专题一　题型3　主旨大意题

专题一四选一阅读01主旨大意题题型302主旨大意即作者在文章或段落中想要表达的主要内容，是文章或段落的核心思想，也是作者通过行文逻辑和各种细节信息阐明的核心内容。把握主旨大意是英语阅读理解的一项关键能力，对正确理解全文有重要意义。考生在解题时应通过略读捕捉文中的关键词句，把握篇章和段落结构，梳理篇章和段落的行文脉络，从而弄清作者的写作思路，最终归纳出主旨大意。高考阅读理解中，对该关键能力的考查主要有以下三种：归纳段落大意、理解全文主旨和选定最佳标题。段落大意题主要考查考生对段落核心信息的理解，要求考生在理解段落内容的基础上提炼出核心信息，然后对比选项，选出最契合段落主要内容的选项。段落大意题常见设问形式：Whatisthefirst/second/...paragraphmainlyabout?Whatdoesparagraph...mainlytalkabout?Whatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinparagraph...?考向1段落大意题(2024·新课标Ⅰ，B片段)LeighTindale’sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack，Tindalesays，shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep，butFarber’streatmentseasedherdog’ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse，Nappy，“movesmoreeasily

andridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.关键信息1：案例①关键信息2：案例②典例剖析26.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?设问方向：第三段的段落大意A.Stepsofachiropractictreatment.B.Thecomplexityofveterinarians’work.C.Examplesofrareanimaldiseases.D.Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.串联各句内容，提炼段落主旨：本段主要介绍了两个整体医学的具体的治疗案例：①LeighTindale的狗Charlie患心脏病，采用整体医学治疗后，病情好转，能够多活5个月；②PriscillaDewing家的马Nappy经过整体医学治疗后移动更容易，骑着更舒适了。由此可知，本段主要通过这两个具体的治疗案例来说明整体医学的有效性。对比分析选项，确定答案：对比选项发现，D项“整体医学的有效性”与本段主旨最为契合，为正确答案。技法归纳A(2023·全国乙，D片段)Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld，ahistorythatdoesnot①privilegeonepartofhumanity，youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone，becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts，whilemostoftheworld，formostofthetime，hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements，anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheir②concernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.即时演练段落大意题。根据选段内容可知，本段主要讲述的是历史应该如何被展示，即通过文字和实物相结合。故选A。1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.√语境猜词：①privilege_______________②concern___________v.给予特权，特别优待n.重要的事情B(2022·新课标Ⅰ，D片段)...Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(对齐)，makingithardtoproducelabiodentals，whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later，ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(结构)，makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.[Analysesofalanguage①databasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage，withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasing②remarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.]paragraph5...2.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.√段落大意题。根据第五段，尤其是其中的“Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmed”可知，本段主要提出支持上文研究结果的证据。故选A。语境猜词：①database__________________②remarkably________________n.(计算机)数据库，资料库adv.不寻常地，惊人地文章大意题主要考查考生对一篇文章的整体理解，要求考生具备在速读中准确掌握全文主旨的能力。考生需要在理解全文内容的基础上，通过归纳概括、推理判断等逻辑思维活动，概括出全文主旨大意。文章大意题常见设问形式：Whatisthetextmainlyabout？What’sthemainideaofthetext？Whatismainlytalkedaboutinthetext?考向2文章大意题(2024·新课标Ⅱ，C)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However，mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney，BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally，itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital，restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.[第一段主题句][第二段主题句]典例剖析Specifically，it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud，BMFisremotelymonitored.Also，thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated，itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil，thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest，userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.[第三段主题句]Moreover，havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition，there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.[关键信息第四段大意]BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice，theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste，carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment，”saidaBMFemployee.[第五段主题句][关键信息]31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?设问方向：本文的大意A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.串联各段落大意，提炼文章主旨：①第一段以新鲜食物的重要性及商店农产品运输过程影响新鲜度的问题导入，引出巴比伦微农场(BMF)，指出其大大缩短运输路程的优势。②第二段强调巴比伦微农场通过创新型设计来保证新鲜蔬菜供应。③第三段详细说明巴比伦微农场依靠的新技术及其带来的优势。④第四段和第五段指出巴比伦微农场在可持续发展方面的优势。综合以上段意可知，本文主要介绍巴比伦微农场(BMF)的优势。对比分析选项，确定答案：对比选项发现，A项“巴比伦微农场(BMF)的主要优势”与文章主旨最为契合，为正确答案。技法归纳(2023·浙江1月，B)Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle，noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago，asIwaslivingwithmyparents，andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband，asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough，whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.即时演练Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson，sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars，andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater，Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries，andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued，IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom，soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn’tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries(洗漱用品)，Iwasabletostart①personalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocook②everysooften，soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch，butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges，youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou’redoing，whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenot③onboard，yourwordsprobablywon’tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice：Leadbyaction.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.√主旨大意题。通读全文尤其根据第二段内容可知，文章主要讲述了作者是如何在家庭中践行零浪费的生活方式的。故选C。语境猜词：①personalize__________________②everysooften_________③onboard_____v.使个性化，为个人特制偶尔，间或支持标题是文章中心思想的精练表达。标题归纳题主要考查考生把握文章主旨、理解文章中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。标题归纳题常见设问形式：Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext？Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext？Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？Whichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleforthepassage?考向3标题归纳题(2024·全国甲，B)Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance，almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(声音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp，scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.

Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou’reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry，itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However，whenacatislookingforaffection，theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother’sattentionandbefed.[第一段主题句]典例剖析Catshavemanyheightenedsenses，buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.

Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However，anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That’swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats，whichtheydon’tusuallylike.[第二段主题句]Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit，butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat’sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉动物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit’sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit![第三段主题句]27.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?设问方向：适合本文的标题A.TipsonFindingaSmartCat B.UnderstandingYourCat’sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCat D.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy串联各段落大意，提炼文章主旨：①第一段段意：猫是一种特殊的动物，拥有惊人的发声技能。②第二段段意：猫有许多敏锐的感官，尤其是它们的嗅觉更令人印象深刻。③第三段段意：猫的抓取能力很强。综合以上段意可知，本文主要介绍猫的一些行为习惯以及背后的原因和意义。对比分析选项，确定答案：对比选项发现，B项“了解你的猫的行为”概括精准，统领全文，为正确答案。其他干扰项：A项“找一只聪明猫的小贴士”，C项“和你的猫玩得开心”和D项“如何让你的猫保持健康”都偏离了主题。技法归纳(2024·浙江1月，D)TheStanfordmarshmallow(棉花糖)testwasoriginallyconductedby①psychologistWalterMischelinthelate1960s.Childrenagedfourtosixatanurseryschoolwereplacedinaroom.Asinglesugarytreat，selectedbythechild，wasplacedonatable.Eachchildwastoldiftheywaitedfor15minutesbeforeeatingthetreat，theywouldbegivenasecondtreat.Thentheywereleftaloneintheroom.Follow-upstudieswiththechildrenlaterinlifeshowedaconnectionbetweenanabilitytowaitlongenoughtoobtainasecondtreatandvariousformsofsuccess.即时演练Asadultswefaceaversionofthemarshmallowtesteveryday.We’renottempted(诱惑)bysugarytreats，butbyourcomputers，phones，andtablets—allthedevicesthatconnectustotheglobaldeliverysystemforvarioustypesofinformationthatdotouswhatmarshmallowsdotopreschoolers.Wearetemptedbysugarytreatsbecauseourancestorslivedinacalorie-poorworld，andourbrainsdevelopedaresponsemechanismtothesetreatsthatreflectedtheirvalue—afeelingofrewardandsatisfaction.Butaswe’vereshapedtheworldaroundus，d