柴油机的调速BUSELECTRICALINSTALLATI

柴油机的调速主讲人牛小伟ZHENGZHOURAILWAYVOCATIONAL&TECHNICALCOLLEGE客车电气装置/BUSELECTRICALINSTALLATION主讲人牛小伟SpeakerNiuxiaowei柴油机的调速飞轮飞轮壳曲轴曲轴发电车柴油机的电子调速系统根据负载的大小可自动微调循环的供油量，从而达到控制柴油机的转速的目的。Thespeedregulationofthegeneratorisautomaticallyfine-tunedbytheamountofoilpercycleaccordingtothesizeoftheload,soastoachievethepurposeofcontrollingthespeedofthedieselengine.连杆活塞飞轮调速原理电子调速器由测速传感器、调速控制器、执行器三部分组成。Theelectronicgovernoriscomposedofthreeparts:speedmeasurementsensor,speedcontrolcontrollerandactuator.发电机组运行时，由装在飞轮壳上的测速传感器感应发电机组转速信号，当旋转中的飞轮齿通过磁性转速传感器时，就会在线圈内产生电脉冲信号，脉冲信号发生的频率反应了柴油机的转速，如齿数为142齿，当转速为1500rpm时，传感器每秒钟将测得3550个电脉冲。Whenthegeneratorisrunning,thespeedmeasurementsensorinstalledontheflywheelshellsensesthespeedsignalofthegeneratorset.Whentherotatingflywheelteethpassthemagneticspeedsensor,theelectricpulsesignalwillbegeneratedinthecoil.Thefrequencyofthepulsesignalreflectsthespeedofthedieselengine,suchasthenumberofteethis142,whenthespeedis1500r/min,thesensorwillmeasure3550electricpulsespersecond.高频脉冲信号送入装在控制屏仪表箱内的调速控制器，与预先设置的参考信号作比较，Thehighfrequencypulsesignalissentintothespeedcontrolcontrollerinstalledintheinstrumentboxofthecontrolscreenandcomparedwiththepresetreferencesignal.如果频率有偏差，通过改变通往执行器的电流大小来改变油门大小，从而改变流向喷油器的燃油压力，以改变喷入气缸中的燃油量达到控制柴油机的转速或功率的目的。

Ifthefrequencywithdeviations,therotationofthecurrentleadingtotheactuatorandtheacceleratorshaftischangedtochangethethrottlesize,andthefuelpressureflowingtotheinjectorischangedtochangethefuelamountinthespraycylindertocontroltherotationspeedorpowerofthedieselengine.CONTENTS01测速传感器Velocitysensor02执行器Actuator03调速控制板Speedcontrolpanel04超速控制保护板Overspeedcontrolpanel一、测速传感器测速传感器中的永久磁心绕着线圈，通过导磁性外壳在端部形成磁极，当端部有导磁性齿轮经过时，线圈中感应脉冲。脉冲代表齿轮的转速，即柴油机的转速。Thepermanentmagneticcenterinthespeedsensorgoesaroundthecoilandformsamagneticpoleattheendthroughthemagneticconductiveshell.Whenthemagneticconductivegearpassesthroughattheend,theinductionpulseinthecoil.Thepulserepresentstherotationspeedofthegear,namely,therotationspeedofthedieselengine.

转速传感器安装在飞轮壳左侧，右侧主要提供Thespeedsensorisinstalledontheleftsideoftheflywheelcase,andtherightsidemainlyprovidesthecontrolpanel(speedboard),theover-speedplateandthetachometer.控制板（调速板）超速板转速表的电信号输入。和

二、执行器执行器可分为常开式和常闭式两种，康明斯发电车均采用常闭式执行器，接通电源时执行器会有敏捷、清脆、细小的声响。Actuatorscanbedividedintotwotypes：normallyopenandnormallyclosed,Cumminsactuatoradoptsnormallyclosedactuator,whichwillhaveagile,crispandsmallsoundwhenconnectingtothepowersupply.从使用经验来看，执行器的寿命一般为2000~5000h。Intermsoftheuseofexperience,thelifeoftheactuatorisgenerally2000~5000hours.执行器转动部分的摩擦面工作久了会逐渐磨损，这将导致间隙逐渐增大而漏油，当漏油超过怠速油母时，控制板失去控制能力。Thefrictionsurfaceoftherotatingpartoftheactuatorwillgraduallywearoutafterworkingforalongtime,whichwillleadtothegapgraduallyincreasingandoilleakage.Whentheoilleakageexceedstheidlespeedoil,thecontrolboardwilllosecontrol.三、调速控制板简称调速板，是柴油发电机组稳定运行的关键器件。Speedcontrolboardreferredtoasspeedcontrolboard,isthekeycomponentofstableoperationofdieselgeneratorset.调速控制板Speedcontrolboard调速板上有4个用以系统调整的电位计，它们依次是：Therearefourpotentiometersusingforthedialofsystemadjustment:DROOP转速降控制旋钮，又叫调速率电位计，可以调到0%（同步）到5％的转速降，单机工作一般为2%~3%；

Speed-dropcontrolknob,alsoknownastheadjustmentratepotentiometer,canbeadjustedto0%(synchronous)to5%ofthespeed-drop,thesingleworkisgenerally2%~3%;(4)RUNSPD高怠速调整旋钮，实际上是空载转速，即柴油机的运行位转速。

Thehigh-idle-speedadjustmentknobisactuallytheno-loadspeed,thatis,therunningpositionspeedofthedieselengine.(1)GAIN增益控制调整旋钮，用来调整转速控制器对柴油机的反应速度；

Gaincontroladjustmentknob,usedtoadjustthereaction-speedofthespeedcontrollertothedieselengine;IDLESPD怠速控制调整旋钮，用来调整怠速；Idlespeedcontroladjustmentknob,usedtoadjusttheidlespeed;四、超速控制保护板超速保护的目的是防止电机转子飞损。Thepurposeofover-speedprotectionistopreventthemotorrotorflightdamage.在使用过程中，如果超速板损坏，可将仪表箱内第5、7号端子短接，然后将超速板拆下后送修，机组仍可使用，但没有超速保护。此时不用过于担心飞车时的保护，因为康明斯柴油机的PT泵内本来就带有超速自动限油量的功能，整定值一般设在1760rpm。

Iftheovers-peedplateisdamagedinuse,theterminals5and7intheinstrumentboxcanbeshorted,andthentheovers-peedplatecanberemovedandsentforrepair.Theunitcanstillbeused,butthereisnoover-speedprotection.Atthistime,thereisnoneedtoworrytoomuchabouttheprotectionofthegeneratorflyer,becausethePTpumpofCumminsdieselenginealreadyhasthefunctionofover-speedautomaticoillimit,andthesettingvalueisgenerallysetat1760r/min.发电机飞车设定一般为+20%，柴油发电机组一般设为15%。Thespeedofthegeneratorflyerisgenerallysetin20%,anddieselgeneratorisgenerallysetin15%.超速板又叫速度开关板，它的基本原理是：转速传感器接收到柴油机的转速信号，经频率/电压变换器（F/V）转换成相应的电压信号，当测得的信号超过预设的信号强度时，保护继电器工作，切断电磁阀供电，使机组缺油停机。Over-speedboardisalsocalledthespeedswitchboard,itsbasicprincipleis:thespeedsensorreceivesthespeedsignalofthedieselengine,throughthefrequency/voltageconverter(F/V)turningintothecorrespondingvoltagesignal,whenthemeasured