考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷156

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷156

一、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共25题，每题7.0

分，共25分。）

Atrulyinformeddinerwouldchoosearestaurantbasedonthequalityofthemenuand

thechefsexperience.Thediscerninginvestorwoulddecidewhichcompanytobackafter

studyingthebusinessplanandmeetingthefounders.Inreality,peopleoftencopythe

choicesofothers.[RI]Suchbandwagoneffectsarenotnecessarilyirrational.

[R2]Itcanalsobeawayofcopingwithasurplusofchoice:ratherthanstudy

100modelsofmusicplayer,whynotassumethemarkethasalreadyfiguredoutthe

worse?Theexistenceofbandwagonbehaviorcanbehardtoprove.Aproductoranasset

usuallybecomespopular（orunpopular）inthefirstplacebecauseitisgenuinely

superior（orinferior）.Butsomehavetriedtoisolatetheself-fulfillingeffectsof

popularity.Ina2008studybyMatthewSalganikofPrincetonUniversityandDuncan

Watts,nowatMicrosoftResearch,participantstrickedintobelievingasongwasmore

popularthanitactuallywasweremorelikelytodownloadit.Scholarsarenowasking

whetherbandwagonbehavioralsoprevailsinlabormarkets.Althoughthenumberof

long-termunemployedinAmericaiscomingdown,isstillnearanall-timehigh.Such

workersmaysimplybelosingouttocandidateswithmorequalificationsorexperience

forthejobsthatcomeopen.Aworsepossibilityisthatlong-termunemploymentisat

leastpartlyself-fulfilling:employersmaybereluctanttohiresomeoneothershave

alreadypassedover.[R3]Thesubmissionsweredesignedsothatapplicants

withsimilarbackgrounds,educationandexperiencewentforthesamejob.Theonly

differencewashowlong（heapplicanthadbeenjobless,aperiodthatrangedfromno

timeatalltoasmuchas36months.[R4]Theseresultsstronglysuggestthat

long-termunemploymentisatleastpartlyself-fulfilling.Likepatronswhoavoid

restaurantspurelybecausetheyareempty,employerswerereluctanttohiresomeone

otheremployersdidn'twant.Althoughsuchbandwagonbehaviormayberational,itcan

alsoleadtopooroutcomes.[R5]Onenearmisscanincreasetheoddsof

protractedfailure.|A|Often,thebuyerknowslessaboutaproductthantheseller;the

collectivewisdomofthecrowdcancorrectforsuch"asymmetricinformation*1.|B|These

results,theauthorssay,cannotbebecauseemployersfoundsomequalitativeflawinthe

longer-termunemployedthatwashiddenfromoutsiders,sincetheapplicantswere

similarinotherrespects.[C]Dinerspickthecrowdedrestaurantovertheemptyone.

Investorsgowiththecompanythatalreadyhasmultiplebackers.ID]1heirstudysuggests

thattakingsomeworkisbetterthannonefortherecentlyunemployed.[EJImaginea

newlyunemployedworkerwhonarrowlymissesoutonthefirstjobheappliesfor.That

initialfailurereduceshisoddsoflandingthesecondjobheappliesfor,andsoon,untilhe

endsupasoneofthelong-termunemployed.[F]Theyfoundthattheoddsofanapplicant

beingcalledbackbyanemployerdeclinedsteadilyasthedurationofunemployment

rose,from7.4%afteronemonthwithoutworkdownto4-5%attheeight-monthmark,

wherethecall-backratestabilized.［G］Tofindout,KoryKroftoftheUniversityof

Toronto,FabianLangeofMcGillUniversityandMatthewNotowidigdooftheUniversity

ofChicagodevisedanexperimentinwhichtheyappliedfor3,000clerical,

administrative,salesandcustomer-servicejobsadvertisedonlinebysubmitting12,000

fictitiousCVs.

1、［RlJ

标准答案：C

知识点0析：空格处前文提到在实际生活中，人们确实经常照搬他人的选择。而空

格处后一段第一句话指出：Suchbandwagoneffects...,可见，空格处肯定提到了一

些有关从众行为的例子。在所有选项中，只有选项［C］涉及了人们在日常生活中的

从众选择，且与后文的Suchbandwagoneffects相吻合，也能在意义上自然地承接

上文，因此|C］为正确选项。

2、［R2］

标准答案：A

知识点解析：空格处前一句话指出此类从众效应不一定都是不理智的，而空格后紧

接着提到Itcanalsobeawayof...,由此可以看出，空格处的内容应该涉及这类从众

效应会产生何种益处。而所有选项中只有选项［A］表达了这个意思，［A］项指出：通

常情况下，买方对产品的了解通常少于卖方，而集合众人的智慧能对这样的“不对

称信息''进行修正。［A］符合上下文语义逻辑，因此为正确选项。

3、［R3］

标准答案：G

知识点解析：本段前一段提到，从众行为可能在劳动力市场中也同样盛行，雇主可

能不愿意雇用那些已经被别人淘汰了的应聘者。而空格后的内容陈述提交这些简历

的目的在于，使这些具有相似背景、学历和经验的申请者去竞争同一份工作。因此

可以看出，空格处的内容应该涉及应聘和简历方面的信息。在所有选项中，只有选

项［E］和［G］涉及求职应聘。［E］提到，劳动者首次求职的失败将会减少他第二次求职

成功的几率，IE］项内容不符合上下文逻辑，因此排除；而［G］项提到实验人员伪造

简历申请职位，符合上下文语义逻辑，故为正确选项。

4、［R4］

标准答案：F

知识点解析：空格处前一段提到，研究人员设计了一项实验来证实从众行为是否在

劳动力市场中也同样盛行。空格处后一句又指出这些研究结果表明，长期失业至少

保留着部分“自我实现效应”，由此可见，空格处的内容应该涉及研究人员的实验结

果。在所有诜项中，只有［F］项的内容涉及研究人员的实验结果，［F］项指出：一份

求职简历得到雇主回应的几率随着失业时间的增加而呈现出稳定下降的趋势。这和

下文的意思相符合，也能通顺地衔接上文，因此为正确选项。

5、［R5］

标准答案：E

知识点解析：空格处前面提到尽管这种从众行为可能是理性的，但它也会导致严重

后果。由此推测，空格处的内容应该涉及从众行为的负面影响。而空格处后面的内

容又指出，一次的失误会增加连续失利的几率。联系上下文可知空格部分的内容应

该涉及从众行为会增加有过失误的人连续失利的几率。在所有选项中，只有旧项

传达了这方面的信息。[E]项指出：一个刚刚失业的劳动者首次求职的失败会减少

他第二次求职时获得工作的几率，到最后他不得不接受自己成为长期失业者的现

实。这既和后文的“一次的失误会增加其连续失利的几率''相照应，也和前文紧密衔

接，因此为正确选项。

[A]OlegBaranovisa27-year-oldRussianearninghisPh.D.ineconomicsatthe

UniversityofMaryland.Butforthelastmonthhe'sbeenmoreactorthanacademic.His

unenviablerole:playingthepartofanAmericanbankwithabalancesheetriddledwith

toxicmortgage-backedsecurities.[B]Sowhatwillwork?Areverseauctionshouldn'tbe

ruledout,sayAusubelandCramton.Unlikeregularauctions,inwhichbuyersoutbideach

othertowingoodsorservices,thesellersinareverseauctionlowertheirpricesinorder

towinnewbusiness.Thebenefitsaretwofold,saytheStanford-trainedprofessors.

[C]Aftercrunchingthefinalresults,AusubelandCramtonfeeltheirexperimentdid

exactlywhattheyhopeditwould:provethatareverseauctionwouldresultinthebest

useoftaxpayerdollarsspentthroughthebailout.Theyneverpaidmorethanadollarfora

dollar'sworthofassetstheyboughtfromstudentsanevendealatworst.Butinmany

cases,theywereabletobuyabouta$1.20ofassetsforeverydollartheyspent.Applied

totherealworld,thismeansthattaxpayerswon'tbeoverpayingforwhatTreasurybuys;

infact,theymaygetabargain.[D]The$700billionrescueplaninitiallyfocusedon

buyingbaddebtfrombanksthatwereleftwithnearlyworthlesssecuritiesafterthe

housingmarketcollapsed.Paulsonsaidaworseningsituationcalledforachangeof

strategy,andhestartedmakingcashinfusionsintofinancialcompanies,withthe

governmenttakinganequityshare,inordertogettheinstitutionslendingagain.

[EJWhat'sthepointofthislittleacademicroleplayinggame?Theprofessorswantedto

provethatarelativelyobscurefinancialtransactionknownasareverseauctionmightjust

bethebestwaytoimplementthe$700billionrescueplanCongresspassedOct.3.

Instead,TreasurySecretaryHenryPaulsonisnowfavoringaplantoinjectcapital

directlyintostrugglingbanksandcompanies.Whetherornotthatplanofattackwill

workorisagooduseoftaxpayermoneyisdebatable.|F]AusubeIandCramtonrantheir

finalexperimentonthenightofNov.11.Thenextmorning,though,they,alongwiththe

restoftheworld,learnedthatTreasuryhadchangeditsmindwhenSecretaryHenry

Paulsonannouncedhehadscrappedtheplantobuyassetsfrombanksinfavorof

somethingabitmorefuzzy:offeringaidnotjusttobanksbuttofirmsthatissue

consumerdebtbysomehowjump-startingthemarketthatprovidesfinancingforthese

companies.[G]Toprovetheirpoint,theymadetheirauctionexperimentasrealas

possiblebygivingeachstudentaportfolioofassetssimilartothemortgage-backed

securitiesthatareweighingdownthebooksofhundredsofbanksandfinancial

institutions.Andforanextrabitofreality,theyhadtheirstudentsplaywithrealmoney:

$20,000each.Thestudentsthatestablishedthebestpricesandendedupwiththemost

moneyreceivedcashawards.Afterfourlengthysessions,Baranovcameawayasthetop

earnerwithalittlemorethan$1,500.AusubelandCramtonhavebeentoutingthatkind

ofwin-winsituationduringregularconversationswithTreasuryofficials,withwhom

they'vesharedtheirresults.Theyhopetoconvinceofficialsthatnotonlydoesareverse

auctionwork,but,intheeventtheTreasuryconductsone,torunitofftheirpatented

softwareplatform.|H|Whileagreeingthatthefinancialcrisishasclearlyseepedfromthe

balancesheetsofbanksintotheconsumerlendingmarket,AusubelandCramtonwere

morethanalittledisappointedbythenews.Ratherthanbuyassetsfrombanks,Treasury

hasdecidedtobuyequityintheminstead.Thehopewasthatitwouldprodthemto

increaselending,butsofarthathasn'thappened.TwodaysafterPaulsonmadehis

announcement,lawmakersataSenateFinanceCommitteehearingdiscussedhowsome

recipientshavecontinuedtopaydividendstostockholdersandgivepayraisesand

bonusestoexecutivesandotheremployees.Asafriendlyreminder,theFederalReserve

issuedastatementlastweekremindingbanksthattheyshouldbelendingtocreditworthy

institutions.Order:

向一立1^^~1一臼口1|4.~0一|5.|［一叵］

6、

标准答案：E

知识点解析：文章第一段先提到马里兰大学的一名经济学博士奥列格・巴诺罗夫参

与了一个有关金融研究的游戏，而在这个游戏实验中他扮演了一个持有资产负债表

的美国银行，而且作者评价是不光彩的角色，为什么一个经济学博士耍去做这样一

个实验，用意何在?作者在此给读者留下一个悬念，因此本段应该选择具体描述的

语言来讲解做这个游戏实验的目的所在，出］在开头就恰恰用了一个问句：在这场

游戏中这个小小的角色说明了什么呢?因此［E］正确°

7、

标准答案：B

知识点解析：通过对第一、二段和第五段及最后一段内容的把握，可以得知本文的

大体结构为问题——解决型。第一段以一个吸引人的背景开始，第二段引出主题，

并介绍了两种解决方案，所以，应选择一个表达作者自己观点的段落，［B］恰好再

次提出反拍卖标购的有效性。因此［B］正确。

8、

标准答案：G

知识点解析：通过对第三段内容的把握，发现文章解决方案部分又是“总——分''结

构。作者在第三段提出自己的解决方案后，下文将会逐步论述其有效性。同时，由

第五段可知，其主要论述奥苏贝尔和克瑞蒙对财政部官员大谈反拍卖标购的双赢结

果，本段应着重对反拍卖标购有效性的进一步论证，［G］开头提到Toprove〔heir

point,所以［G］正确。

9、

标准答案：C

知识点解析：通过对第3题的分析，很容易得知此段讲解他们的实验分析应该证明

了反拍卖标购可以最有效地把纳税人的钱花在最紧急的援助上。［C］开头便提到

Aftercrunchingthefinalresults,所以［C］正确。

10、

标准答案：

知识之解析F：上一段作者已经为对美国花钱救市计划采用反拍卖标购进行了总结。

由于最后一段提到奥苏贝尔和克瑞蒙教授alittledisappointed,就意味此处他们虽

然成功地完成了实验，但美国政府最终采取的措施肯定与他们背道而驰，[F]恰好

提至\SecretaryHenryPaulsonannouncedhehadscrappcdtheplantobuyassetsfrom

banks®所以[F]正确。

Ifyouhavelotsofunusedstoragespaceonyourharddisk,thenwhynotshareitwith

othersondieIiitemet?Thebenefitcouldbedistributedstoragefbryouiownfiles,

makingthemavailableanytimeviatheweb,evenifyouarenowherenearyour

computer-indeed,evenifyourcomputerisswitchedoff.ThatideaiswhataZurich­

basedfirmcalledCaleidoisaimingtoprovide,withafreeonlinestorageserviceknown

asWualathatwasrecentlyintroducedtothepublic.[RI]Inparticular,its

developers,DominikGrolimundandLuziusMeisser,haveusedaclevermathematical

tricktocompensateforthefactthattheparticipatingcomputerswillcomeandgofrom

theinternetinanunpredictableway.[R2]Copyingcostsparticipantsboth

storagespaceandbandwidth.Yettherehavetobeenoughcopiestoensurethatthereisat

leastoneavailablemostofthetime.If,forexample,eachcomputerisonline25%ofthe

time,thenaquickcalculationshowsthatyouwouldhavetocopyeachfileto100

differentcomputerstoensurethat999,999timesoutofamillionthereisalleastonecopy

availablewhenauserlooks.[R3]Instead,Mr.GrolimundandMr.Mcisser

plantobreakeachfileintochunks,whichcanbescatteredliberallyaroundtheharddisks

ofparticipatingcomputers,andthentouseamathematicaltricktoreconstructthe

originalfilefromthosechunks.[R4]Thefirststepistoconvertthefile(which

is,regardlessofwhatitrepresents,simplyalongstringofonesandzeros)intoa

mathematicalfunctioncalledapolynomial.Thisisdonebysplittingitinto100

fragments,whicharesmallerbinarynumbers.Itisthesenumbersthatareusedtodefine

thepolynomial.Allyouhavetodoisselectasuitablenumberofpointsfromalongthe

polynomialandconverttheirvaluesintotheappropriatemathematicalconstructs.Scatter

thesearoundthehostcomputersand,whensomeonewantstolookatthefile,heneed

recoveronly100ofthemtohaveenoughdatatoreconstructthefilefromscratch.To

have100pointsavailable999,999timesoutofamillionitturnsoutthatyouneedto

scatteratotalof600ofthemaround.Thatisanamouniofdataequivalenttosixversions

oftheoriginalfile.Moreover,thesystemneedsthecomputerslinkedtoittobeavailable

foronly17%ofthetime,ratherthan25%,forthistoapply.[R5]Most

commercialonline-storageservicesusecentralizedservers.Althoughthesearegenerally

reliable,theydosometimesfail.Andwhentheydo,theresultsareembarrassing.Though

somepeoplemayfeelsickaboutscatteringtheirdataoverhundredsofother

computers(eventhoughitwillbeencrypted),orstoringunknownfilefragmentsontheir

own,MrGrolimundissurethatCaleidohaslearntfromother"peer-to-peer"file-sharing

systems,andthatWualaisbuilttohandleconcernsabouttheillegaldistributionof

copyrightedor"inappropriate"content.[A]Thistrick,knownasReed-Solomonerror

correction,isemployedroutinelytointerpretthedataonDVDs,butithasnotbeenused

beforeinthevolatileworldofprivatecomputersontheInternet.|B|Oneofthe

characteristicsofapolynomialisthatafewnumberscannailitdownprecisely.Ifa

simplepolynomialisplottedoutonagraphitformsaline.[C]Onlincstorageisa

growingmarket,especiallyforbackingupdata,wherereliabilityisabigconcern.|D|The

challengeishowtominimizethenumberofcopiesofdiesamefilethathavetobe

distributed.[E]Ithasbeenprovedthatforonlinedatastorage,Wualaisasgoodtogiveas

itistoreceive.[F]Thoughtheideaunderlyingitissimple,Wualarequiressomenifty

technologytomakeitsdistributedsystemworkreliably.[G]Butcopyingeveryfilea

hundredtimesishugelyinefficient.

11、[RI]

标准答案：F

知识点解析：作者开篇就提出了网络存储的概念，并随后介绍了Caleido公司推出

的被称为wuala的免费在线存储服务。在本段中，作者提到了wuala的开发者多米

尼克・格罗里芒德和吕齐西・迈瑟使用了数学技巧来弥补参与电脑在上线下线方面的

不可预知性。而[F]“虽然基本思想很简单，但是Wuala的实现还是需要极好的技术

来保证其分布系统工作的可靠性”能够很好地承上启下，符合文章的逻辑关系，为

正确答案。

12、[R2]

标准答案：D

知识点解析：作者在上文中提到Wuala由于参与电脑的上线下线是不可预知的，

所以具有不稳定性。而本段中作者接下来详细解释了拷贝在网络存储中的重要性。

虽然拷贝会占用参与者的存储空间和频带宽度，但是又必须保证足够的拷贝数量以

确保文件在大部分时间里的可利用性。因此正确答案应该为[D]“Wuala面临的挑战

是如何尽量减少需要加以分布的同一文件的拷贝份数。’’

13、[R31

标准答案：G

知识点解析：上文中提到拷贝的重要性，并举例说明如果每一台电脑有25%的时

间在线，那么每份文件需要有100份拷贝以确保在用户查找的时候，在100万次中

至少有999999次有一份拷贝可供利用。本段后文说到Wuala的两位开发者希望能

够通过数学技巧来解决问题，说明本段第一句提及了一个问题，通过比较备选项，

可知[G]为正确答案。

14、[R4]

标准答案：A

知识点解析：前文已经提到了开发Wuala时遇到的拷贝问题以及两位开发者针对

这一问题使用了一个数学技巧，而本段中从数学的角度出发对此进行了较为详细的

说明，也就是如何对文件加以处理以减小拷贝数量，第一步是把文件转换成多项

式，然后在多项式上选择适当数量的点，接下来将它们的值转换成恰当的数学形

式，最后将这些点散布在电脑主机上。可见本段开头应该提出了一个概念，然后进

行详细的解释，据此判断正确答案为[A]“这种技巧祢为里德一所罗门错误校

验……”，[A]很好地承接了上一段最后一句话中的“用数学技巧将这些块重建得到

原始文档。”

15、[R5]

标准答案：C

知识点解析：作者在这一段中提出了虽然大多数商业在线存储服务使用的中央服务

器通常是可靠的，但是有时候也会当机，而当机的后果让人颇为尴尬，所以此处应

选[C]"在线存储是一个新兴的市场，尤其是对于数据备份来说，而可靠性是一个重

要的问题。''以此引出后文提及的商业数据的可靠性问题。

[A]ThcDevelopmentofFoodAidAgencies[B]TheUpcomingRevisionstoPresent

Policies[C]ThcDilemmaandHopeofPresentSituation[D]ThcProblemofMalnutrition

|E]TheConsequencesCausedbyIncreasedFoodPrice[F]TheShortcomingsofthe

PresentFoodAidSystem[G]TheWrongIdeaofFoodShortageForyears,anti-poverty

campaignersrailedagainstlowcommodityprices,whichdepressedfarmers'incomesin

developingcountries.Inrecentmonths,theworldpriceofvirtuallyallstapleshasshot

up,buttheactivistsarestillnotcheering.[RI]Highfoodpricesdohelppoor

farmers,buttheyalsohurtthemorenumerouscategoryofpeoplewhomustbuyfoodto

survive,whichhascausedseriousproblemsfortheorganisationsthatbringfoodaidto

thepoorest.TheWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)hasjustissuedanurgentappealfor

$500mtocoverhigherfoodcosts.America'sAgencyforInternational

Development(USAID)isaskingfor$350m.[R2]Theshort-termoutlookseems

grim,bothforthepoorandtheagenciesthatsupposedlyhelpthem.TheWFPsays

hungerisontheriseinthecountriesitwatches.Itclassifiesas"hotspots"theplaces—

mostofcentralAfrica,plusAfghanistan-wheremorethanathirdofthepeopledonot

getasmuchfoodasisneeded.Asecondtier,wherebetweenafifthandathirdlack

adequatefood,includesmuchofWestAfrica,theIndiansub-continentandBolivia.Dim

asallthissounds,therearesomegroundsforhope.Today*swoesmayleadto

fundamentalchangesfor:hebetterintheworld'sapproachtohungerandfoodshortages.

[R3]Onemistakeistheveryideaofdefiningthemainproblemasmassive

hunger,andhencethesolutionasprovidingfoodbyanymeansnecessary."Thereis

simplynoshortageoffood,"insistsRachelNugentofAmerica'sCentreforGlobal

Development.Ofcourse,thereareplaceswherepolifical(andinsomecases

ecological)factorscauseanintenselocalshortageoffood.Inthosecases,foodaidisthe

onlyoption.Butleavingasidethoseextraordinaryevents,mostpunditsagreethatthe

worldnowhasplentyoffood.Therealchallengeisnotthevolumeoffoodavailable;itis

theproblemoffoodbeinginthewrongplaceandatapricethepoorestcannotafford.

MichaelHessofUSAIDaddsthatfaminesaremadeinevitablebypoorgovernance,not

naturaldisasters.[R4]Moreover,hungeristransientandhardtomeasure,but

malnutritionisafatalkiller.SouthAsia,whichhasplentifulfood,suffersfromtwicethe

levelofmalnutritionascrisis-pronesub-SaharanAfrica.Thesnagisthattackling

malnutritionisharderthansendingbagsofgrain.Itmeansfixinghealthsystems,

improvingthedeliveryofnutrientsinthefoodchain,educatingpeopleabouthygieneand

otherunpopularandunprofitablejobs.[R5]Changemaybecoming.Overthe

objectionsofsometoughlobbies,GeorgeBushhasproposedfixingsomeofthe

distortingaspectsofAmerica'sfoodpolicies.Thepresidenthascalledformoreemphasis

onprocuringproducefromlocalfarmersinpoorcountries.Andinaboldgesture,CARE

hassaiditwillnolongeracceptanyAmericangovernmentdonationsusingthemon-

etizationapproach.MostencouragingaresomeproposedchangesattheWFP.Ms

SheeranhopestopersuadeherboardatameetinginJunetoshiftheragency'sfocusaway

fromemergencyfoodaidandtowardsawiderfield.Shewantstoexpanditsrolein

surveillance,stockpilingandrisk-insurance.Shealsospeaksoftargetingsubsidiesor

vouchers"inwaysthatcomplementmarketsratherthandistortthemn,ascurrent

subsidiesoftendo.Ifthissortofclarityprevails,itwouldbeasilverliningonthedark

cloudthatnowloomsoverthepoor.

16、[RI]

标准答案：E

知识点解析：文章开篇提到了粮价上涨的现状以及扶贫人士对此的态度。接下来在

第二段中说到高粮价在帮助了贫困农民的同时也损害了那些靠购买粮食维持生存的

更为广大的民众，而且给那些援助机构带来了严重的问题，例如联合国世界粮食计

划署和美国国际发展署都呼吁增加援助金额以弥补粮价飞涨带来的预算超支。这些

都是由于粮价上涨引发的问题，由此可以判断正确答案为[E]“粮食价格上涨引发的

后果

17、[R2]

标准答案：C

知识点解析：在论述了粮价上涨引发的种种问题之后，作者在这一段开头提到对于

穷人以及旨在帮助他们的救援机构而言，短期前景都很暗淡，并旦指出饥荒在某些

国家处于上升态势，同时列举了出现粮食危机的部分国家和地区。不过在这之后作

者也指出尽管如此，希望仍然是存在的，因为目前的困境可能会导致根本性的变

化，从而更好地解决世界上的饥荒和粮食短缺的问题。显然该题的正确答案为

[C]"当前的困境与希望”。

18、[R3]

标准答案：G

知识点解析：在这一段中，作者提出了将主要问题定义为大规模饥荒的思路是有问

题的，因此认为必须通过提供粮食来解决问题的想法也是有问题的。因为粮食短缺

不是因为世界上没有足够的粮食，而是源自世界粮食产地的不均衡分布和穷人难以

支付的粮食价格。还有人提出饥荒不可避免的原因不在于自然灾害，而是由于管理

水平低下。因此这一段主要是对以往关于粮食短缺这一问题错误认识的批判，因为

“根本就不存在粮食短缺”，由此推知[G]“粮食短缺的错误概念”为正确答案。

19、[R4]

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本段开头即提出了“饥荒是短暂且难以衡量的，但营养不良却是致命

杀手”，接下来作者以南亚地区为例对此加以说明，并指出由于种种原因，解决营

养不良问题相对于粮食发送问题而言要复杂得多，也困难得多。因此本段主要论述

的是营养不良问题及其解决方法，显然正确答案为[D]“营养不良的问题”。

20、[R5]

标准答案：B

知识点解析：作者在前文论述粮食短缺问题时提出了饥荒不可避免的原因不在于自

然灾害，而是由于管理水平的低下，之后在论述营养不良问题时又提到要解决营养

不良问题需要进行很多方面的管理和工作。而在本段中作者开头就明确提出“改变

也许即将到来”，接下来作者列举了美国国内以及WFP的相关政策的改革，希望能

够为穷人带来一线希望。由此断定[B]”即将进行的对当前政策的修订”正确。

Andyouthoughtyourfirstweekofworkwastough.Imaginetakingthehelmofthe

centralbankoftheworld'ssecond-most-populouscountryanditslOth-largesteconomy

atatimefullofeconomicrisk.Orperhapsmorevividly:imaginetakingthehelmofa

huge,leakyshipasitsputterstowardamaelstrom.[RI]OnSeptember5,he

assumesthepositionofgovernoroftheReserveBankofIndiaforathree-yearterm.The

centralbank'sofficesinMumbaiarealongwayfromthequiet,Gothiccampusonthe

southsideofChicagothatRajanhascalledhomeformostofthepasttwodecades.But

Rajanhasdisplayedanabilitytostraddletheworldsofadetacheduniversityinthe

developedworldandthereal-worldproblemsofthedevelopingworld.Anativeof

Bhopal,India,hesportsatechnocrat'sdreamresume.[R2]Centralbankchiefs

aresupposedtobeseekersofconsensusandexpertsinnotrockingtheboat,butRajan

isn'tafraidtospeaktruthtoacceptedwisdom.[R3]Morerecently,hehas

angeredeconomistsontheleftbychallengingtheKeynesiansuggestionthatthe

governmentborrowmoretoboostdemand.Ashewroteaninfluential2012Foreign

AffairsarticlethatraisedtheangerofPaulKrugman:"Ratherthanattemptingtoreturnto

theirartificiallyinflatedGDPnumbersfrombeforethecrisis,governmentsneedto

addresstheunderlyingflawsintheireconomies1*.Mr.Rajanhasalsobeenrightabout

India.In2010,asarroganceinIndiasoared,hewarnedthat"growthcanneverbetaken

forgranted"andthat"self-deceiveisthefirststeptowardsdisaster."Ashepreparesto

succeedDuvvuriSubbaraoatthehelmoftheReserveBankofIndia(RBI)inSeptember

thatcautionseemsprescient.[R4]Thisisadeadlycocktailforwhichthereis

noeasyremedy.[R5]BySeptember30,whenthefallquarterformallystartsat

theUniversityofChicago,hemaybepiningforthequietandrelativecalmofHydePark.

[A]TostabilizethecurrencytheRBIrecentlyintroducedapackageofmeasurestosuck

liquidityoutofthebankingsystemandinturnraiseshort-termmarketinterestrates.

[B]Rajanrecentlyintroducedseveralmeasures,suchasjackingupratesaggressively,to

combatinflationandsupportthecurrency,whichmaysendtheeconomyintoaneven

lowergear-andlikelyexacerbatesocialandpoliticaltensions,butthatmay