新发展英语（第二版）综合教程3 课件 Unit 12 Eating

Unit12新发展英语3EatingUnderstandtheevolutionofpeople'swaysofeatingandcooking.0102030405Learnusefulwordsandexpressionsrelatedtocooking,food,regionandera.Learntousethestructures:itwasnotuntil…that,asearlyas…,…beimpossiblebefore…,etc.

Learntowriteemailnotices.Readfurtheraboutthekeyfactorsleadingtothedevelopmentofcooking.StudyFocusIntensiveReading01A.Discussthefollowingquestionswithyourpartners.Pre-readingPreparationComparepeople'seatinghabitinmoderntimesandthatinthepast.Arepeopletodayeatingmorehealthyfood?01010102Doyouenjoycookingbyyourself?Whyorwhynot?B.Readthefollowingsentencescarefullyandworkoutthemeaningofeachunderlinedwordsandexpressions.Pre-readingPreparation1Mostofthefruitsandvegetablestherearenevercookedbuteatenraw.2Fishandmeatareoftenpreservediniceandsaltsothattheycanbekeptalongtime.3Themeatwillspoilifyoudon'tkeepitcool.4Largemassesofpeopleinthatcountryarepoorwithouteventhebasicnecessitiesoflife.5Agoodsleepingbagisanessentialpartofeverycamper'sequipment.6Letthehotpiecool(off)beforeserving.01ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣第一个煮东西吃，而不再生吃食物的人，生活在很久很久以前，至于他是谁或他住在哪里，我们都无法得知了。但是我们知道，数千年以来，人们都是吃冷的和生的食物。也许第一份加热的食物是偶然间在一次森林火灾中或者是被火山喷出的岩浆所加热的。毫无疑问，人们第一次尝到煮熟的食物时，肯定觉得比生食更美味。然而，即使在这个发现之后，煮熟的食物也是很稀有的，直到人们学会了取火和控制火。TextThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣Thefirstmanwhocookedhisfood,insteadofeatingitraw,livedsolongagothatwehavenoideawhohewasorwherehelived.Wedoknow,however,thatforthousandsofyears,foodwasalwayseatencoldandraw.Perhapsthefirstcookedfoodwasheatedaccidentallybyaforestfireorbythemoltenlavafromaneruptingvolcano.Nodoubt,whenpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencooked,theyfoundittastedbetter.However,evenafterthisdiscovery,cookedfoodmusthaveremainedararityuntilmanlearnedhowtomakeandcontrolfire.1Text

早期生活在热带地区的人们依靠太阳的热量来煮熟食物。举个例子来说，在美国西南部的沙漠地区，印第安人把食物放在一块平坦的石头上在烈日下加热。他们用这种方式加热肉片和薄玉米饼。ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣Earlypeopleswholivedinhotregions

coulddependontheheatofthesuntocooktheirfood.Forexample,inthedesertareasofthesouthwesternUnitedStates,theIndianscookedtheirfoodbyplacingitonaflatstoneinthehotsun.Theycookedpiecesofmeatandthincakesofcornmealinthisfashion.2Text

根据我们的猜测，最早的厨具是一根棍子，肉片可以插在棍子上并放在火上烤。后来，这种棍子被一种铁棒或烤肉叉取代，铁棒可以不断地翻转，这样肉的每一面都能被加热到。ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣Wecansurmisethattheearliestkitchenutensilwasasticktowhichapieceofmeatcouldbeattachedandheldoverafire.Laterthisstickwasreplacedbyanironrodorspitwhichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeatonallsides.3Text

在人们学会制造耐火的水容器以前，用水煮食物是不可能的。第一个用来煮汤或炖肉的罐子是用芦苇或者草编制的篮子。早在公元前1600年，埃及人已经学会了用沙岩来制作耐用的烹饪罐。许多年以后，爱斯基摩人也学会了制造类似的平底锅。ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣Cookingfoodinwaterwasimpossiblebeforemanlearnedtomakewatercontainersthatcouldnotbedestroyedbyfire.Thefirstcookingpotswerereedorgrassbasketsinwhichsoupsandstewscouldbecooked.Asearlyas1600B.C,theEgyptianshadlearnedtomakemorepermanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.Manyyearslater,theEskimoslearnedtomakesimilarpans.4Text

而北美洲的印第安人采用了一种不同的方法来煮食物。他们把食物放在皮包里或者桦树皮罐子里，接着将滚烫的石头也放进去。当石头冷却下来后，再用热的石头替换。就这样，印第安人不断地把热的石头加入容器中，直到把食物煮熟。ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣NorthAmericanIndiansadoptedadifferentmethodofcookingtheirfood.Theyplacedtheirfoodinskinbagsorbirchbarkkettles,andthendroppedhotstonesinwiththefood.Whenthestonescooledoff,theIndiansreplacedthemwithhotstones.TheIndianscontinuedtoaddfreshhotstonestothecontainersuntilthefoodwascooked.5Text

古埃及人的资料记载，他们用多种方法加热食物。他们的壁画描绘了人们烘培、煮沸、烘烤、煎炸、蒸煮食物的方式。埃及人也知道通过烟熏和腌制来保存肉类的方法。ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣RecordsleftbytheancientEgyptiansshowthattheyknewhowtocookfoodinmanyways.Theirfrescoes(wall-paintings)portraypeoplebaking,boiling,roasting,fryingandstewingfood.TheEgyptiansalsoknewhowtopreservemeatbysmokingandsaltingit.6Text

在中世纪的动荡年代，国家之间的贸易缩减。人们依靠菜园里种的或是打猎捕到的东西生活，人们所吃的食物也只是经过简单的处理。豆类和萝卜是当时欧洲主要的蔬菜，蜂蜜用来使食物变甜。我们从中世纪的手稿中了解到，煮与烤是当时最常用的两种烹饪方法。有钱人家和公共面包店可以烤面包，而普通人家中并没有烤炉。人们用盐腌制家畜的肉以将其保存过冬。然而，由于盐的价格很高，人们通常无法使用足够的盐去防止食物变质。ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣InthetroubledtimesoftheMiddleAges,tradebetweencountriesdwindled.Peoplelivedonwhattheycouldgrowintheirgardensorbringbackfromthehunt,andthefoodtheyatewassimplyprepared.BeansandturnipswerethemainvegetableseateninEurope,andhoneywasusedtosweetenfood.ThemanuscriptsoftheMiddleAgestellusthatboilingandbroilingwerethetwomostcommonmethodsofcooking.Breadwasbakedinthehomesofrichpeopleorinpublicbakeries,butthecommonmanhadnooveninhishome.Peoplekilledtheirlivestock,hopingtopreserveitthroughthewinterbysaltingit.However,saltwasexpensiveandpeopledidnotalwaysuseenoughofittokeepthemeatfromspoiling.7Text

在"十字军东征"时期（11世纪到13世纪），来到东方的欧洲人发现了很多新食物。当"十字军"回到欧洲的时候，他们想继续吃那些他们品尝过的新食物。于是，欧洲与小亚细亚之间的贸易开始再次兴起。ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣Duringtheperiodofthe"Crusades"(fromtheeleventhtothethirteenthcenturies),manynewfoodswerediscoveredbyEuropeanswhotraveledtotheEast.Whenthe"Crusaders"returnedtoEurope,theywantedtocontinueeatingthenewthingstheyhadtried.Asaresult,tradedevelopedagainbetweenEuropeandAsiaMinor.8Text

直到19世纪，铸铁炉了发明以后，大部分欧洲人因此改变了他们的烹饪方法。在铸铁炉发明之前，人们广泛使用壁炉和烤肉叉，有时候会将烤炉建在壁炉的内侧。在北欧，很多世纪以来人们就在使用炉子来加热。但是经过了很长时间，炉子才既用来加热，也用来煮、烤食物。ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣ItwasnotuntilthenineteenthcenturythatthemassesofpeopleinEuropechangedtheirwaysofcooking.Thischangetookplacebecausethecast-ironcookingstovewasinvented.Untilthestovecameintouse,fireplacesandspitshadbeeningeneraluse;sometimesabakingovenhadbeenbuiltintothesidesofthefireplace.InnorthernEurope,stoveshadbeenusedforseveralcenturiesforheating.However,itwasalongtimebeforeastovewasdevelopedthatwouldcookandbake,aswellasheat.9Text

我们的烹饪方法在上个世纪没有发生显著变化，但我们确实拥有了更好的工具，从而使烹调变得便捷起来。随着现代标准化方法的出现，我们可以准确地按照菜谱的步骤做出可口的菜肴了。ThePleasuresofEating吃的乐趣Ourmethodsofcookinghavenotchangedverymuchinthelastcentury,butwedohavebetterequipment

thatmakescookingeasierandmoreconvenient.Withmodernstandardizedmeasures,wecanfollowrecipesexactlyandproducesuccessfuldishesmoreoften.10LanguagePointsoftheText1.Thefrstmanwhocookedhisfood,insteadofeatingitraw,livedsolongago…(Para.1)

此处代词

it指前文中的food，形容词raw是it的宾语补语。

在英语中有些及物动词，与宾语一起使用后意义仍不完整，需要在宾语之后增加一个成分以补足其意义，说明宾语所表示的人或物的类属、性质、状态等，这种成分称为宾语补语，简称宾补。如：

a.Hepushed/flung/forcedthedooropen.（形容词open做宾补）b.Shethrewtheballhighintotheair.（副词词组highintotheair做宾补）

c.Ifeltsomethingcrawlupmyarm.（省略to的动词不定式短语crawlupmyarm做宾补）LanguagePointsoftheText2.Nodoubt,whenpeoplefrsttastedfoodthat…,theyfoundittastedbetter.(Para.1)1)nodoubt:almostcertainly;veryprobably"无疑，很可能；必定"a.Thecourtwillnodoubtdealseverelywiththecriminals.

法庭定将严惩这些罪犯。

b."Johnwillprobablybelate,won'the?""Nodoubt.""约翰可能会迟到，是不是？""肯定会。"LanguagePointsoftheText2)本句theyfoundittastedbetter中，taste为连系动词，意为"有……的味道；吃起来……"（=have/givethetasteof…）。英语中其他表示视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉以及心理感觉的动词也可用作连系动词，如：look（看起来；显得……），sound（听起来……），smell（有……气味；闻起来……），feel（感觉是……，摸上去……）等。

a.Yourhandsfeelcold.

你的手摸上去很冷。

b.Thiscaketastesgood.

这块蛋糕味道好。

c.Doesthissentencesoundright?

这句子听起来对吗？LanguagePointsoftheText3.…cookedfoodmusthaveremainedararityuntilmanlearnedhowto…(Para.1)1)本句中情态动词

must后接动词remain的完成体

haveremained，表示对过去时间可能发生的事情的推测。又如："Ican'tfindmyhandbag.""Well,youmusthaveleftitinthelibrary.""我的提包找不到了。""哦，你一定是丢在图书馆了。"除了must以外，英语中其他很多情态动词后面都可接动词的完成体或完成进行体，用以对说话以前的过去时间的动作或情况进行解释或说明，而各情态动词本身的情态意义是不变的。如：

a.Janeisn'tintheoffice.Shemay/could/must

havealreadygonehome.

简不在办公室。她也许/可能/很可能已经回家了。

b.Johncouldn'thaveforgottentolockthedoor.He'salwaysaverycarefulperson.

约翰不可能忘了锁门。他从来都是非常仔细的。

LanguagePointsoftheTextc.Didyouseethewayshewasdriving?Imighthavebeenkilled!

你看见她是怎么开车的吗？我差点丧命！

d.Lisalooksveryupset.Youshould/shouldn'thavetoldherwhathadhappened.

丽莎看上去很烦恼。你本应/本不应该把发生的事告诉她。

e.Whatabeautifulday!Ineedn'thavebroughtmyumbrellaafterall!

天气真好！我真不该带雨伞！2)rarity:n.somethingunique,unusual,rareoruncommon"罕见的人或事物，珍奇的

东西"a.Amanoverahundredyearsoldisararity.

活到百岁以上的人是很少见的。

b.Rainisararityinthedesert.

在沙漠中雨是很少见的。LanguagePointsoftheText4.Earlypeopleswho…coulddependontheheatofthesuntocooktheirfood.(Para.2)

dependon/upon:torelyon;toneed(foraparticularpurpose)"依靠，依赖"a.Youcannotdependonyourparentsforever.

你不能永远依赖你的父母。

b.Theorganizationdependsonthegovernmentformostofitsincome.

这个组织的收入主要靠政府拨款。

比较：WearedependingonyoutofinishthejobbyFriday.

我们相信你能在星期五以前完成这项工作。LanguagePointsoftheText5.Theycookedpiecesofmeatandthincakesofcornmealinthisfashion.(Para.2)

in…fashion:in…way;in…manner"以……方式"a.Idon'tlikehergoingawayinthisfashion.

我不喜欢她以这样的方式离开。

b.Thechildrenlinedupinanorderlyfashion.

孩子们整整齐齐地排好队。

c.Heplayedtheviolininhisowncuriousfashion.

他以他独有的奇特方式演奏小提琴。LanguagePointsoftheText6.Wecansurmisethat…wasasticktowhichapieceofmeatcouldbeattached…(Para.3)1)surmise:vt.tosupposewithoutclearproof;toguess;topresume"推测，猜测"FromhisletterIsurmisedthathewasunhappy.从他写的信来看，我猜想他很不开心。2)attach(to):vt.tofasteninposition;tofixorconnect"系、缚、附（在……上）"Adoorisattachedtothedoorpostbyhinges.门是用铰链装在门柱上的。

比较：Sheattachesgreatimportancetoregularexercise(=regards…asbeingveryimportant).她对正规训练极为重视。LanguagePointsoftheText7.Later…whichcouldbeturnedfrequentlytocookthemeatonallsides.(Para.3)

这里

onallsides即oneveryside(ofthemeat)"（肉的）每一面"。比较：

a.Theenemieswereattackingonallsides/oneveryside(=inalldirections).敌人从四面八方发起进攻。

b.Onallsides(=Allthingsconsidered),warisbelievedtobeinevitable.从各方面来看，战争被认为是不可避免的。LanguagePointsoftheText8.Asearlyas1600B.C.,theEgyptianshadlearnedtomakemorepermanentcookingpotsoutofsandstone.(Para.4)1)asearlyas:asfarback(intime)as"早在（……时）"a.Wegottoknoweachotherasearlyas20yearsago.

我们早在20年前就相识了。2)make…outof:tomake…from/of"用……（制）作……"a.Wineismadeoutof(=madefrom)grapes.

葡萄酒是用葡萄酿制的。

b.Wemadeashelteroutof(=made…from)leavesandbranches.

我们用树叶和树枝搭了个棚子。

比较：Mybraceletismadeoutof(=madeof)gold.我的镯子是金的。LanguagePointsoftheText9.NorthAmericanIndiansadoptedadifferentmethodofcookingtheirfood.(Para.5)

adopt:vt.tostarttouse(aparticularmethodorplan)fordealingwithsomething"采用（方法等）"Thecourtshavebeenaskedtoadoptamoreflexibleapproachtoyoungoffenders.法庭被要求对年轻罪犯采用更灵活的处理方法。比较：Thecommitteeultimatelyadopted(=accepted)mysuggestion.

委员会最终采纳了我的建议。LanguagePointsoftheText10.Whenthestonescooledoff,theIndiansreplacedthemwithhotstones.(Para.5)

cooloff:tobecomecoolorcooler"（温度）凉下来，（渐渐）冷却"a.Letthehotpiecooloffbeforeserving.

这热馅饼凉了再吃。

b.We'dbeeninthesunallday,sowewentforaswimtocooloff.

我们已在太阳底下待了一天，因此去游个泳凉快凉快。

比较：

a.Ihopethetwocountrieswillcooloff(=calmdown)abit,ortherewillbeawar.

我希望两个国家都冷静一点，否则将会开启战争。

b.Theirfriendshipcooledoff(=becameweaker)afterJackgaveupfootball.

自从杰克不再踢足球以后，他们的友情就淡了下来。LanguagePointsoftheText11.Theirfrescoes(wall-paintings)portraypeoplebaking,boiling,roasting,fryingandstewingfood.(Para.6)1)portray:vt.todescribeorrepresent;todepict"描写，描绘"a.Thepictureportraysabeautifulsunset.

这幅画描绘了落日美景。

b.InBritishhistorybooksRichardIIIisusuallyportrayedasawickedman.

英国历史书通常把理查三世描写成坏人。LanguagePointsoftheText2)本句中

peoplebaking,boiling…andstewingfood为带有逻辑主语的动名词短语，称作动名词复合结构，作动词portray的宾语。英语中可用动名词复合结构作宾语的动词还有avoid,consider,deny,dislike,don'tmind,enjoy,fancy,imagine,miss,suggest,thinkof等。如：

a.CanyouimagineGeorgecookingthedinnerforus?

你能想象乔治为我们烧饭吗？

b.Wedon'treallymindJaneusingourcar.

我们并不介意简用我们的车。

c.IwanttoavoidMarythinkingIdon'twanttohelp.

我不想让玛丽认为我不肯帮忙。LanguagePointsoftheText12.Peoplelivedonwhattheycouldgrowintheirgardens…(Para.7)

liveon:tokeeponeselfalivewith(food,money,work,etc.)"靠……过活；以……为生"a.TheIrishusedtoliveonadietofpotatoes.

爱尔兰人过去用马铃薯作为主食。

b.Howcanhemanagetoliveonthatsalary?

他靠那点工资怎能生活？

比较：Mozartisdead,buthismusicliveson.

莫扎特人已作古，但他的音乐作品却万世流传。LanguagePointsoftheText13.…,andhoneywasusedtosweetenfood.(Para.7)

这里动词

sweeten由形容词sweet加后缀-en构成，意为"使变甜；加糖于……"。-en为英语常用后缀，可与形容词、名词结合，构成新的动词、形容词，表示不同的含义。如：1)与形容词或名词结合，构成动词，表示"（使）成为；变得"：dark—darken;red—redden;short—shorten;soft—soften;deep—deepen;ripe—ripen;strength—strengthen;length—lengthen等；2)与名词结合，构成形容词，表示"由……制（成）的"：gold—golden;wood—wooden;earth—earthen等。LanguagePointsoftheText14.ItwasnotuntilthenineteenthcenturythatthemassesofpeopleinEuropechangedtheirwaysofcooking.(Para.9)1)这是一个强调句型，被强调的部分为状语untilthenineteenthcentury，正常的句式

应为ThemassesofpeopleinEuropedidnotchangetheirwaysofcookinguntilthenineteenthcentury。把含有not…until…的句子改为强调句，常可用"Itis/wasnotuntil…that…"的强调句型，或可用"Notuntil…"的倒装句型，如：NotuntilthenineteenthcenturydidthemassesofpeopleinEuropechangetheirwaysofcooking.又如：Hedidn'tfinishhisworkuntilyesterday.直到昨天他才完成工作。

可转换为：

a.Itwasnotuntilyesterdaythathefinishedhiswork.b.Notuntilyesterdaydidhefinishhiswork.2)until作为介词和从属连词，意为upto(thetime)that,用以表示某动作或状态一直持续到某一时间点为止。如：Untilthestovecameintouse,fireplacesandspitshadbeeningeneraluse;…(Para.9)又如：

GarywasworkingforIBMuntilhegotajobatSperryin1960.(=GarydidnotstopworkingforIBMuntilhegotajobatSperryin1960.)LanguagePointsoftheText15.Untilthestovecameintouse,freplacesandspitshadbeeningeneraluse;…(Para.9)

comeintouse:tostartbeingused"开始（被）使用"a.Newprintingtechniqueshaverecentlycomeintouse.

新的印刷技术最近已开始投入使用。

b.Howlongisitsincetheelectroniccomputercameintouse?

电子计算机开始应用到现在已有多久了？

LanguagePointsoftheText与use相关的其他表达法：

a.Allthemachinesareinuseatthemoment.

所有机器眼下都正在投入使用。

b.Thebridgeisnolongerinuse.

这桥已不再使用。

c.Theexpressionhaslongbeenoutofuse.

这短语早就不用了。

d.Thecustomhasgoneoutofuse.

那种风俗已被废弃。LanguagePointsoftheText16.However,itwasalongtimebeforeastovewasdevelopedthatwouldcookandbake,aswellasheat.(Para.9)1)Itis/was/willbe(acertainlengthoftime)before…是很常用的句型，表示"在……之前有/需要多长时间"，如：

a.Itwon'tbelongbeforewemoveintoournewhome.

我们很快就要搬进新家了。

b.Itwashoursbeforehefinallyshowedup.

过了很久他才露面。

c.Itwillbesometimebeforeweknowthefullresults.

还要过一些时间我们才能知道全部结果。LanguagePointsoftheText2)…thatwouldcookandbake,aswellasheat."……既可用来加热，也可用来煮烤食物的（炉子）"。用

aswellas（以及；和）连接若干项目时，强调的是aswellas之前的项目，因此要注意正确翻译。如：a.Hewaskindaswellassensible.

他既明事理又为人厚道。

b.LisaspeaksFrenchaswellasEnglish.

丽莎既会说英语也会说法语。/丽莎不仅会说英语而且会说法语。raw/rɔː/adj.

(offood)notcooked(食物)未煮过的，生的accidentally/ˌæksɪˈdentəli/adv.bychance,notbyplanorbyintention偶然地，意外地molten/ˈməʊltən/adj.(ofmetalorrock)turnedtoliquidbyverygreatheat,melted(金属、岩石)熔化的，熔解的lava/ˈlɑːvə/n.rockinaveryhotliquidstateflowingfromavolcano(火山爆发喷出的)熔岩erupt/ɪˈrʌpt/vi.(ofavolcano)toexplodeandpouroutfire,lava,etc.(火

山)爆

发

，

喷

出

火

焰(熔

岩

等)NewWordsvolcano/vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ/adj.

anopeningintheearth'scrustthroughwhichmoltenlava,ash,andgasesareejected火山rarity/ˈreərəti/adv.somethingrare稀有物，珍奇的东西region/ˈriːdʒən/adj.aparticularfairlylargeareaorpart,usu.withoutexactlimits地区，区域

surmise/səˈmaɪz/n.(formal)tosupposeasareasonableguessthoughwithoutclearproof,todeduce[正式]推测，猜测utensil/juːˈtensəl/vi.anobjectwithaparticularpracticaluse,esp.atoolorcontainerinakitchen(尤指厨房中使用的)器皿，用具NewWordsiron/aɪən/adj.

acommonhardmetalthatisusedtomakesteel铁rod/rɒd/adv.alongthincylindricalobjectofwood,metal,etc.(木

或金属)竿，杆，棒spit/spɪt/adj.alongthinrodforstickingmeatontoandrotatingoverflame,forcookingoverafire烤肉叉reed/riːd/n.agrass-likeplantthatgrowsinwetplaces芦

苇stew/stjuː/vi.adishconsistingusu.ofchunksorblocksofmeatandvegetablescookedtogetherinliquid炖煮的菜肴NewWordspan/pæn/adj.

around,shallowmetalcontainerusu.withalonghandleandwithoutalid,usedesp.forcooking锅

，

平底锅birch/bɜːtʃ/adv.(woodfrom)atree,commoninnortherncountries,withsmoothbarkandthinbranches白桦树，桦木bark/bɑːk/adj.thestrongoutercoveringofatree树皮kettle/ˈketəl/n.ametalpot,usu.withalid,usedmainlyforboilingwater(烧水用的)水壶fresco/ˈfreskəʊ/vi.apaintinginwatercoloronasurface,usu.ofawall壁画

NewWordsportray/pɔːˈtreɪ/adj.

todescribeorrepresent描绘，描述bake/beɪk/adv.tocookwithdryheat,esp.inanoven烘烤，焙boil/bɔɪl/adj.tocookinwaterathightemperature(用开水)煮；2.(ofaliquid)to(causeto)reachthetemperatureatwhichitchangestovapor煮沸，烧开，沸腾roast/rəʊst/vi.tocook(esp.meat)orbecookedbydryheat,inanovenoroverafire烤，烘烤fry/fraɪ/vt.tocookorbecookedinhotoilorfat油炸，油煎NewWordspreserve/prɪˈzɜːv/adj.

totreat(food)insuchawaythatitcanbekeptalongtime保存(食物)dwindle/ˈdwɪndəl/adv.tograduallybecomefewer,lessorsmaller逐步减少(变小)turnip/ˈtɜːnɪp/adj.(aplantproducing)alargeroundyellowishorwhiterootusedasavegetable芜菁，萝卜broil/brɔɪl/vi.(AmE)(=grill)tocook(meat,etc.)underoroverdirectheat[美]烤，烧，焙bakery/ˈbeɪkəri/vt.aplacewherebread,cakes,andpastriesarebakedandsold面包房NewWordslivestock/ˈlaɪvstɒk/adj.

(usu.pl.)animalskeptonafarm,suchascattleorsheep[常用复数]家畜，牲畜spoil/spɔɪl/adv.(offood)tolosegoodness,torot,todecay(食

物)变坏，变质，腐败cast-iron/ˌkɑːstˈaɪən/adj.madeofcastiron,ahardbuteasilybreakabletypeofiron铸铁(制)的，生铁的equipment/ɪˈkwɪpmənt/vi.allthespecialtools,machines,clothes,etc.neededforaparticularactivity设备，装备，装置standardize/ˈstændədaɪz/vt.1.tocausetofitasinglestandard使合乎规格；2.tomaketobealikeineverycase使标准化NewWordsmeasure/ˈmeʒə(r)/adj.

anactiontakentodealwithaparticularproblemorbringaboutacertainresult措施，办法recipe/ˈresɪpi/adv.asetofinstructionsforcookingaparticulartypeoffood(某种食品的)烹饪法，食谱NewWordsattach...to...

tofastenortojoin.…(to...)将某物系在、缚在(另一物)上asearlyasasfarbackintimeas早在(……时)keep...from1.toprevent...from阻止

；2.tohold...backfrom抑

制

massesof...argenumbersof...,lotsof.….大量的，许多takeplacetohappen,tooccur发生NewWordsPhrases&Expressionscomeintousetostartbeingused开始(被)使

用beingeneralusetobewidelyused被广泛使用NewWordsPhrases&ExpressionsProperNamesEgyptian1.埃及人；2.埃及的，埃及人的B.C.公元前theMiddleAges(欧洲历史上的)中世纪Crusade1."十字军东侵",宗教战争；2.(喻)改革运动AsiaMinor小亚细亚01CulturalBackgroundandRelatedInformation

theMiddleAges中世纪(约公元476—公元1453),是欧洲历史上的一个时代(主要是西欧),由西罗马帝国灭亡时开始计算，直到文艺复兴之后，极权主义抬头的时期为止。这个时期的欧洲没有一个

强有力的政权来统治。封建割据带来频繁的战争，造成科技和生产力发展停滞，人民生活在毫无希望的痛苦中，所以中世纪或者中世纪的早期在欧美普遍被称作"黑暗时代"(theDarkAges),传统上认为这是欧洲文明史上发展比较缓慢的时期。02CulturalBackgroundandRelatedInformation"Crusades""十字军东侵"，11世纪西欧基督教国家以收复圣地耶路撒冷为号召，而相继发动的一系列军事远征扩张活动。因参加者的衣服上缝有十字记号，故名"十字军"。从1095年发动第一次"十字军东征"至1291年耶路撒冷拉丁王国灭亡，

一般认为先后共有八次东征，其中较重要的为前四次。03CulturalBackgroundandRelatedInformationAsiaMinor小亚细亚，或安那托利亚半岛(AnatoliaPeninsula),是亚洲西南部的一个半岛,位于黑海(BlackSea)和地中海(Mediterranean)之间，现为土耳其境内。安那托利亚是土耳其语,意思是"被母亲充满"或"太阳上升",隐含着这片土地位于欧洲东部的意思。由于小亚细

亚位于深具战略意义的欧亚交界处，从史前年代开始，这里就是多个民族的摇篮。ReadingComprehensionDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).Thengobacktothetextforacheckofyourunderstanding.Youshouldtellwhichline(s)ofwhichparagraphsupport(s)you.Finally,workinpairstocorrectthosefalsestatements.ReadingComprehensionFactSearching1Wedonotknowwhenandwherethefirstmanwhocookedhisfoodlived.T/FLine(s)______Para______._____________________________________________________.2Afterpeoplefirsttastedfoodthathadbeencooked,theybegantochangeuniversallytheirformerhabitofeatingrawfood.T/F

Line(s)______Para______._____________________________________________________.1-25-811Itistruethattheyfoundcookedfoodtastedbetter,whilethisnewwayofeatingcontinuedtoberareuntilmanlearnedhowtomakeandcontrolfire.ReadingComprehensionFactSearching3Cookingfoodinwaterhadneverbeenpossiblebeforethecast-ironcookingstovewasinvented.T/FLine(s)______Para______._____________________________________________________.4NorthAmericanIndiansplacedtheirfoodinskinbagsorbirchbarkkettles,andthenputthemoverhotstones.T/F

Line(s)______Para______._____________________________________________________.5Wall-paintingsleftbytheancientEgyptiansaretherecordsshowingthattheyknewhowtocookfoodinmanyways.T/FLine(s)______Para______._____________________________________________________.6IntheMiddleAges,themostordinarycookingmethodswereboilingandbroiling.T/FLine(s)______Para______._____________________________________________________.1-542-552-365-67Longbeforecast-ironcookingstovewasinvented,peopleinmanyplacesoftheworldhadbeenabletomakewatercontainers,likereedorgrassbaskets,cookingpotsmadeoutofsandstone,etc.NorthAmericanIndiansplacedtheirfoodinskinbagsorbirchbarkkettles,andthendroppedhotstonesinwithfood.Whenthestonescooledoff,theywerereplacedbyhotonesuntilthefoodwereready.Choosethebestoptiontofinishthefollowingexercises.ReadingComprehensionReadingAnalysis1Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.Forthousandsofyearsuntilthe19thcentury,peoplefromallpartsoftheworldhadbeenhopingandtryingtofindbetterwaysofcookingtheirfood.B.Peoplefromdifferentcountriesandregionsoftheworldhavedifferentwaysofcookingsimilarsortsoffood.C.Throughouthumanhistorypeopleallovertheworldhavebeendevelopingandconstantlyimprovingtheircookingmethodsandskills.D.Ourmethodsofcookinghavenotchangedverymuchinthelastcentury,butwedohavebetterequipmentthatmakescookingeasierandmoreconvenient.Choosethebestoptiontofinishthefollowingexercises.ReadingComprehensionReadingAnalysis2Accordingtotheauthor,howdidprimitivepeoplefromhotareascooktheirfood?A.Byaforestfire.B.Bythemoltenlava.C.Byaflatstone.D.Bytheheatofthesun.Choosethebestoptiontofinishthefollowingexercises.ReadingComprehensionReadingAnalysis3Aftertheuseofreedorgrassbasketsascookingpots,________learnedtomakemorepermanentonesoutofsandstone.A.theEskimosB.theEgyptiansC.theNorthAmericanIndiansD.the"Crusaders"Choosethebestoptiontofinishthefollowingexercises.ReadingComprehensionReadingAnalysis4Whatistrueaboutpeople'swayofeatingintheMiddleAges?A.Peopleonlylivedonwhattheycouldgrowintheirgardens.B.Thefoodtheyatewaswellprepared.C.Theywereverymuchexperiencedinboilingandbroiling.D.Theykilledandpreservedtheirlivestockthroughthewinterbysaltingit.Choosethebestoptiontofinishthefollowingexercises.ReadingComprehensionReadingAnalysis5Because_______,tradedevelopedagainbetweenEuropeandAsiaMinorduringtheperiodofthe"Crusades"A.saltbecamelessexpensiveandpeoplebegantohavemoresaltforpreservingtheirfoodB.EuropeanswantedtocontinueeatingwhattheyhaddiscoveredwhileintheEastC.thetroubledtimesoftheMiddleAgeshadeventuallycometoanendD.the"Crusaders"returnedtoEuropewithmanynewfoodstheydiscoveredintheEastChoosethebestoptiontofinishthefollowingexercises.ReadingComprehensionReadingAnalysis6Accordingtotheauthor,untilthe19thcentury,themassesofpeopleinEurope__________.A.hadinventedandusedcast-ironcookingstovesB.hadbeenusingstovesthatwouldcookandbake,aswellasheatC.hadusedacast-ironbakingovenforcookingfoodD.hadnotbeenabletochangemuchtheirwayofcooking1.Answerthefollowingquestionsbasedonthetextyouhaveread.ReadingComprehensionInformationRecallandSummary（1）Whatdoestheauthorsuggestwhenshesays"However,evenafterthisdiscovery,cookedfoodmusthaveremainedararityuntilmanlearnedhowtomakeandcontrolfire.