成本与管理会计（第15版） 课件 GE-hca15-ch09

CHAPTER9InventoryCostingandCapacityAnalysisChapter9learningobjectivesIdentifywhatdistinguishesvariablecostingfromabsorptioncostingComputeincomeundervariablecostingandabsorptioncostingandexplainthedifferenceinincomeUnderstandhowabsorptioncostingcanprovideundesirableincentivesformanagerstobuildupinventoryDifferentiatethroughputcostingfromvariablecostingandabsorptioncosting9-2Chapter9learningobjectives,concludedDescribethevariouscapacityconceptsthatfirmscanuseinabsorptioncostingExaminethekeyfactorsmanagersusetochooseacapacityleveltocomputethebudgetedfixedmanufacturingcostrateUnderstandotherissuesthatplayanimportantroleincapacityplanningandcontrol9-3Chapterfocus:

inventory- denominator-

costing levelcapacityTheinventorycostingsystemthatischosendetermineswhichmanufacturingcostsaretreatedasinventoriablecosts.Thedenominator-levelcapacitychoicefocusesonthecostallocationbaseusedtosetbudgetedfixedmanufacturingcostrates.9-4InventoryCostingChoices:OverviewVariablecosting—amethodofinventorycostinginwhichallvariablemanufacturingcosts(directandindirect)areincludedasinventoriablecosts.(Alsoknownasdirectcosting)Absorptioncosting—amethodofinventorycostinginwhichallvariableandfixedmanufacturingcostsareincludedasinventoriablecosts.Youcansaythatinventory“absorbs”allmanufacturingcosts.Throughputcosting—onlydirectmaterialsarecapitalized;allothercostsareexpensed.9-5Inventorycosting:

DifferencesinIncomeOperatingincomewilldifferbetweenabsorptionandvariablecosting.Theamountofthedifferencerepresentstheamountoffixedmanufacturingcostscapitalizedasinventoryunderabsorptioncostingandexpensedasaperiodcostundervariablecosting.Ifinventorylevelschange,operatingincomewilldifferbetweenthetwomethodsbecauseofthedifferenceinaccountingforfixedmanufacturingcosts.9-6ComparativeIncomeStatements9-7Comparingincomestatementsformultipleyears9-8Comparativeincomeeffects

variableandabsorptioncosting9-9AbsorptionCostingandPerformancemeasurementAbsorptioncostingistherequiredinventorymethodforexternalfinancialreportinginmostcountries.Alsopreferredbecause:Itiscost-effectiveandlessconfusing.Itcanhelppreventmanagersfromtakingactionsthatmaketheirperformancemeasurelookgoodbutthathurttheincometheyreporttoshareholders.Itmeasuresthecostofallmanufacturingresources(variableorfixed)necessarytoproduceinventory.9-10AbsorptionCostingandPerformancemeasurement,concludedOneunfavorableattributeofabsorptioncostingisthatitenablesmanagerstoincreasemarginsand,therefore,operatingincome,byproducingmoreendinginventory.Producingforinventorycanbejustifiedwhenrapidgrowthisforecasted,butshouldnotbeundertakensimplytoboostprofits.Toreduceanundesirablebuildupofinventory,companiescanusevariablecostingforinternalreportingpurposesincludingperformancemeasurement.9-11ProposalsforrevisingperformanceevaluationToreducetheundesirableeffectsofabsorptioncosting,managementcan:Focusoncarefulbudgetingandinventoryplanning.IncorporateaninternalcarryingchargeforinventoryChange(lengthen)theperiodusedtoevaluateperformance.Includenonfinancialaswellasfinancialvariablesinthemeasurestoevaluateperformance.(compareratioofending/beginninginventorytoratioofunitsproduced/sold)9-12ExtremeVariableCosting:

ThroughputCostingThroughputcosting(super-variablecosting)isamethodofinventorycostinginwhichonlydirectmaterialcostsareincludedasinventorycosts.Allotherproductcostsaretreatedasperiodexpenses.Throughputmarginequalsrevenuesminusalldirectmaterialcostofthegoodssold.9-13ThroughputCostingIllustrated9-14CostingSystemsCompared9-15Concludesinventorycosting;

begincapacityconceptsWehaveconcludedthediscussionofinventorycostingandwillbegincapacityanalysis.Givenafirm’slevelofspendingonfixedmanufacturingcosts,whatcapacitylevelshouldmanagersandaccountantsusetocomputethefixedmanufacturingcostperunit?9-16Denominatorlevelcapacity-overviewSpendingonfixedmanufacturingcostsenablesfirmstoobtainthescaleorcapacityneededtosatisfytheexpectedmarketdemandfromcustomers.Determiningthe“right”amountofspending,ortheappropriatelevelofcapacity,isoneofthemoststrategicandmostdifficultdecisionsmanagersface.9-17DenominatorlevelcapacityconceptsSpendingonfixedmanufacturingcostsenablesfirmstoobtainthescaleorcapacityneededtosatisfytheexpectedmarketdemandfromcustomers.Determiningthe“right”amountofspending,ortheappropriatelevelofcapacity,isoneofthemoststrategicandmostdifficultdecisionsmanagersface.Toomuchcapacitymeansfirmswillincurthecostofunusedcapacity;havingtoolittlemeansthatdemandfromsomecustomersmaybeunfulfilled.9-18CapacitylevelsThechoiceofthecapacitylevelusedtoallocatebudgetedfixedmanufacturingcoststoproductscangreatlyaffectoperatingincome.Fourdifferentcapacitylevelscanbeusedasthedenominatortocomputethebudgetedfixedmanufacturingcostrate:TheoreticalcapacityPracticalcapacityNormalcapacityutilizationMaster-budgetcapacityutilization9-19TheoreticalcapacityTheoreticalcapacityisthelevelofcapacitybasedonproducingatfullefficiencyallthetime.Itistheoreticalinthesensethatitdoesnotallowforanyslowdownsduetoplantmaintenance,shutdownperiodsorinterruptionsbecauseofdowntime.Intherealworld,theoreticalcapacitylevelsareunattainablebuttheyrepresenttheidealgoalofcapacityutilizationacompanycanaspireto.9-20PracticalcapacityPracticalcapacityisthelevelofcapacitythatreducestheoreticalcapacitybyconsideringunavoidableoperatinginterruptionslikemaintenanceandholidayshutdowns.Engineeringandhumanresourcefactorsareimportantwhenestimatingtheoreticalorpracticalcapacity.9-21Measuresofcapacity:

supplyordemandBoththeoreticalandpracticalcapacitymeasurecapacitylevelsintermsofwhataplantcansupply.NormalCapacityUtilizationandMaster-BudgetCapacityUtilization,incontrast,measurecapacitylevelsintermsofdemandfortheoutputoftheplant.Itispossibleandevenlikelythatbudgeteddemandwillbebelowproductioncapacitylevels.9-22Normalcapacityutilization&master-budgetcapacityutilizationNormalcapacityutilizationisthelevelofcapacityutilizationthatsatisfiesaveragecustomerdemandoveraperiodthatislongenoughtoconsiderseasonal,cyclicalandtrendfactors.Master-budgetcapacityutilizationisthelevelofcapacityutilizationthatmanagersexpectforthecurrentbudgetperiodwhichistypicallyoneyear.9-23EffectofchoiceofcapacityonthebudgetedfixedmanufacturingcostrateThechoiceofcapacitylevelcanhaveahugeimpactonbudgetedfixedmanufacturingcostperunitasshownhere:9-24ChoosingacapacitylevelThechoiceofdenominator-levelcapacitytousemaydifferbasedonthepurposeforwhichthechoiceisbeingmade.Someofthosepurposesinclude:Productcosting

andcapacitymanagementPricingPerformanceevaluationExternalreportingTaxrequirements9-25Productcosting&capacitymanagementForproductcostingandcapacitymanagement,usingpracticalcapacityasthedenominatorlevelsetsthecostofcapacityatthecostofsupplyingthecapacity,regardlessofdemandforthecapacity.Highlightingthecostofcapacityacquiredbutnotuseddirectsmanagers’attentiontowardmanagingunusedcapacity.Incontrast,usingeitherofthecapacitylevelsbasedondemandhidestheamountofunusedcapacity.9-26PricingdecisionsTounderstandthebestchoiceforpricingdecisions,let’slookfirstatthedownwarddemandspiralforacompany.Itisthecontinuingreductioninthedemandforitsproductsthatoccurswhencompetitorpricesarenotmet,demanddropsfurtherandthefixedcostsarespreadoverfewerunits,resultingingreaterandgreatercostsperunit.Practicalcapacity,bycontrast,isamorestablemeasure.Itcalculatesthefixedcostratebasedoncapacityavailableratherthancapacityusedtomeetdemand.9-27PerformanceevaluationUnusedcapacityaddscoststoproducts.Mid-levelmanagershavenocontroloverthosecostsbutdohavecontroloverprices.Shouldthemarketingmanagersbeheldaccountableforthemanufacturingoverheadcostsunrelatedtotheirpotentialcustomerbase?(practicalcapacityvsmaster-budgetcapacityutilization)Wheretherearelargedifferencesbetweenpracticalcapacityandmaster-budgetcapacityutilization,thatdifferenceisoftenclassifiedasplannedunusedcapacity.9-28ExternalreportingThemagnitudeofthefavorable/unfavorableproduction-volumevarianceunderabsorptioncostingisaffectedbythechoiceofthedenominatorlevelusedtocalculatethebudgetedfixedmanufacturingcostperunit.RecallfromChapter4thattheproduction-volumevariancecanbedisposedofthreeways:Adjustedallocation-rateapproach(recalculateatyearend)Prorationapproach(spreadtoWork-In-Process,FinishedGoodsandCostofGoodsSold)Write-offtoCostofGoodsSold.9-29Externalreporting,concludedTheobjectiveinchoosingthemethodtodisposeoftheproduction-volumevarianceistowrite-offtheportionofthevariancethatrepresentsthecostofcapacitynotusedtosupporttheproductionofoutputduringtheperiod.Thatobjectiveisalsohelpfulindeterminingwhichcapacityshouldbeusedtodevelopthebudgetedfixed