八年级下册物理知识点梳理

八年级下册物理知识点梳理ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof八年级下册物理知识点梳理第七章力第1节力1、什么是力?力是，力不能离开存在，其中给出力的物体叫物体，另一个接受力的物体叫物体;2、力的单位:物理学中，力用符号表示,力的单位是，简称，符号是3、力的作用效果有两种:一是力可以使物体的发生改变;二是力可以使物体的发的改变和改变、生改变。运动状态的改变包括物体运动快慢4、力的三要素:力的、、叫力的三要素。影响力的作用效果的是力的、、5、力的示意图:在受力物体上沿着力的方向画一条线段，在线段的末端画一个箭头，表示物体所受力的和。这种方法叫做力的示意图。(会画力的示意图)6、物体间力的作用是的。穿溜冰鞋的人用力推墙,人会向退,这是因为力的作用是第2节弹力1、物体由于而产生的力叫做弹力。物体受力时会发生形变，不受力时形变能自动恢复到原来的形状的特性叫做;不受力时不能自动恢复到原来形状的特性叫做。拉力、压力、支持力都是弹力，对吗,答。2、测力计是测量的大小的工具。实验室里测量力的工具是，它是根据在弹性限度内，弹簧受到的越大，弹簧的就越长的道理做成的。测量力的工具还有握力计，臂力计等。而各种各样的秤是测质量的。3、使用弹簧测力计时，首先要观察它的和，不许超过它的。还要观察弹簧的指针是否指到零刻线，若没有，则要调或读数时要进行加减修正。弹簧在测量范围内有:伸长与受到的拉力成比，弹簧的伸长=长度-原长。如原长2厘米，受3N时弹簧长5厘米，受6N的拉力时弹簧长厘米。4、注意:、测力时力的方向要与弹簧测力计的轴线方向一致第3节重力1、重力:物体由于而受到的力叫做重力,用字母表示。重力的施力物体是，方向是。地面附近的一切物体都受到了力的作用。2、物体重力的大小跟它的成正比，表达式为，重力与质量的比值为，它的意义是。粗略计算时,g取N/Kg、重力的大小要随位置而，而质量随位置变。物体在月球上受到的重力是地球上重力的。地面上60千克的物体受到的重力为牛顿，拿到月球上去重力为N。地面上800克的物体受到的重力为牛顿，用量程为5N的弹簧秤能称出它的重力吗?答。3、重锤线是利用重力的制成的，用它来检查所砌的墙壁是否。4、重心是重力在物体上的。均匀外形规则的物体的重心在这个物体的几何中心上。会画物体受到的重力的示意图:5、宇宙间的任何两个物体间都存在的力这就是万有引力。第八章运动和力ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationofConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof第1节牛顿第一定律1、阻力对物体运动的影响:运动的小车受的阻力减小,向前滑行的距离变、如果小车运动时不受阻力,小车将运动下去、2、牛顿第一定律:一切物体在没有受到力的作用时，总保持状态或状态。这就是著名的。牛顿第一定律是:经验事实科学推理得出的,因此(能/不能)用实验直接验证,3、牛顿第一定律直接描述:物体在不受力时所处的状态，即状态或状态。牛顿第一定律物体运动状态的原因。间接说明:力不是维持物体运动状态的原因，而是4、惯性指一切物体都有保持原来性质叫做惯性。一切物体任何状态下都有惯性,惯性的大小只与质量有关、能用惯性解释生活中的现象、第2节二力平衡1、物体受到几个力的作用，如果保持状态或状态，我们就说这几个力相互平衡，物体处于平衡状态。平衡状态是指状态和状态。2、二力平衡的条件:作用在同一物体上的两个力，如果大小、方向，并且在上，这两个力就彼此平衡，它们的合力等于0。归纳为八个字“等大、反向、共线、同体”。3、物体在非平衡力作用下运动状态将。(改变、不变)、物体受平衡力作用或不受力时，物体的运动状态将。(改变、不变)或静止(没推动),则受到的力都是一对对的力,即受到的4、二力平衡条件的应用:物体处于匀速这对力方向、大小、作用在同一物体同一直线上。第3节摩擦力1、一个物体在另一个物体表面上发生相对运动或要发生相对运动时，产生的阻碍的力叫摩擦力。2、滑动摩擦力的大小跟接触面的和大小有关系。越大、接触面越，滑动摩擦力越大。3、冰刀与冰面之间发生相对滑动，它们之间产生的摩擦称为摩擦，瓶子与手之间有相对运动的趋势，它们之间产生的摩擦称为摩擦。自行车在地面上滚动，车轮与地面之间产生的摩擦称为摩擦。共同点:两个物体相互，都产生了力综上可得:摩擦力产生的条件是(1)两个物体要相互，(2)两物体之间发生。4、磨擦分为、滚动摩擦和静摩擦。5、增大有益摩擦方法:使接触面些和增大(自行车的刹车)。6、减小有害摩擦方法:(1)使接触面光滑和减小;(2)用代替滑动;(3)加润滑油;(4)利用气垫或磁悬浮。第九章压强第1节压强1、压力:垂直作用在物体表面上的力叫压力。方向:垂直于物体表面，并指向被压物体。scopeotherthanunitpackagecontentsdirectlywithintheconstructiondrawingsofallcivilworks,installation.1.1.4usedinthisprojectthemainnormsandstandardAtlasserialnumbernamenumber1thearchitecturalengineeringconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB50300-20012buildinggroundfoundationengineeringconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGBmasonryprojectconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB50202-2002350203-2002450204-2010concretestructureprojectconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB5projectqualityapproval...Steelpartsofitssteeltomeettherelevantnationalstandardsonthebasisof,alsotomeetthespecificationanddesignonmechanicalpropertiesofearthquake-resistantstructures.Foreasyrebarsupplyreasonable,subcontractorselection1-2.2steelrawmaterialstestingsteelcomesintoplay,mustverifythatthecertificateofqualityofmaterials,whichinclude:strengthandreinforcementlevel,grade,grades,specifications,quantities,mechanicalproperties,chemicalcomposition,processperformance,orderdate,inspectionseal,certificatenumber.Projectsidentifiedinthecertificateiscompleteandaccurate,listedmechanicalproperties,processperformanceandchemicalcompositioninaccordancewiththecorrespondingtechnicalstandards,steel,modelconsistentwiththeprocurementplan.Beststeelqualitycertificatefortheoriginal,ifwhenyoucopy,stampedsealoftheoriginalstorageunits.Steelcomesintoplay,inspectionandacceptancebybatch,eachissueofthesamegrade,thefurnacetank,reinforcedwiththespecifications,deliverystatus,andweightofnotmorethan60tonsforasecondinterview.Witnesssamplingbyasupervisingengineer,afterpassingthesecondinterviewandacceptanceofsupervisionengineerstobeused.3steelmaking3.1steelprocessingmakingQian,Xiamaterialtabletobytechnicianandforemanaudit,andwillsteelprocessingXiamaterialtableanddesignfigurereview,checkXiamaterialtablewhetherhaserrorsmissed,oneachspeciessteeltobyXiamaterialtablecheckwhetherreacheddesignandspecificationrequirements,afterthistworoadcheckHou,againbyXiamaterialtablemadesample,trialqualifiedrearcanbatchmaking,processinggoodofsteelsemi-finishedproductstotoneidentifies,stackedneatlyordered.3.2whenyouneedreinforcementreplacementinconstruction,agreedwiththeconsentofthedesign,andthereisawrittennotificationbeforesubstitution,shallnotbeanareaofhigh-strengthsteelbarsreinforcementreplacementoflowintensity.3.3barsurfacecleaner,glue,grease,dirt,rustmustbecleanedbeforeuse.3.4Afterstraightening,thebarsmustnothavelocalbending,smalldeadbent,wavy,itsscarsonthesurfacesectionofthereinforcementmustnotbegreaterthan5%.3.5steelaccordingtotherebarsizes,diameters,lengthsandquantitieslengthmatch,ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof战胜遗忘联想知识及应用长期保存作用点:压力的作用点在被压物体的表面上。压力的作用效果与大小和有关。2、压强:物体所受之比叫做压强。F2压强公式:，式中p的单位是:帕斯卡，简称:帕，1Pa=1N/m，压力F单位是:N;受力面积Sp,S2单位是:mFF3、压强公式;p,S,F,pSSP4、(1)增大压强方法:(1)S不变，增大;(2)F不变，减小(3)同时增大和减小、压强越大越容易切进去，钻进去。菜刀刀口薄、图钉尖做的很尖等都是为了增大。(2)而减小压强方法则相反。压强越小越不容易陷进去，勒进去。书包带做的宽、挖土机用两条了履带、铁轨垫上枕木等都是为了减小。第2节液体的压强1、压强产生的原因:是由于液体受到重力且具有流动性。测量仪器:压强计、液面高度差越大,则液体压强就、2、体压强特点:(1)液体对容器都有压强，(2)液体内部向都有压强;(3)液体的压强随深度增加而，在同一深度，液体向各个方向的压强;(4)不同液体的压强还跟有关系。33、液体压强计算公式:，(ρ是液体密度，单位是kg/m;g=9、8N/kg;h是深度，指液体自由液面到液体内部某点的竖直距离，单位是m。)4、据液体压强公式:，液体的压强与液体的和有关，而与液体的体积和质量无关。p,,gh5、1)液体压强与深度关系图象:p2)压力h口大底小口小底大F=GF<GF>G6、计算液体对容器底的压力和压强问题:;?其次确定压力F=pS(固体则先确定压力F=G,其次确定压强p=F/S)一般方法:?首先确定压强p=ρghp特殊情况:压强:对直柱形容器可先求F用p=F/S压力:?作图法?对直柱形容器F=G7、连通器:上端开口、下部相连通的容器。连通器如果只装一种液体,在液体不流动时，各容器中的液面总保持,这就是连通器的原理。应用:茶壶、锅炉水位计、乳牛自动喂水器、船闸等都是根据的原理来工作的。第3节大气压强1(证明大气压强存在的著名实验是实验。吸盘、悬空塑料管里的水不会流出都证明了的存在。2(大气压强产生的原因:空气受到重力作用且有流动性而产生的，大气压强随高度的增大而。3(测定大气压强值的实验是:实验。测得的大气压值与玻璃管的粗细、形状、上提、下压、ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof3ConstructionschemeofChapter1.1theintegratedpresentationasaprogrammaticdocumentforguidingconstructionoftheconstructionorganizationdesigntomeettherequestoftenderdocumentstoprincipleshighlightthescientificnature,seriousnessandfeasibility,regulatoryandguidance.Accordingtoaboutcontentandthecompanyrelatedengineeringconstructionexperience,onprojectmanagementorganizationinstitutionsset,laborplansarrangements,materialsupplyarrangements,mechanicalequipmentconfiguration,mainpointspartitemsengineeringconstruction,durationguaranteemeasures,andquality,andsecurityguaranteemeasures,guaranteesafety,civilizationconstruction,reducednuisance,reducedpollutionandnoiseofmeasures,dohasdetailedofdeployment,toensuretheengineeringquality,andhigh-speed,andsecuritycivilization,andenvironmentalconstruction.1.1.1theestablishmentbasis1tenderdocument;2Summaryofconstructiondrawinganddrawing,technicalapproval;3geologicalsurveyreport,localweatherconditions;4tothesupplyofmaterials;5construction-relatedlaws,regulationsandlocalregulations,compulsoryprovisionofengineeringconstruction,existingnational,industry,regionalAtlasofnorms,proceduresandstandards;7companyofthequalitymanual,environmental/occupationalsafetyandHealthHandbookandproceduresdocument;8technology,funding,equipmentandconstructionmanagers,laborandtechnicalforcerichconstructionandrelatedengineeringexperiencewithgoodserviceandcommitmenttothecompany.1.1.2.11.1.2preparationofprinciplescommittedtoallmeetalltherequirementsandtenderdocumentsallcommitmentsservice-oriented,focusoncustomersatisfactionasthemainevaluation,qualityfirst,fullyembodiesthedesignstyle.1.1.2.2earnestlyfamiliaritywithdrawingpaperandunderstandthedesignphilosophy,manifeststhedesignintent,playtothecompany'soveralladvantagetoachievehighquality,highspeed,safety,andenvironmentalprotectionconstruction,advancedtechnology,reducingthecostof.1.1.2.3aroundthequalityobjectivesoftheproject,carriedoutinthequalitycontrol"testevaluationofseparation,strengtheninspection,perfectmeans,processcontrol,"the16-characterguidelinetoensurethateligibilitycriteria,onthebasisofstrivingforexcellence.1.1.2.4ensuringconstructionsafetyaccident-free,environmentallyfriendlyproductionandcivilizedconstruction,toachievemunicipal"modelsafeandcivilizedconstructionsite".1.1.2.5promotion,applicationconstructionof10newtechnologiesandnewmaterials,newtechniques,newequipmentandimprovethelevelofprojectandconstructionmanagementofmodernscientificandtechnologicalcontent,declareaprovincialconstructiontechnologiesapplicationanddemonstrationproject.1.1.3preparationof倾斜(竖直高度)等无关。实验时若混进了气泡，则测得的大气压值偏。4(测定大气压的仪器是:，常见气压计有气压计和气压计。氧气瓶和灭火器上的气压计是气压计。5、1标准大气压:等于cm水银柱的大气压。1标准大气压,Pa，粗略取Pa。6沸点与气压关系:一切液体的沸点，都是气压减小时，气压增大时。气压随高度的增加而(反向变);气体流速大的地方压强越小7抽水机是利用把水从低处抽到高处的。在1标准大气压下，抽水机至多可把水抽到10(34m高。喝饮料、吸墨水、针管吸针药等都是利用来工作的。第4节流体压强与流速的关系1、流体的压强与流速有关。流速大压强，流速小压强。飞机的升力是由于飞机的上方空气流速快压强，下方流速压强，在机翼的上下表面存在压强差，因而有差，这就产生了升力。2、气体压强大，沸点;流速快，压强;随海拔高度的增加压强。(一个同向，三个反向)第十章浮力第1节浮力1(浮力:一切浸入液体的物体，都受到液体对它竖直向上的托力，这个力叫浮力。浮力方向总是竖直向上的。(物体在空气中也受到浮力).浮力的施力物是液体或气体2(浮力产生的原因:浸在液体中的物体受到液体对它的向上和向下的压力差。3(物体在液体中所受浮力的大小,跟它浸在液体中的体积有关、跟液体的密度有关。物体浸在液体中的体积越大、液体的密度越大，浮力就越大。4(秤量法测浮力:F=G,F浮视,第2节阿基米德原理1.阿基米德原理:浸在液体中的物体受到向上的浮力，浮力大小等于它排开的液体所受的重力。(浸没在气体里的物体受到的浮力大小等于它排开气体受到的重力)F,G,,gV2.阿基米德原理公式:,从中可以知:浮力的大小只与液体的密度和排浮排液排开液体的体积有关。3.计算浮力方法有:(1)秤量法:F=G,F浮视,(2)平衡法:F=G(适合漂浮、悬浮),展开ρVg=ρVg浮物液排物物F,G,,gV(3)阿基米德原理:浮排液排(4)压力差发法:F=F向上的压力—F向下的压力浮4、浮力的说法有:浮力=排开液体的重力=弹簧秤减小的示数=压力差第3节物体的浮沉条件1.物体的沉浮条件:(开始物体浸没在液体中)法一:(比浮力与物体重力大小)(1)F<G下沉;(2)F>G上浮(3)F=G悬浮或漂浮浮浮浮法二:(比物体与液体的密度大小),,,,,,(1)>下沉;(2)<上浮(3)=悬浮。(不会漂浮)物液物液物液2(浮力利用(1)轮船:将密度大于水的材料做成空心，使它能排开更多的水,从而增大了浮力，使浮力等于重力时，物体就浮在了水面上。这就是制成轮船的道理.(2)轮船的大小用排水量来表示，排水量就是轮船满载货物时排开水的质量，排水量为scopeotherthanunitpackagecontentsdirectlywithintheconstructiondrawingsofallcivilworks,installation.1.1.4usedinthisprojectthemainnormsandstandardAtlasserialnumbernamenumber1thearchitecturalengineeringconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB50300-20012buildinggroundfoundationengineeringconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGBmasonryprojectconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB50202-2002350203-2002450204-2010concretestructureprojectconstructionqualityapprovalstandardGB5projectqualityapproval...Steelpartsofitssteeltomeettherelevantnationalstandardsonthebasisof,alsotomeetthespecificationanddesignonmechanicalpropertiesofearthquake-resistantstructures.Foreasyrebarsupplyreasonable,subcontractorselection1-2.2steelrawmaterialstestingsteelcomesintoplay,mustverifythatthecertificateofqualityofmaterials,whichinclude:strengthandreinforcementlevel,grade,grades,specifications,quantities,mechanicalproperties,chemicalcomposition,processperformance,orderdate,inspectionseal,certificatenumber.Projectsidentifiedinthecertificateiscompleteandaccurate,listedmechanicalproperties,processperformanceandchemicalcompositioninaccordancewiththecorrespondingtechnicalstandards,steel,modelconsistentwiththeprocurementplan.Beststeelqualitycertificatefortheoriginal,ifwhenyoucopy,stampedsealoftheoriginalstorageunits.Steelcomesintoplay,inspectionandacceptancebybatch,eachissueofthesamegrade,thefurnacetank,reinforcedwiththespecifications,deliverystatus,andweightofnotmorethan60tonsforasecondinterview.Witnesssamplingbyasupervisingengineer,afterpassingthesecondinterviewandacceptanceofsupervisionengineerstobeused.3steelmaking3.1steelprocessingmakingQian,Xiamaterialtabletobytechnicianandforemanaudit,andwillsteelprocessingXiamaterialtableanddesignfigurereview,checkXiamaterialtablewhetherhaserrorsmissed,oneachspeciessteeltobyXiamaterialtablecheckwhetherreacheddesignandspecificationrequirements,afterthistworoadcheckHou,againbyXiamaterialtablemadesample,trialqualifiedrearcanbatchmaking,processinggoodof