考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷334

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷334

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

Overfishingofoneoftheocean'stoppredatorshastriggeredalethalchainreactionthat

threatenstodecimatepopulationsofbayscallops,oysters,andclams,warnsanewstudy.

Plungingpopulationsof11largesharkspecieshavecausedaspikeinthenumbersof

theirprey,includingsmallersharks,rays,andskates.Thesecreaturesinturnarewiping

outothermarineorganismsandmaybedestroyingseagrasshabitat,whichservesasa

nurseryformanyspecies.Sharkshavehadaroughfewdecades.Demandfortheirfins

andmeathasresultedinincreasingexploitation,andthecreaturesareoftenaccidentally

capturedbyswordfishandtunafishers.Asmanyas73millionsharksarekilledannually,

andpaststudieshaveindicatedmanypopulationshavebeencutbyhalf.Nonetheless,

scientistshavehaddifficultygaugingthedeclineinseveralsharkspeciesovertheyears

becauseofalackofdata.Theeffectofthisdeclineonoceanecosystemshasalsoproven

hardtomeasure.Togetabeltergripontheproblem,marinebiologistJuliaBaumof

DalhousieUniversityinHalifax,Canada,andcolleaguestrawled35yearsofmarine

surveysandfisheriesdatatodocumentdeclinesinlargesharksofftheeasternseaboardof

theU.S.Thenumbers,reportedtodayinScience,arestark:Theblacktipshark

populationhasplummeted93%since1972,withsimilardeclinesfortiger,bull,and

smoothhammerheadsharks.Simultaneously,theabundanceof12ofthe14speciesthat

thesesharkspreyon—includingthelittleskate,thechaincatshark,andthecownose

ray—increaseddramatically.Thelatterhasseenitsnumbersswelltenfold.Thejumpin

raynumbersisespeciallytroubling,notescoauthorandmarinebiologistCharles

PetersonoftheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,becausethefishshredthesea

grassthathousescrabsandclams.Infact,henotes,by2004raypredationhadshutdown

NorthCarolina'scentury-oldbayscallopfishery.The11othersharkpreyspecieswhose

populationsroseoverthe35-ycarperiodcouldbehavingsimilarimpactstothatofthe

cownoseray,saysBaum."Theresultisprofound"becausethehighdiversityoffishesin

thenorthwestAtlantichasbeenthoughttominimizecatastrophicchangesinthefood

web,saysmarinescientistKennethFrankoftheBedfordInstituteofOceanographyin

Dartmouth,Canada.Sharksareonlypartofthepuzzle,however,Frankwarns.People's

appetitesforoysters,clams,andscallopsarelikelyhavingamoredirectimpactonthese

populations,hesays.

1、Theoverfishingofsharksmayresultin.

A^theabundanceofseagrasshabitat

B、theruinofnurseryformanymarinespecies

C、theobviousincreaseofmostmarinespecies

D^thehugedeclineofthepopulationsoftheirprey

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据第一段最后一句中的“Thesecreatures...maybedestroyingseagrass

habitat»whichservesasanurseryfbrmanyspecies^,B应为答案。

2、Whatcontributesmosttotheoverfishingofsharksis,

A、thesharksaccidentallycapturedbytunafishers

B、theroughfewdecadesthatsharkshavesuffered

C、theever-increasingdemandfortheirfinsandmeat

D、themillionsofsharkskilleddeliberatelyeachyear

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第二段第二句"Demandfortheirfinsandmeathasresultedin

increasingexploitation,…”,C应为答案。

3、JuliaBaumstudiedmarinesurveysandfisheriesdatainorderto,

A^provethefactthatsharkpopulationshavefallensharply

B、castlightontheeffectofsharkdeclineonoceanecosystrems

C、documentthesharkspecieswhichhavedeclinedmostrapidly

D、understandthesubtlerelationshipbetweenpredatorsandprey

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据第二最后一句"Theeffectofthisdeclineonoceanecosystemshas

alsoprovenhardtomeasure,\以及第三段第一句"Togetabettergripontheproblem,

marinebiologistJuliaBaum...trawled35yearsofmarinesurveysandfisheries

data…B应为答案。

4、Therapidincreaseofthecownoserayresultsfrom.

A、thetenfoldincreaseofitsnumbersinashorttime

B、theabundanceofthe12speciesthatsharkspreyon

C、thetremendousdeclineofthenumberofitspredators

D^thedeclineofsharksofftheeasternseaboardofAmerica

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第一段第二句"Plungingpopulationsof11largesharkspecieshave

causedaspikeinthenumbersoftheirprey,including...rays...以及第四段第一句

”...theabundanceof...spsciesthatthesesharkspreyon-including...thecownoseray—

increaseddramatically”,C应为答案。

5、Thepopulationsofbayscallops,oysters,andclamsarethreateneddirectlyby.

A、thehighdiversityoffishesinthenorthwestAtlantic

BNthecatastrophicchangesinthefoodwebintheAtlantic

C、thelethalreactiontriggeredbytheoverfishingofsharks

D、thestrongdesireofmanypeopleforthemastheirdeliciousfood

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据本文最后一句"People'sappetitesforoysters,clams,andscallops

arelikelyhavingamoredirectimpactonthesepopulations,hesays"，D应为答案。

DeaneBrownstartedherlegalcareeratahigh-poweredfirmthattopsmanynewlawyers'

listsofbestplacestowork.ButwhenherdaughterMorganwasbornin1996,theBoston

UniversityLawSchoolgradworkednightsandweekendstomeetthebilling

requirements,leavingherfeelingcheated."Atthatpoint,IknewIneededtogotoa

smallerfirm,"shesays.In2002,shejoinedBcermannSwcrdlove,workingin

commerciallitigationandemploymentlaw."Weappreciatethatpeoplehavelivesoutside

oftheofficehere,"shesays.Lawisanotoriouslydemandingprofessionfbrthosewith

ambition.Tobecomeapartner,associatestypicallyhavetochargeclientsforatleast

2,000hoursofworkayear,thoughthatminimumcanriseto2,400hoursattop-tier

outfits-or46billablehourseachandeveryweekoftheyear.Theburdenfallsespecially

hardonmotherswhohavegotkidstotendtoandhouseholdstomanage.Littlewonder

thatwhilehalfofalllawschoolgradsarewomen,only17.2%ofpartnersare,according

totheProjectforAttorneyRetention.BeermannSwerdloveliesontheouterslopeofthis

bellcurve.FullyhalfoftheChicagofirm's30attorneysarewomen,includingeightofits

19partners.Thefirm-started50yearsagobyfourDePaulUniversityCollegeofLaw

gradsintheSwerdlovefamily'ssewing-machineshopinBucktown-didn'tsetouttobe

soegalitarian.Rather,sayspartnerMilesBcermann,ithappenedbecauseheandtheother

foundershadadifferentattitudeaboutwork."Ididn'teverwant(obeinvolvedinrunning

asweatshop."saysBeermann,73.“Iwantpeopletowanttocomehereinthemorning."

Atimelytrendinthelegalbusinesshelped,too.Manywomenwhoenteredlawinthe

early1970sspecializedinfamilylaw,whichwasbecomingoneofthefirm'sspecialties.

TodayabouthalfofBeermannSwerdlove'sbusinessisindivorce.Itsclientsaremostly

hoipolloi,butithasrepresentedsuchheadlinersasChicagoBullslegendMichaelJordan,

PamelaHutul,afamilylawyer,joinedBeermannSwerdloveasitsfirstfemalepartnerin

1996.Browncamenext.Toputitsphilosophyintopracticethefirmrequiresassociatesto

billarelativelymodestminimumof1,800hoursayear.Attorneysmayworkona

flexiblescheduleorfromhomeaslongastheworkgetsdoneandtheclientishappy.

Thereisatradeoff;Startingsalariesfbrassociatesareabouthalfofthebigfirms'

$150,000orso,andpartnersrarelymakethe$1millionormorethatapartnermight

earnatamuchlargerfirm.

6、Accordingtothetext,DeaneBrown.

A、wasambitiousforsuccessinhercareer

preferredtoworkinalessfamouscompany

C、couldhardlymeetthechallengeofatopfirm

D、wasbothcompetentandhardworkingasalawyer

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第一段中的“Butwhen…in1996,theBostonUniversityLaw

Schoolgradworkednightsandweekendstomeetthebillingrequirements,leavingher

feelingcheated.'Atthatpoint,IknewIneededtogotoasmallerfirm,'shesays"，C

应为答案。

7、Theauthorbelievesthatmostgirlgradsfromlawschools.

A、arenotcompetentenoughtosucceedinthelawbusiness

B、willfailtobecomeapartnerhoweverenergetictheyare

C^willinevitablysacrificetheircareerfbrtheirfamilylife

D、arereluctanttogiveuplawthoughitismuchdemanding

标准答案：B

知识点解析：根据第二段最后一句"Littlewonderthatwhilehalfofalllawschool

gradsarewomen,only17.2%ofpartnersare,accordingtotheProjeclforAttorney

Retention.B应为答案。

8、Accordingtooneofitsfounders,BcermannSwcrdlovc.

A、intendedtoequallytreatitsfemaleandmaleemployees

B、usedtoemployDePaulUniversityCollegeofLawgrads

C、specializedincommerciallitigationandemploymentlaw

D、wasestablishedtobelessdemandingthanmostotherfirms

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据第三段最后一句“"didn'teverwanttobeinvolvedinninninga

sweatshop.^aysBeennann,73.'Iwantpeopletowanttocomehereinthe

morning，"，D版为答案，

9、"Hoipolloi"mostprobablyrefersto.

A、thepopulace

B、professionals

C、legendaryfigures

D、peopleseekingdivorce

标准答案：A

知识点解析:根据第四段中的"Itsclientsarcmostlyhoipolloi,butithasrepresented

suchheadlinersasChicagoBullslegendMichaelJordan'',因"but”之后说的是“Michael

Jordan”那样的名人.故可推出“hoipolloi”指普通人c所以.A应为答案0

10NAccordingtothetext,BeermannSwerdlove.

A、eagerlyputsitsphilosophyintopractice

B、initiatesatimelytrendinthelegalbusiness

C、letsmothersworkhumane,flexibleschedules

D、suitswomanlawyerscontentedwithlowersalaries

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据最后一段第二句"Attorneysmayworkonaflexiblescheduleorfrom

homeaslongastheworkgetsdoneandtheclientishappy"，C应为答案。

Manyphilosophershavearguedthatpeoplemakedecisionsaboutwhat'srightandwrong

basedonmoralprinciplesandrationalthought.Butotherphilosophers—andmore

recently,somepsychologistsandneuroscientists-havearguedthatthere'smoretothe

story.Whenfacedwithamoraldilemma,thesescholarssay,werelyonemotional

reactionsaswellasourpowersofreasoning.Inastudyofbraindamage,publishedtoday,

neuroscientistsreportevidencethatemotionsindeedexertapowerfulinfluenceonmoral

judgments.Inthenewstudy,AntonioDamasiooftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia

inLosAngelesandcolleaguesexaminedmoralreasoninginsixpeoplewhohaddamage

totheventromedialprefrontalcortex(VMPC),abrainregionthatregulatesemotions.The

researcherspresentedthepatientswithmoraldilemmasthatforcedthemtodecide

whetheritwasacceptabletosacrificeoneperson'slifetosaveseveralothers.For

example,participantshadtodecidewhethertoflipaswitchthatdivertsarunawaytrolley

fromatrackleadingtofiveworkerstoatrackleadingtojustoneworker.Theresearchers

alsogaugedthedecisionsof12peoplewithoutbraindamageand12patientswith

damagetobrainregionsunconnectedtoemotions.Inthetrolleyscenario,mostpeoplein

allthreegroupssaiditwasokaytofliptheswitch.However,theVMPCpatients'

decisionsdivergedwhen:hescenariorequiredinflictingdirectpersonalharmonone

persontosaveseveralothers-suchasshovingalargepersonoffabridgetoslowa

trolleyheadedforfivepeople.Fromastrictlyrationalpointofview,ifsbettertosave

fivepeopleinsteadofone,butthethoughtofpushinganinnocentpersontohisdeathis

emotionallywrenching.Thatmayexplainwhyonlyabout20%ofpeopleinthecontrol

groupssaidthey'dpush.TheVMPCpatients,ontheotherhand,madetheutilitarian

choiceabouttwiceasoften,theresearchersreportonlinetodayinNature.Thefindingsfit

nicelywithotherevidencethatmoraljudgmentsofteninvolveaconflictbetweenemotion

andreasonandthatthosetwocompetinginfluencesrelyondifferentnetworksofbrain

regions,saysJoshuaGreene,aphilosopherandcognitiveneuroscientistatIlarvard

University.ButJordanGrafman,acognitiveneuroscientistattheNationalInstituteof

NeurologicalDisordersandStrokeinBethesda,Maryland,isn'tconvincedthatextreme

moraldilemmaslikethetrolleyproblemevokethesamecognitiveprocesses——and

involvethesamebrainregionsasmoraljudgmentsintherealworldinvolve.Evenso,he

says,thestudy"emphasizesthatdisciplinesotherthanphilosophycancontributetoissues

relatedtomoralbehavior.*'

11、Manyphilosophersbelievethat.

A、mostdecisionsaremademorally

B、fewdecisionsaremadeirrationally

C、decisionsaremuchinfluencedbyemotions

D、moraljudgmentsareusuallymaderationally

标准答案：D

知识点解析:根据第一段第一句"Manyphilosophershavearguedthatpeoplemake

decisionsaboutwhatbrightandwrongbasedonmoralprinciplesandrationalthought^,

D应为答案。

12、Thetrolleyproblemispresentedtoillustratethat.

A、VMPCisabrainregionthatregulatesemotions

Bxmoraljudgmentsmaybeinfluencedbyemotions

C、evenpatientswithbraindamagecandealwithmoraldilemmas

D、il'satragedytosacrificeaninnocentpersontosaveseveralothers

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本文第二、三段所引用的“trolleyproblem”用来说明第一段最后一句

“Inastudyofbraindamage,publishedtoday,neuroscientistsreportevidencethat

emotionsindeedexertapowerfulinfluenceonmoraljudgments”所提出的观点。所以，

B应为答案。

13、Inthetrolleyscenario,mostparticipantsbelievethat.

A、it'srighttofliptheswitchtosavemorepeople

B、it'swrongtopushaninnocentpersontohisdeath

C^it'sbettertosavefivepeoplewithouthurtinganyoneelse

D、ifsridiculousforthemtodecidewhethertofliptheswitch

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据第三段第一句"Inthetrolleyscenario,mostpeopleinallthree

groupssaiditwasokaytofliptheswitch”,A应为答案。

14>JordanGrafmanthinksthat.

A、philosophyhelpslittletoaccountformoralbehavior

B、thesamebrainregionsareinvolvedinmoraljudgments

C、moralissueshavenothingtodowithphilosophicalstudy

D、moralissuesusuallyleadtothesamecognitiveprocesses

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据全文最后一句"Evenso,hesays,thestudy'emphasizesthat

disciplinesotherthanphilosophycancontributetoissuesrelatedtomoralbehavior'"，A

应为答案。

15、Thebesttitleforthetextshouldbe.

A、TheVMPCPatientswithaMoralDilemma

B、TheConflictbetweenEmotionandReason

C^HowtheHeartCanRuletheHead

D、HowtoFaceaMoralDilemma

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第一段最后一句"Inastudyofbraindamage,publishedtoday,

neuroscientistsreportevidencethatemotionsindeedexertapowerfulinfluenceonmoral

judgments”点明了本文的主题,全文主要讨论了"emotions”对"moraljudgments”的影

响问题，所以，C应为答案。

RecentlyantipatentargumentshavebeenadvancedwithregardstoHIVandAIDSdrugs.

GovernmentsandcompaniesinBrazil,India,ThailandandUgandahavestartedto

challengepatentsmonopoliesonmedicine,arguingthathumanlivesaremoreimportant

thanpatents,copyright,internationaltradelaws,andtheeconomicinterestofthe

pharmaceuticalindustry.Anti-retroviraltherapyhaslongbeenunaffordableforpeople

sufferingfromHIV/AIDSindevelopingcountries,andproponentsofgenericantiviral

drugsarguethatthehumanneedjustifiesthebreachofpatentlaw.WhentheThai

GovernmentPharmaceuticalOrganizationstartedproducinggenericantiviraldrugsin

March2002thecostofamonthlytreatmentforonepersonplummetedfrom$500-S750

to$30,hencemakingtreatmentmorcaffordable.InresponsetheUSgovernmentplaced

Thailandonthelistof"copyrightviolators"despitethefactthattheproductionof

antiviraldrugsisnotsubjecttocopyright,evenintheUnitedStates.In2007the

governmentofBrazildeclaredMerck'sefavirenzanti-retroviraldruga"publicinterest"

medicine,andchallengedMercktonegotiatelowerpriceswiththegovernmentorhave

Brazilstripthepatentbyissuingacompulsorylicense.ItisreportedthatGhana,

Tanzania,theDemocraticRepublicofCongoandEthiopiahavesimilarplanstoproduce

genericantiviraldrugs.Westernpharmaceuticalcompaniesinitiallyrespondedwithlegal

challenges,butsomehavenowpromisedtointroducealternativepricingstructuresfor

developingcountriesandNGOs.Campaignsforaffordableaccesstomedicines,suchas

Oxfam,arguethatdevelopingcountriesaredependentonforeignpharmaceutical

companies.QuotingarecentWorldHealthOrganisationreport,TrevorJonesarguesthat

patentmonopoliesdonotcreatemonopolypricing.Hearguesthatthecompaniesgiven

monopolies"setpriceslargelyonthewillingness/abilitytopay,alsotakingintoaccount

thecountry,diseaseandregulation"insteadofreceivingcompetitionfromlegalized

generics.UnderWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)rules,adevelopingcountryhasoptions

forobtainingneededmedicationsundercompulsorylicensingorimportationofcheaper

versionsofthedrugs,evenbeforepatentexpiration.InJuly2008NobelPrize-winning

scientistSirJohnSulstoncriticisedthe"moralcorruption"ofthemedicalindustry.

AmongstothersSulstonsaidthattheworldisatacrisispointintermsofgetting

medicinestosickpeople,particularlyinthedevelopingworld,Sulstoncalledforan

internationalbiomedicaltreatytoclearupissuesoverpatents.Inresponsetothese

criticismsagainstpharmaceuticalpatentsithasbeenpointedoutthatlessthan5%of

medicinesontheWHO'sessentialdrugslistaresubjecttopatentmonopolyandthat

countrieswhobelievethatthesemonopoliesareimpedinghealthcaremaynotbeaware

thatthemedicinesinquestion,particularlyforHIV/AIDSrelateddrugs,arenotpatented

intheircountry.

16、Infaceofpatentsmonopoliesonmedicine,somepoorcountries.

A、justifiedtheirproductionofantiviraldrugs

haveinitiatedanti-patentargumentsrecently

C、areforced