c.Leading-whenmanagersmotivatesubordinates,influenceindividualsorteamsastheywork,selectthe

mosteffectivecommunicationchannel,ordealinanywaywithemployeebehaviorissues,theyareleading.

d.Controlling-toensurethatworkisgoingasitshould,managersmustmonitorandevaluateperformance.

Theprocessofmonitoring,comparing,andcorrectingiswhatismeantbythecontrollingfunction.

(moderate)

Inashortessay,listanddiscussthethreeessentialskillsaccordingtoKatzthatmanagersneedtoperformtheduties

andactivitiesassociatedwithbeingamanager.

Answer

a.Technicalskills-includeknowledgeofanproficiencyinacertainspecializedfield,suchasengineering,

computers,accounting,ormanufacturing.Theseskillsaremoreimportantatlowerlevelsofmanagement

sincethesemanagersaredealingdirectlywithemployeesdoingtheorganization'swork.

b.Humanskills-involvetheabilitytoworkwellwithotherpeoplebothindividuallyandinagroup.

Managerswithgoodhumanskillsareabletogetthebestoutoftheirpeople.Theyknowhowto

communicate,motivate,lead,andinspireenthusiasmandtrust.Theseskillsareequallyimportantatall

levelsofmanagement.

c.Conceptualskills-thesearetheskillthatmanagersmusthavetothinkandtoconceptualizeaboutabstract

andcomplexsituations.Usingtheseskills,managersmustbeabletoseetheorganizationasawhole,

understandtherelationshipsamongvarioussubunits,andvisualizehowtheorganizationfitsintoitsbroader

environment.Theseskillsaremostimportantatthetopmanagementlevels.

(moderate)

Chapter2-ManagementYesterdayandToday

True/False

AccordingtoAdamSmith,divisionoflaborwasanimportantconcept.

True(easy)

IntheIndustrialRevolution,machinepowerbegansubstitutingforhumanpower.

True(easy)

""PrinciplesofScientificManagement“waswrittenbyFrederickTaylor.

True(moderate)

FrankGilbreth'sbest-knowncontributiontoscientificmanagementconcernedselectingthebestworker.

False(moderate)

FrederickTaylorismostassociatedwiththeprinciplesofscientificmanagement.

True(easy)

OnecouldsaythatFayolwasinterestedinstudyingmacromanagementissues,whereasTaylorwasinterestedin

studyingmicromanagementissues.

True(moderate)

Bureaucracy,asdescribedbyWeber,emphasizesrationalityandinterpersonalrelationships.

False(moderate)

Decisionsondeterminingacompany'soptimuminventorylevelshavebeensignificantlyinfluencedbyeconomic

orderquantitymodeling.

True(moderate)

Barnard,Follet,Musterberg,andOwenarealltheoristsareassociatedwiththeearlyorganizationalbehaviorapproach.

True(moderate)

MultipleChoice

AdamSmith's,nTheWealthofNations/*putforththattheprimaryeconomicadvantagebysocietieswouldbe

gainedfromwhichofthefollowingconcepts?

a.managementplanningandcontrol

b.on-the-jobtraining

c.unionrepresentation

d.fairemploymentlegislation

e.divisionoflabor(difficult)

Whichofthefollowingisnotoneofthefourmanagementapproachesthatgrewoutofthefirsthalfofthiscentury?

a.scientificmanagement

b.generaladministrative

c.organizationalbehavior

d.systemsapproach(easy)

e.quantitative

Accordingtothetext,probablythebest-knownexampleofTaylofsscientificmanagementwasthe

experiment.

a.horseshoe

b.pigiron(moderate)

c.bluecollar

d.fishtank

WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofTaylofsfourprinciplesofmanagement?

a.Developascienceforeachelementofanindividuafswork,whichwillreplacetheoldrule-of-thumb

method.

b.Scientificallyselectandthentrain,teach,anddeveloptheworker.

c.Heartilycooperatewiththeworkerssoastoensurethatallworkisdoneinaccordancewiththeprinciples

developed.

d.Providemanagerswilllessworkthanotheremployeessothemanagerscanplanaccordingly.

(difficult)

Generaladministrativetheoryfocuseson

a.theentireorganization,(easy)

b.managersandadministrators.

c.themeasurementoforganizationaldesignrelationships.

d.primarilytheaccountingfunction.

e.administrativeissuesaffectingnon-managerialemployees.

Thefourteenprinciplesofmanagementareassociatedwithwhom?

a.Weber

b.Drucker

c.Taylor

d.Gilbreth

e.Fayol(moderate)

Whichofthefollowingapproachestomanagementhasalsobeenlabeledoperationsresearchormanagement

science?

a.Thequalitativeapproach

b.Thequantitativeapproach(easy)

c.Theexperimentalapproach

d.Thetheoreticalapproach

Whichofthefollowingwouldnotbeassociatedwiththequantitativeapproachtomanagement?

a.informationmodels

b.critical-pathscheduling

c.systematicmotivationofindividuals(moderate)

d.linearprogramming

e.statistics

Withoutquestion,themostimportantcontributiontothedevelopingfieldoforganizationalbehaviorcameoutofthe

a.TaylorStudies.

b.PorterStudies.

c.ParkerStudies.

d.HawthorneStudies,(moderate)

WhatscientistismostcloselyassociatedwiththeHawthorneStudies?

a.Adams

b.Mayo(easy)

c.Lawler

d.Barnard

e.Follett

OneoutcomeoftheHawthornestudiescouldbedescribedbywhichofthefollowingstatements?

a.Socialnormsarethekeydeterminantsofindividualworkbehavior,(moderate)

b.Moneyismoreimportantthanthegrouponindividualproductivity.

c.Behaviorandemployeesentimentsareinverselyrelated.

d.Securityisrelativelyunimportant.

e.Whilegroupsareanimportantdeterminantofworkerproductivity,theindividualhim/herselfismost

important.

ScenariosandQuestions

HISTORICALBACKGROUNDCFMANAGEMENT

ALookBack(Scenario)

CindySchultz,tiredfromworkingwithcustomersallday,decidedtotakeafifteen-minutenaptohelpclearherhead

beforethe4:15managers*meeting.Hercompanyhadrecentlybegunare-engineeringprocessaswellasother

changesrequiringcopiousmanagementinput.Assheleanedbackinherchair,shewonderedifmanagementscience

hadalwaysbeenthiswayandhowitallbegan.Asshenapped,shedreamedthat,alongwith"Mr.Peebodi"asher

guide,shewastravelinginthe"ManagementWayBackMachine1'thattookherbackthroughmanagementhistory.

106.OneoftheearliestsitesCindyvisitedwasAdamSmith'shome,authorofTheWealthofNations,which

suggestedthatorganizationsandsocietywouldgainfrom

a.timemanagement.

b.divisionoflabor,(moderate)

c.groupwork.

d.qualitymanagement.

e.timeandmotionstudies.

107.Cindyvisitedabookstorewheretherewasabooksigningoccurring.Shelookeddownandsawthatthetitleof

thebookwasPrinciplesofScientificManagementandconcludedthattheauthormustbe

a.AdamSmith.

b.FrankGilbreth.

c.HenryGantt.

d.FrederickTaylor,(easy)

e.HenriFayol.

108.CindyadmiredtheworksofTaylorandGilbreth,twoadvocatesof

a.scientificmanagement,(moderate)

b.organizationalbehavior.

c.humanresourcemanagement.

d.motivation.

e.leadership.

109.Cindyspentsometimevisitingwith,aresearchershepreviouslyknewlittleaboutbutwhoalso

contributedtomanagementsciencebybeingamongthefirsttousemotionpicturefilmstostudyhand-and-

bodymotionsandbydevisingaclassificationschemeknownasaMtherblig."

a.HenryGantt

b.MaxWeber

c.ChesterBarnard

d.FrankGilbreth(moderate)

e.MaryParkerFollet

EssayQuestions

SCIENTIFICMANAGEMENT

Inashortessay,discussFrederickTaylor'sworkinscientificmanagement.Next,listTaylofsfourprinciplesof

management.

Answer

FrederickTaylordidmostofhisworkattheMidvaleandBethlehemSteelCompaniesinPennsylvania.Asa

mechanicalengineerwithaQuakerandPuritanbackground,hewascontinuallyappalledbyworkers'

inefficiencies.Employeesusedvastlydifferenttechniquestodothesamejob.Theywereinclinedto“takeit

easy”onthejob,andTaylorbelievedthatworkeroutputwasonlyaboutone-thirdofwhatwaspossible.

Virtuallynoworkstandardsexisted.Workerswereplacedinjobswithlittleornoconcernformatchingtheir

abilitiesandaptitudeswiththetaskstheywererequiredtodo.Managersandworkerswereincontinualconflict.

Taylorsetouttocorrectthesituationbyapplyingthescientificmethodtoshopfloorjobs.Hespentmorethan

twodecadespassionatelypursuingthe“onebestway“foreachjobtobedone.

Taylor'sFourPrinciplesofManagement

a.Developascienceforeachelementofanindividuafswork,whichwillreplacetheoldrule-of-thumb

method.

b.Scientificallyselectandthentrain,teach,anddeveloptheworker.

c.Heartilycooperatewiththeworkerssoastoensurethatalworkisdoneinaccordancewiththeprinciples

ofthesciencethathasbeendeveloped.

d.Divideworkandresponsibilityalmostequallybetweenmanagementandworkers.Managementtakesover

allworkforwhichitisbetterfittedthantheworkers.

(difficult)

122.Inashortessay,discusstheworkinscientificmanagementbyFrankandLillianGilbreth.

Answer

FrankGilbrethisprobablybestknownforhisexperimentsinbricklaying.Bycarefullyanalyzingthe

bricklayer'sjob,hereducedthenumberofmotionsinlayingexteriorbrickfrom18toabout5,andonlaying

interiorbrickthemotionswerereducedfrom18to2.UsingtheGilbreth'stechniques,thebricklayercouldbe

moreproductiveandlessfatiguedattheendoftheday.TheGilbrethswereamongthefirstresearcherstouse

motionpicturestostudyhand-and-bodymotionsandtheamountoftimespentdoingeachmotion.Wasted

motionsmissedbythenakedeyecouldbeidentifiedandeliminated.TheGilbrethsalsodevisedaclassification

schemetolabel17basichandmotions,whichtheycalledtherbligs.ThisschemeallowedtheGilbrethsamore

precisewayofanalyzingaworker'sexacthandmovements.

(moderate)

GENERALADMINISTRATIVETHEORISTS

123.Inashortessay,discusstheworkofHenriFayolasitrelatestothegeneraladministrativeapproachto

management.NextlistanddiscusssevenofFayofsfourteenprinciplesofmanagement.

Answer

Fayoldescribedthepracticeofmanagementassomethingdistinctfromaccounting,finance,production,

distribution,andothertypicalbusinessfunctions.Hearguedthatmanagementwasanactivitycommontoall

humanendeavorsinbusiness,government,andeveninthehome.Hethenproceededtostate14principlesof

management-fundamentalrulesofmanagementthatcouldbetaughtinschoolsandappliedinall

organizationalsituations.

Fayol'sFourteenPrinciplesofManagement

a.Divisionofwork.-specializationincreasesoutputbymakingemployeesmoreefficient.

b.Authority-managersmustbeabletogiveorders.Authoritygivesthemthisright.Alongwithauthority,

however,goesresponsibility.

c.Discipline-employeesmustobeyandrespecttherulesthatgoverntheorganization.

d.Unityofcommand-everyemployeeshouldreceiveordersfromonlyonesuperior.

e.Unityofdirection-theorganizationshouldhaveasingleplanofactiontoguidemanagersandworkers.

f.Subordinationofindividualintereststothegeneralinterest-theinterestsofanyoneemployeeorgroupof

employeesshouldnottakeprecedenceovertheinterestsoftheorganizationasawhole.

g.Remuneration-workersmustbepaidafairwagefortheirservices.

h.Centralization-thistermreferstothedegreetowhichsubordinatesareinvolvedindecisionmaking,

i.Scalarchain-thelineofauthorityfromtopmanagementtothelowestranksinthescalarchain.

j.Order-peopleandmaterialsshouldbeintherightplaceattherighttime,

k.Equity-managersshouldbekindandfairtotheirsubordinates.

1.Stabilityoftenureofpersonnel-managementshouldprovideorderlypersonalplanningandensurethat

replacementsareavailabletofillvacancies.

m.Initiative-employeeswhoareallowedtooriginateandcarryoutplanswillexerthighlevelsofeffort,

n.Espritdecorps-promotingteamspiritwillbuildharmonyandunitywithintheorganization.

(difficult)

124.Inashortessay,discussMaxWebefscontributiontothegeneraladministrativeapproachtomanagement.

Answer

MaxWeberwasaGermansociologistwhostudiedorganizationalactivity.Writingintheearly1900s,he

developedatheoryofauthoritystructuresandrelations.Weberdescribesanidealtypeoforganizationhe

calledabureaucracy—aformororganizationcharacterizedbydivisionoflabor,aclearlydefinedhierarchy,

detailedrulesandregulations,andimpersonalrelationships.Weberrecognizedthatthis“idealbureaucracy^^

didn'texistinreality.Insteadheintendeditasabasisfbrtheorizingaboutworkandhowworkcouldbedone

inlargegroups.Histheorybecamethemodelstructuraldesignformanyortoday'slargeorganizations.

(easy)

TOWARDUNDERSTANDINGORGANIZATIONALBEHAVIOR

125.Inashortessay,describetheHawthorneStudies.Next,discusstheroleofEltonMayointhesestudiesand

someofthefindingsofhisresearch.

Answer

Withoutquestion,themostimportantcontributiontothedevelopingOBfieldcameoutoftheHawthorne

Studies,aseriesofstudiesconductedattheWesternElectricCompanyWorksinCicero,Illinois.Thesestudies

wereinitiallydesignedbyWesternElectricindustrialengineersasascientificmanagementexperiment.They

wantedtoexaminetheeffectofvariousilluminationlevelsonworkerproductivity.Basedontheirresearch,it

wasconcludedthatilluminationintensitywasnotdirectlyrelatedtogroupproductivity.In1927,theWestern

ElectricengineersaskedHarvardprofessorEltonMayoandhisassociatestojointhestudyasconsultants.

Throughadditionalresearch,EltonMayoconcludedthatbehavioraffectedindividualbehavior,thatgroup

standardsestablishindividualworkeroutput,andthatmoneyislessafactorindeterminingoutputthanare

groupstandards,groupsentiments,andsecurity.Theseconclusionsledtoanewemphasisonthehuman

behaviorfactorinthefunctioningoforganizationsandtheattainmentoftheirgoals.

(difficult)

CURRENTTRENDSANDISSUES

126.Inashortessay,defineentrepreneurshipanddiscussthethreeimportthemesthatstickoutinthisdefinitionof

entrepreneurship.

Answer

Entrepreneurshipistheprocesswherebyanindividualoragroupofindividualsusesorganizedeffortsand

meanstopursueopportunitiestocreatevalueandgrowbyfulfillingwantsandneedsthroughinnovationand

uniqueness,nomatterwhatresourcesarecurrentlycontrolled.Itinvolvesthediscoveryofopportunitiesand

theresourcestoexploitthem.Threeimportantthemesstickoutinthisdefinitionofentrepreneurship.First,is

thepursuitofopportunities.Entrepreneurshipisaboutpursuingenvironmentaltrendsandchangesthatnoone

elsehasseenorpaidattentionto.Thesecondimportantthemeinentrepreneurshipisinnovation.

Entrepreneurshipinvolveschanging,revolutionizing,transforming,andintroducingnewapproaches—thatis,

newproductsorservicesofnewwaysofdoingbusiness.Thefinalimportantthemeinentrepreneurshipis

growth.Entrepreneurspursuegrowth.Theyarenotcontenttostaysmallortostaythesameinsize.

Entrepreneurswanttheirbusinessestogrowandworkveryhardtopursuegrowthastheycontinuallylookfor

trendsandcontinuetoinnovatenewproductsandnewapproaches.

(moderate)

127.Inashortessay,definee-businessande-commerce.Nextdiscussthethreecategoriesofe-business

involvement.

Answer

E-business(electronicbusiness)isacomprehensivetermdescribingthewayanorganizationdoesitsworkby

usingelectronicInternet-based)linkageswithitskeyconstituencies(employees,managers,customers,

suppliers,andpartners)inordertoefficientlyandeffectivelyachieveitsgoals.It'smorethane-commerce,

althoughe-businesscanincludee-commerce.E-commerce(electroniccommerce)isanyformofbusiness

exchangeortransactioninwhichthepartiesinteractelectronically.Thefirstcategoryofe-business

involvementane-businessenhancedorganization,atraditionalorganizationthatsetsupe-businesscapabilities,

usuallye-commerce,whilemaintainingitstraditionalstructure.ManyFortune500typeorganizationsare

evolvingintoe-businessesusingthisapproach.TheyusetheInternettoenhance(nottoreplace)their

traditionalwaysofdoingbusiness.Anothercategoryofe-businessinvolvementisane-businessenabled

organization.Inthistypeofe-business,anorganizationusestheInternettoperformitstraditionalbusiness

functionsbetter,butnottosellanything.Inotherwords,theInternetenablesorganizationalmemberstodo

theirworkmoreefficientlyandeffectively.Therearenumerousorganizationsusingelectroniclinkagesto

communicatewithemployees,customers,orsuppliersandtosupportthemwithinformation.Thelastcategory

ofe-businessinvolvementiswhenanorganizationbecomesatotale-business.Theirwholeexistenceismade

possiblebyandrevolvesaroundtheInternet.

(moderate)

128.Inashortessay,discusstheneedforinnovationandflexibilityasitrelatestothesurvivaloftoday's

organizations.

Answer

Innovationhasbeencalledthemostpreciouscapabilitythatanyorganizationintoday'seconomymusthave

andnurture.Withoutaconstantflowofnewideas,anorganizationisdoomedtoobsolescenceofevenworse,

failure.Inasurveyaboutwhatmakesanorganizationvaluable,innovationshowedupatthetopofthelist.

Thereisabsolutelynodoubtthatinnovationiscrucial.Anotherdemandfacingtoday'sorganizationsand

managersistheneedforflexibility.Inacontextwherecustomers,needsmaychangeovernight,wherenew

competitorscomeandgoatbreathtakingspeed,andwhereemployeesandtheirskillsareshiftedasneeded

fromprojecttoproject,onecanseehowflexibilitymightbevaluable.

(easy)

129.Inashortessay,discusstheconceptoftotalqualitymanagementandthesixcharacteristicsthatdescribethis

importantco