《英语修辞学》课件全套 李秀萍

EnglishRhetoric英语修辞学LiXiupingTermsrelatedtoRhetoricRhetoric修辞学Rhetorical修辞学的Rhetorically在修辞学上Rhetorician修辞学家Rhetorician修辞学教师WhatwelearninEnglishRhetoric:Rhetoricprovidesuswithguidelinesforthebestchoiceofwords,forthebestchoiceofsentenceconstruction,forappropriateuseofvariousfiguresofspeech.Coursedescription

Thiscoursewillbeoriented/conductedbythefollowingaspects:I.Communicativerhetoric:thechoiceofwordsandsentences

II.Aestheticrhetoric:

figuresofspeech(lexical,phonetic,syntactic,semantic,logic)AGeneralSurveyofRhetoric1.Thedefinitionofrhetoric,2.Thepurposeofrhetoric,3.Thecontentsofrhetoric1.ThedefinitionofrhetoricWhatisrhetoric?Theartofusinglanguage

effectivelyandimpressivelyinspeakingandwriting;Theartofexpressingoneselfwell.Theartofpersuasion/persuasivespeaking(Aristotle,inthe4thcenturyBC)

2.ThepurposeofrhetoricWhatisthepurposeoflearningrhetoric?toexpressoneselfwellandtocommunicateeffectively.

2.ThepurposeofRhetoricRhetoricispower.Whoeverdoesnotstudyrhetoricwillbecomeavictimofit.AncientGreekwallinscriptionRhetoricispowerHistoriesmakemenwise;poetry,witty;themathematics,subtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend.FrancisBacon英国哲学家培根说：历史使人明智；诗歌使人巧慧；数学使人精细；博物使人深沉；伦理之学使人庄重；逻辑与修辞使人善辩。3.ContentsofRhetoricGenerally,

beginners

laystressonsemiotics(符号学、意义学),whileintermediates

andadvancedlearnerslaystressonpragmatics（语用学）andrhetoric.3.ContentsofRhetoricSpecificallyspeaking,rhetoricconsistsoftwobasicaspects:a.

Communicativerhetoricb.Aestheticrhetoric3.ContentsofRhetoricCommunicativerhetoricisalsocalledpassiverhetoricinChina,

whichdealswiththechoiceofwords,thechoiceofsentencesandthearrangementofparagraphs;3.ContentsofRhetoricWhileAestheticrhetoricistermedasactiverhetoric,dealingwithfiguresofspeech.twobasicaspectsofRhetoric:a)Communicativerhetoric

emphasizesthechoiceofwordsandphrases,andselectionofsentencepatterns,organizingparagraphsandwholepiecesofwritingtwobasicaspectsofRhetoric:insuchawaythatideasareexpressedmoreclearly,moreaccuratelyandmoreappropriately

andthebestresultsareachievedincommunication.twobasicaspectsofRhetoric:b)Aestheticrhetoric

stressesthevividnessandgracefulnessinexpressingone’sideasbyartisticapproachesliketheuseoffiguresofspeech

soastoincreasetheemotionalappealofone’sspeechorwriting.RhetoricBroadlyspeaking,rhetoriccoversalltheelementsoforalandwrittenthings,includingstructure,diction,rhythm,tone,style,andanything

relatedtotheeffectiveuseoflanguage.AestheticrhetoricfiguresofspeechClassificationoffiguresofspeechClassificationoffiguresofspeech

1)Phoneticfiguresofspeech:

alliteration（头韵）,assonance(准押韵),consonance(辅音韵)，onomatopoeia（拟声）,

pun（双关）,etc.Classificationoffiguresofspeech2)Syntacticalfiguresofspeech:

parallelism（排比）,rhetoricalquestion（反问）,repetition（重复）,zeugma(扼式搭配),syllepsis(一笔双叙),climax（递进）,anti-climax（递降）,etc.Classificationoffiguresofspeech3)Semanticfiguresofspeech:

simile（明喻）,metaphor（暗语）,metonymy（借代）,synecdoche（借代）,etc.Classificationoffiguresofspeech4)Logicalfiguresofspeech:

allegory(寓言，讽喻),allusion(影射),hyperbole（夸张）,irony（讽刺）,etc.Examples1.Sheisafox.Metaphor2.Heisachicken.

Metaphor3.Shehasasweetvoice.Synaesthesia(通感)4.Wehavedelicioussunshine.Synaesthesia(通感)Examples5.Wepayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoe.Parallelism6.TrumpisthepresidentofDividedStatesofAmerica.Irony7.Singaporeisafinecity.PunTheuseofRhetoric

scientificEnglish

willbevirtuallydevoidofsuchfigures,whereasliteraryEnglish

willbefullofthem.ElementsineverylanguageWords,phrases,sentences,andpassagesGrammar,Rhetoric,logic,styles.字词句篇，语修逻文。Appreciation：IHaveaDream--byMartinLutherKing,Jr.4.Inwhatwayisrhetoricdifferentfromlexicology,grammarandphonetics?(1)Englishrhetoricisdifferentfromlexicology,grammar,andphoneticsthethreemajorbranchesoflinguisticsinthefollowingaspects.4.Inwhatwayisrhetoricdifferentfromlexicology,grammarandphonetics?(2)While

lexicology

dealswiththeformsandmeaningsofwords,

rhetoric

treatsoftheeffectivechoicesofthemincommunication;4.Inwhatwayisrhetoricdifferentfromlexicology,grammarandphonetics?(3)whilegrammar

discussesmorphology(thestudyofwords)andsyntax

(thestudyofthesentence),rhetoric

makeseffectiveuseofthemincomposition;4.Inwhatwayisrhetoricdifferentfromlexicology,grammarandphonetics(4)whilephoneticsdescribesspeechsoundsaloneandincombination,rhetoric

aimsateffectiveemploymentoftheminspeakingandwriting.5.Textbook&References:1.李秀萍，高吉利.英语修辞学.

西南交通大学出版社，2022.2.覃先美，李阳.英语修辞学概论.湖南师范大学出版社，2006.3.胡曙中.英语修辞学.上海外语教育出版社，2004 4.吕煦.实用英语修辞.清华大学出版社，2005.5.黄任.英语修辞学概论（第二版）.上海外语教育出版社，2014.

6.Teachingapproach

Mainlythroughlectures,discussions,presentationsandassignments6.TeachingapproachPresentations:

Ingroups,youwilldevelopapresentationononeareaofrhetoric.Youcanprovideuswithahandout,plusanyadditionalmaterialsyouthinkwillbeusefulforthegoalofyourpresentation.Thegradeforthiswillbesharedevenly.7.Assessment考核Assignments:1.Presentation(Groupwork)2.Someassignmentsr（Individualwork）3.QuestionsforyoutothinkaboutoutofclassPointsdistribution:

1.Usualperformance(平时成绩)40%(1)classattendence:10%(2)classparticipation10%(3)assignments:20%2.Finalexam(期末考试）60%Ifyouhavequestions…

AskmeinclassContactmeat583550017@

Phonemeahankyou!Let’sEnjoy

learningRhetoricEnglishRhetoric英语修辞学CommunicativeRhetoric

交际修辞EnglishRhetoricofWords

词汇修辞Topicscoveredinthislecture1.DefinitionofRhetoricofwords

2.DefinitionsofDenotationandconnotation

3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture1.DefinitionofRhetoricofwords

Rhetoricofwordsisabranchofknowledgedealingwitheffectiveuseofwordsinourwritingandspeaking.词汇修辞是研究用词效果的学问。1.DefinitionofRhetoricofwords

Thischapter,basedonthenecessaryfactorsinchoosingwordsfor

clearness,accuracy,effectivenessandappropriateness,

probesintodifferentfunctionsofwords,suchas:denotativewordsandconnotativewords,1.DefinitionofRhetoricofwords

synonymsand

antonyms,homonyms,

shortwordsandlong

words,formalwordsandinformal

words

generalwordsandspecificwords,etc.

2.DefinitionsofdenotationandconnotationThemeaningofawordisdividedintodenotationandconnotation.Whatisdenotation?Andconnotation？1)Denotationistheliteralordirectmeaningofawordasiswritteninthedictionary.e.g.:Apigisananimal.

2.Denotationandconnotation2)While

connotation

isthereader’sorlistener’semotionalresponsetoawordandtotheassociationscarriedbytheword.e.g.:Heisapig.(Heislazy,dirtyandgreedy.)2.DenotationandconnotationAnotherexample,thedenotativeordictionarymeaningofthewordroseDenotation:roseisthebrightly-colored,sweet-smellingflower

ofabushwithpricklysternsanddividedleavesConnotation:

love2.DenotationandconnotationTheconnotationofawordmaychangewithindividuals.Forexample,

beefconnotesdistasteforavegetarianthoughforothersitisgreat.2.

DenotationandconnotationWhilethedenotationofawordisrelativelyfixedandthesametoallusersofthelanguage,itsconnotationmaybedifferentforthepeoplewithdifferent

historical,social,political,culturalandethnicandethicalbackgrounds.2.DenotationandconnotationTheconnotationofawordalsocanbegeneral.e.g.:formostpeople,motherconnoteslove,care,andprotection;burglar--(associatedwith)dangeranddisgust;

oasis

lifeandhope;

desert

deathanddespair3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture1)ant:prudence/prudent(谨慎)2)ape:

malice/malicious3)ass,donkey:stupidity;stubbornness

asstupidasanassMakeanassofoneself做蠢事，闹笑话3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture4)

bat:Blindness/blind

asblindasabat5)bear:ill-temper/ill-tempered/bad-mannered/rudee.g.:Heisabear.(Heisill-tempered3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture6)bee:industry

asbusyasabee7)

bull:

strength,awkwardness;

straightforwardnessabullhead顽固的人Whatiscalledabullmarket?Andbearmarket?3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulturebullmarket:

onthestockmarket,bullsarepeoplewhobuysharesinexpectationofapricerise,inordertomakeaprofitbysellingthesharesagainafterashorttime.Bearmarket:isasituationonthestockmarketwhenpeoplearesellingalotofsharesbecausetheyexpectthattheshareswilldecreaseinvalueandthattheywillbeabletomakeaprofitbybuyingthemagainafterashorttime.3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture8)

butterfly:sportiveness;livinginpleasuree.g.:Sheisasocialbutterfly.(Sheisgoodatsocialactivities.)havebutterfliesinone’sstomach:

(feelnervousorexcitedaboutsth.)3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture9)

cricket:happiness

aslively/merry/happyasacricket3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture10)cat:deceit

aCheshirecat:grinningtheCheshirecatinAliceinWonderlandaCheshirecatsmile:grinninglikeaCheshirecatinAliceinWonderland3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture

afatcat:

abusinessmanorpolitician

awildcat:awildcatscheme/suddenstrikeIdiomsaboutcat:(1)Letthecatourofthebag.3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture(2)

Curiositykilledthecat.(3)

playagameofcatandmouse(onestrongerandtheotherweaker)(4)Itrainscatsanddogs.(5)Catshidetheirclaws.知人知面不知心（6）Whenthecatisaway,themicewillplay.山上无老虎，猴子称霸王。3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture11)cock:

watchfulnesscockone’sears:(trytohearsth.fromadirection)3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture12)

chicken:

beafraidtodosth.

Don’tbeachicken.I’mafraidofdark,soI’mabigchicken.Itisachicken–and–eggsituation.(难分因果)3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture13)

cow:stupid;unpleasant(anoffensiveuse)

Sheisacow.(Ifsomeonedescribesawomanasacow,theydislikeherandthinksheisunpleasantorstupid.)Acashcow摇钱树3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture14)

crocodile:hypocrisycrocodiletears:falsetearse.g.:ThesightofGreensheddingcrocodiletearsmademesick.3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture15)

crow:(aninformaluse)e.g.:Heis

crowingaboutsth.(Hetellsyousth.proudly.吹嘘)toeatcrow:[(吃乌鸦)toosureofhimselfandsaysth.inaloudandboastfulway.Later,hemayadmitheiswrong,thenheis“eatingcrow”.丢脸3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture16)

dog:

fidelity/loyalty;dirtyhabits;worthlessnesse.g.:(1)Heisayellowdog.(Hebetraysme.)(2)Itisarealdog.

(sth.ofapoorquality)3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture(3)Thingsaregoingtothedog.(Thingsaregettingworse.)Idioms:aluckydog;aslydogagaydog;a

yellowdog

adoginamanger;liveadog’slifeunderdogsandtopdogs3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCultureEverydoghashisownday.Letsleepingdogslie.Dogseatdogs.Alivingdogisbetterthanadeadlion好死不如赖活着3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture17)dove:

peace,gentleness3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture18)duck:

lovelinesse.g.:Sheisreallyaduck.

Heisalameduck.（跛鸭）Itislikeaducktowater.（如鱼得水）

Willaduckswim?Oh,I’mgladtoseeyouducks.

(asasignofaffection)3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture19)dragon:monster(inwesternculture)

Long

(inChineseculture)3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture20)fox:

cunning;artifice

ascunningasafoxoldfox:老油条3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture21)goose:

stupidity;foolishnessDon’tbeagoose.Hegotagooseegg.零分，考了个鸭蛋3.ConnotationsofAnimalsEnglishCulture22)

horse:speed;grace

awillinghorse;adarkhorse;

putacartbeforethehorseaone-horsetown(asmalltown)Don’tchangehorsesinthemiddleoftheriver.(risky/dangerous)Horsesense常识3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture23)mule:

obstinacy/obstinateasobstinateasamule3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture24)pig:lazy,dirty,greedyIdiom:makeapigofoneself(eatingasifoneisveryhungry)Whenpigsfly:impossiblePigsinclover（lit.苜蓿地里的猪；fig.暴发户）3.ConnotationsofAnimalsEnglishCulture25)

goat:

lecherousness

(好色)e.g.:Heisagoat.Nowomenaresafewithhim.

3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture26)

lamb:innocence;meeknessAsgentleasalambSheisanewelamb最受宠的人27)ram:malesheep(neutral)3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture27)sheep:meekness;timidityIdioms：Heisablacksheep.Hecastsheepisheyeather.Canyouseparatesheepfromgoats?3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture28)dragon:monster(inwesternculture)

Long

(InChinesetraditionalculture,itisthesymbolofpower,nobilityandhonor,andalsothesymbolofluckandsuccess.)3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture29)

leopard:

can’tchangeitscharacteristicsHeisaleopard.Hecan’tchangehischaracteristics.Aleopardcan’tchangeitsspots.3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture30)ostrich:(informal)apersonwhohidesawayfromandrefusestoacceptunpleasantrealityHeisanostrich.3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture31)peacock:proudasproudasapeacock3.ConnotationsofAnimalsinEnglishCulture32)rat:cheat;traitorHeisarat.(Hecheatedyouandyoudislikehim.)Icansmellarat.(Isuspectorrealizesomethingiswrong.)Heisaswetasadrownedrat/mouse.(落汤鸡)3.ConnotationsofAnimalsEnglishCulture33)

tiger:ferocity;braveryHeisatiger.papertiger:seemspowerful,butnotreally3.ConnotationsofAnimalsEnglishCulture34)

lion:bravery;ferocity;greedHeisasbraveasalioninthewar.alion’sshareofsth.:biggerpartofsth.alionintheway拦路虎agreatlion名人3.ConnotationsofAnimalsEnglishCulture35)

wolf:

cruelty;savage;ferocityHeisawolf.Sheisashe-wolf.Helikestobealone,soheisalonewolf.Idioms:cryawolf发假警报

awolfinsheep’sclothing

keepthewolfoutofdoor

Thereisawolfinone’sstomach.Manisawolftoman.人心如狼。3.ConnotationsofAnimalsEnglishCulture36)bigsharks:垄断资本家Assignment1.Whatisthedifferencebetweendenotationandconnotation?Illustrate.2.Searchtheconnotationsof“dragon”and“long”inEnglishandChinesecultures.3.Researchwork:AComparativeStudyoftheConnotationsofAnimalsinChineseandWesternCultures.CommunicativeRhetoric交际修辞EnglishRhetoricofWords

词汇修辞ResearchworkInthislecture,wearegoingtoillustratetheconnotationsofcolorsinEnglish.I.ConnotationsofColorsII.ColorsHaveTheirConnotationsI.Connotationsofcolors1.red

RedhastraditionallybeenassociatedwithcourageandloveinWesternculture,butinChina,redisthecolorofhappinessandgoodluck.See“red”inthefollowingphrases:1)

turnred/gored/seered:(getangry)2)redletterday:(adayveryhappyandrememberable)3)redfigure:(themoneylost,deficit,赤字)I.Connotationsofcolors4)redbalance:(赤字差额)5)redsky:(彩霞)6)redgold:(纯金)7)redbattle:(血战)I.Connotationsofcolors8)redcent：(铜币)9)aredline:(红色警戒线)10)redmeat:(beef,muttonandpork)I.Connotationsofcolors2.black:InEnglishthecolorblackreferstosomethingevilorbad.1)inablackmood:(情绪低落)2)blackday：(凶日)3)blackfuture:(暗淡无光的未来)Black4)blackfigure/intheblack:(盈利)5)notasblackas

itispainted(不像别人说的那样)6)blackintheface:(脸色铁青)I.Connotationsofcolors7)blacktea：(红茶)8)blackcoffee(纯咖啡)9)blackcoat：(牧师)10)blackdog：(沮丧)11)inblackandwhite(白纸黑字)12)blackandblue：(青紫)13)lookblackatsb.(怒目而视）Black14)blackmoney/blackmarket：黑钱/黑市15)BlackMonday：黑色礼拜一（slanginschools）3.blue

Becauseitisassociatedwiththecoloroftheseaandthesky,

bluehascometosymbolizeserenityandinfinity.I.Connotationsofcolors3.blue:unhappy;nobleman1)feelblue/beinblues/havetheblues/bluedevils:

(feelsad/unhappy/depressed)2)go

blue

脸色发青I.Connotationsofcolors3)Thingsarelookingbluerthanever.(gettingworse)4)Heisarealblueblood/blue-blooded:

(arealnobleman)I.Connotationsofcolors5)abluemoon:onceinabluemoon6)outofblue/outoftheblue/aboltfromtheblue：(unexpected/suddenly)7)drinktillall’sblue:(一醉方休)I.Connotationsofcolors8)bluebook:(1)名人录(2)蓝皮书、(美)大学的笔试9)bluefish:海豚10)bluechina:

青花瓷11)blue-eyed:

蓝眼睛的；心爱的；（美俚）易受骗的Blue12)theBlues:布鲁斯音乐/蓝调音乐，一种伤感的美国黑人民歌(Fromthe17thand20thcentury,musiciansinthesouthernU.S.developedtwonewformsofmusic:theblues,usu.playedbyblacks,andtheCountrymusic,playedbywhites.ElvisPresley,thekingofRockandRoll.Hismusicwasanexcitingmixtureofwhitecountryandblackblues.I.ConnotationsofcolorsBesides,bluealwaysreferstosth.Pornographic(色情的)andvulgar（下流）1)bluetalks2)bluefilms4.Green

Green

isacolorthathasanupanddown/positiveandnegativeside.

Itisassociatedwiththenewgrowthofspring,prosperity,andclean,freshair.AdownsideofgreenGreen

canalsocarryanegativeconnotation,intermsofmold(霉(菌),nausea(作呕),andjealousy.

I.Connotationsofcolors4.

green:envy;inexperienced1)greenwithenvy:(veryenvious嫉妒)

e.g.:Heisgreenwithenvyatus.2)green-eyed:(envy眼红)Green3)greenbackdollars

(USD美钞)4)greenpower:(thepowerofmoney

(金钱的力量)5)greenmeat:(freshmeat)I.Connotationsofcolors6)agreenhand/agreen

born/seegreeninyoureyes:(aninexperiencedperson)7)agreenthumb:(goodatgardening)8)agreenhouse:(aglass/plasticbuildinginwhichplantsaregrown)Green9)greenpapers:(adocumentcontainingideastobediscussedandpublishedbygovernment)I.Connotationsofcolors5.white:lucky,pure1)whiteday:吉利日

2)whitelie:善意的谎言

3)whitemoney:银币4)whiteelephant:累赘

5)whitebook:

白皮书

6)whitesale:

大减价I.Connotationsofcolors7)whitemagic:白魔术/善意的法术8)WhiteWay:thebusinessquarter9)whitenight:

不眠之夜10)whitecoffee:加牛奶的咖啡11)whitesoul:纯洁12)theWhiteHouse白宫13)Heiswhiterthanwhite.清白I.Connotationsofcolors6.yellow：Sinceithasalwaysbeenassociatedwiththesun,yellowhastraditionallybeenconsideredacheerfulcolor.However,thereseemstobeanEastandWestculturaldifferencewhenitcomestoyellow.yellowTheChineserevere/respectyellowenoughtohaveconsideredittheimperialcolorsincethe10thcentury,yetseveralwesternstudieshaveshownthatyellowismanypeople’sleastfavoritecolor.1.Connotationsofcolors6.yellow:

warning;alertness;coward1)ayellowdog:

（忘恩负义的人）2)ayellowboy：（金币）3)yellowbelly/yellow-livered：（胆小鬼）4)yellowpages：（黄页电话号码薄）Yellow5)Thesecuritylightisyellow.6)Theyaretooyellowtoanswerthequestion.（吓得不敢回答问题）Connotationsofcolors7.pink:

1)gopink:embarrassed;angry2)inthepink:fit,healthy,andhappy3)pinkslip:aslipofpaperinpinkthattellsyouthelastsalaryyougetandyouarefired.

解雇职工的工资单I.Connotationsofcolors8.brown:

warmandcomfortingcolor,stimulatingthe

appetiteandactuallymaking

foodtastebetter.

1)brownrice：

粗米2)brownbread：粗粮面包3)brownsugar：红糖/黑糖4)brownnose：拍马屁I.Connotationsofcolors9.purple:Overthemillennia,purplehasbeenassociatedwith

royaltyinWesterncivilizations,

duetothedifficultyandexpenseinvolvedinproducingpurpledye.

purpleEventoday,purpleisstillconsideredtorepresenteleganceandsophistication.e.g.

purplefamily:royalfamily/borntothepurpleI.Connotationsofcolors10.gray/grey1)graymatter:braine.g.:Hedoesnothavemuchgreymatter.2)greyexperience:experiencedII.ColorsHaveTheirConnotations1)Thefactthatpeoplecan“see”thingsusingotherpartsoftheirbodiesapartfromtheireyesmayhelpustounderstandourfeelingsaboutcolor.

Iftheycansensecolordifferences,thenperhapswe,too,areaffectedbycolorunconsciously.II.ColorsHaveTheirConnotations

2)Manufactureshavediscoveredbytrialanderrorthatsugarsellsbadlyingreenwrappings,thatcosmeticsshouldneverbepackagedinbrown.II.ColorsHaveTheirConnotationsThesediscoverieshavegrownintoawholedisciplineofcolorpsychologythatnowfindsapplicationineverythingfromfashiontointeriordecoration.II.ColorsHaveTheirConnotations

3)Someofourpreferencesareclearlypsychological.Darkblueisthecolorofthenightsky,thereforeassociatedwithpassivityandcalm,while

yellow

isadaycolorwithassociationofincentive(刺激).II.ColorsHaveTheirConnotations4)Forprimitiveman,activityduringthedaymeanthuntingandattacking,whilehesoonsawared,thecolorofbloodandrageandtheheatthatcamewitheffort.Andgreen

isassociatedwithpassivedefenseandself-preservation.II.ColorsHaveTheirConnotations5)Experimentshaveshownthatcolors,partlybecauseoftheirphysiologicalassociations,alsohaveadirectpsychologicaleffect.II.ColorsHaveTheirConnotations6)Similarexposuretopurebluehasexactlytheoppositeeffect;itisacalmingcolor.II.ColorsHaveTheirConnotations7)avividyellow(亮黄色)canproduceamorebasicstateofalertnessandalarm,sofireengines(消防车)andambulancesinsomeadvancedcommunitiesarenowrushingaroundinbrightyellowcolorsthatstopthetrafficdead.III.Assignment:

ResearchtopicAComparativeStudyoftheConnotationsofColorsinChineseandEnglishCulturesCommunicativeRhetoric

交际修辞EnglishRhetoricRhetoricofwords词汇修辞LiXiupingTopicscoveredinthislectureI.Synonyms

II.ShortwordsandLongWords(P.029-030)III.CommonWordsandLearnedWords(P.031-033)IV.GeneralorspecificWords(P.033-034)TopicscoveredinthislectureV.AbstractandConcreteWords(P.034-035)VI.FormalandInformalorColloquialWords(P.035-036)VII.ReferentialandEmotiveWords（P.036）VIII.Choicebetweensynonymouswords（P.036-038）I.Synonyms

TheEnglishlanguageisveryrichinsynonyms.Synonyms,thoughsimilarindenotation,areoftendifferentfromoneanotherinconnotationorcollocation.Itis,therefore,notveryeasyforastudenttochoosetherightwordoutofthesynonyms.

I.Synonyms

AsetofEnglishsynonymsmayhavethesamemeaning，butaredifferentinconnotation.Forexample

cop

:informalorderogatory;

lawofficer:formalandrespectful;policeman:neutralItisirritatetoapolicemanifyouaddresshim“Hi,cop!”

Youshouldinsteadsay“Excuseme,officer.”I.Synonyms

MostsetsofEnglishsynonymsarejustrelativelysynonymous.i.e.,Theyaredifferentinmeaning,moreorless.Forexample,thesetofsynonyms:fat,plumpandstout

.(seep.121)fat,plumpandstoutAlthoughthesewordsalllargelymean“thickinbody”,theymustbecarefullydiscriminatedinuse.fat,plumpandstout1)fat:anunpleasantfigureofoverweight;2)stout:robust/vigorousandhealthy;3)plump:aroundfigurewithpleasingcurvesTocallapersonplumpismoreflatteringthantosayhe/sheisfat.I.Synonyms

Andtheoppositeset:thin,skinnyandslender1)thin:neutral2)skinny:afigureofallskinandbones,(derogatory)3)slender:athinnessofbeauty,gracefulnessthin,skinnyandslender

Slender,appliedtoaperson,isdefinitelymorecomplimentarythanthin,whichinturnisbetterthanskinny.

Plumpandslender

Therefore,thethin-bodiedbeautyoftheHanDynasty

ZhaoFeiyanwas

slender

andthethick-bodiedbeautyoftheTangDynastyYangYuhuan

wasplump.(环肥燕瘦)II.ShortWordsandLongWords:SeeP.029-030inthetext

Shortwords:monosyllabicwordsofAnglo-Saxonorigin,

longwords:

polysyllabicwordsofLatin,FrenchorGreekorigin

II.ShortWordsandLongWordsTheEnglishvernacularhasalargenumberofmonosyllabicwords,andcompa