旅游景点名称翻译中的问题及其策略

PAGE求真学院学生毕业论文题目TheProblemsintheTranslationofNamesofTouristAttractionandtheirStrategies旅游景点名称翻译中的问题及其策略专业英语班级XX学生姓名XX学号XX指导教师XX2012年3月10日TheProblemsintheTranslationofNamesofTouristAttractionandtheirStrategiesPresentedtoTheForeignLanguageDepartmentQiuzhenCollegeHuzhouTeachers’CollegeInPartialFulfillmentOftheRequirementsFortheDegreeofBachelorofArtsByXXUndertheSupervisionofMs.XXMarch2012ContentsAcknowledgments i AbstractinEnglish iiAbstractinChinese ii 1.Introduction 1 2.NamesofTouristAttraction 2 2.1FeaturesoftheNamesofTouristAttraction 22.2ClassificationsoftheNamesofTouristAttraction 22.3FunctionsoftheNamesofTouristAttraction 4 3.ThePresentSituationoftheTranslationofNamesofTouristAttraction 53.1TheProblems 53.1.1IncongruousNames 53.1.2Misunderstanding 63.1.3CulturalLoss 73.2CausesBehindTheseProblems 73.2.1DifferenceinLanguagesandCultures 83.2.2DifferenceinTraditionalCustoms 84.StrategiesforTranslatingNamesofTouristAttraction 94.1Transliteration 94.2Freetranslation 104.3TransliterationplusFreetranslation 114.4TransliterationplusExplanation 125.Conclusion 14Bibliography 15PAGEiiAcknowledgments Atthepointoffinishingthispaper,I’dliketoexpressmydeepestthankstoallthosewhohavegivenmehelpinthecourseofmywritingthispaper.Firstandforemost,I’dliketoshowmydeepestgratitudetomysupervisor,Ms.XX,arespectable,responsibleandresourcefulteacher,whohasgivenmesomuchusefuladvicesonmystudyandwriting,andhastriedherbesttoimprovemystudyandpaper.Secondly,I’dliketoexpressmygratitudetomyroommateswhogavemetheconfidenceandofferedmetheirhelp.Lastbutnottheleast,I’dliketothankallmyEnglishteachersinthecollegeofforeignlanguages.Withouttheirhelp,itwouldbeimpossibleformetofinishmystudyandpaper.

AbstractNowadays，thepresentsituationofthetranslationofnamesoftouristattractionisunpromisingandevenithas,tosomeextentimpairedthedevelopmentofournationaltourism.Thisthesisisaimedtoinvestigatetheproblemsinthetranslationofnamesoftouristattractionandthestrategiesforsolvingtheseproblems.Firstly,thisthesisanalysesthefeatures,classificationsandfunctionofnamesoftouristattraction.Thenitpointesoutthecausesbehindtheseproblems:differenceinthelanguagesandcultures,differenceintraditionalcustoms.Basedonthis,ittriestoproposethestrategiesfortheseproblemssuchastransliteration,freetranslation,transliterationplusfreetranslation,transliterationplusexplanation,whichcanbeusedtosolvetheseproblemseffectivelyandachievethebestpublicityforthetouristattraction.KeyWords:namesoftouristattraction，features，cultures,problemsinthetranslation，strategies摘要目前，旅游景点名称翻译的现状不容乐观，不正确的翻译已经制约了我国旅游业的发展。本文旨在探讨旅游景点名称翻译中的问题及其解决这些问题的策略。文章首先分析了旅游景点名称的特点，分类和功能，然后指出问题产生的原因：不同的语言文化和传统习俗；在此基础上尝试着提出了解决旅游景点名称翻译中问题的策略。作者认为直译，意译，直译加意译，直译加解释等方法可以有效地解决其翻译中的问题，从而使其达到最佳的宣传效果。关键词：旅游景点名称，特点，文化，翻译问题，策略PAGE14PAGE14TheProblemsintheTranslationofNamesofTouristAttractionandtheirStrategies1.IntroductionTourismisoneofthelargestmultinationalactivitiesintheworld.AccordingtoWTO’sforecast,thegainofinternationaltripswillhavealmostreachedabout1.6milliondollarsbytheyear2020.Chinaissettobetheworld’slargestdestinationandthefourthmajorsourceoftouristsby2020.ThisgreatgrowthoffersgoldenopportunitiesaswellasauniquesetofchallengesforChinabecausethehistoryoftourisminChinaismuchshortercomparedwiththedevelopedcountries.WiththeeverdeepeningofChina’sreformandopen-uppolicy,thefastdevelopmentofthenationaltourismandincreasedtouristgrowthratescallforanequallyacceleratedpreparationwithrespecttostandardizedservice.Duringthedevelopmentoftourism,moreandmoreforeignvisitorscometoChinatogetabetterunderstandingofitsuniquehistoryandcultureandenjoyitsdiverselandscapes.Inordertofulfilltheneedoftheforeigntourists,thetourcompanies,travelagencies,publishinghousesofvarioussortsproducealargenumberoftourismmaterialsfortheirreference.AsEnglishhasbecomethemostwidelyusedlanguagearoundtheworldthroughoutthepreviouscenturies,ChinesegovernmentandtheofficialsofthetouristattractionhavemadethenamesoftouristattractiontranslatedintoEnglish.However,becauseofthegreatlinguisticandculturaldifferencesbetweentheEastandWest,therearemanydifficultiesinthetranslation.Atpresent,thequalityofthetranslationofthenamesoftouristattractionisfarfromexcellent.Numerousandseriouserrorscanbefoundinthetranslationalloverthenation.Thedevelopmentofournationaltourismhasbeenimpairedbytheincorrecttranslation.Themainproblemsinthetranslationareincongruousnames,syntacticerrorsandculturalloss.Thetranslationproblemscausedbyculturallossinthetranslationofnamesoftouristattractionaresoconspicuousthattheyneedtobesolvedimmediately.Thisthesisisatentativestudyoffindingthemainproblemsinthetranslationofnamesoftouristattractionandproposingthestrategiesforsolvingtheproblemsinthetranslationofnamesoftouristattraction.2.NamesofTouristAttraction2.1.FeaturesoftheNamesofTouristAttraction1.Thetouristattractionhasitsownpropernameandcommonname,justlikeourpeople’sname.Thepropernameislikepeople’sfamilyname.Itisthesigntodistinguishaclassoftouristattractionsandothers,suchas“殿”,“楼”,“桥”.Thecommonnameislikepeople’sfirstname.Itisthesigntodistinguishthesameclassoftouristnames,suchas“太和殿”,“中和殿”,“保和殿”.2.Thenameoftouristattractionshouldbeshortandsuitable.Themainfunctionofthenameoftouristattractionistodistinguishthetouristattraction,therefore,itcannotbetoolong.InthenamesofChinesetouristattraction,thenameisoftenlimitedwithinfourwords.Forexample,“居庸叠翠”，“卢沟晓月”.3.Thenameshouldbeeasytorememberfortourists.Thewordwhichishardtopronounceorsimilarinpronouncesoruncommonshouldavoidbeingusedinthenameoftouristattraction,suchas“九牛居”,“钓鸟台”.4.Languageandculturearealwayslinkedclosely．Namesoftouristattractionarethecarriersofculture.Manyfamoustouristattractionsarenamedaccordingtotheirhistoricbuildings,eventsandstoriesorsomethingspecialcustoms.Thenamesoftouristattractionaresupposedtoconveytheinformationandculturetothetourists.2.2ClassificationoftheNamesofTouristAttractionGenerallyspeaking,thetouristattractioninChinacanbedividedintofivemainkinds:landscenery,watersscenery,biologicalandclimaticscenery,ancientcitiesandruins,andarchitectureandfacilities.1.Landscenery.Chinahasavastterritoryandcomplicatedgeologicalandgeographicconditions.Landformslikemountains,canyons,cliffs,volcanoes,andcoralreefsarenature’sgreatwondersthatneverfailtoimpresspeople.Chinaishometomanyfamousmountains,suchasthefivegreatmountains.Theywerenamedaccordingtotheirgeographiclocations,includingMountTaishantotheeastinShandongProvince,MountHuashantothewestinShaanxiProvince,MountHengshantothesouthinHunanProvince,MountHengshan(withthesamenamesoundbutdifferentcharactersinChinese)tothenorthinShanxiProvince,andMountSongshaninthecenterinHenanProvince.2.Watersscenery.ThereareagreatnumberofriversflowingonthelandofChina.YangtzeRiveristhelongestoneinChina.LijiangRiverisabrightpearlamongChina’sbeautifulmountainsandrivers.Chinaisacountrywithnumerouslakes,amongwhichQinghaiLakeisthelargestone.Landscapeofwaterfalls,landscapeofsprings,andlandscapeofoceansallreflectthebeautyofwatersscenery.ThemostfamousscenicspotsaretheHukouWaterfall,theHuangguoshuWaterfall,theDiaoshuilouWaterfall,BeidaiheBeachResort,andQingdaoBathingBeachResort.3.Biologicalandclimaticscenery.Biologicallandscapeincludesfamousforests,grasslandandwoodland-steppe,landscapeofflowers,andhabitatofwildanimals.TheGreatXing’anRangeispraisedasthegreen-treasurehouseofthemotherland.TheInnerMongoliaGrasslandistheleadingofChina’sfivelargestgrasslands.Therearesomelandscapesofnaturalphenomenonandclimate,forexample,SunriseinMountTaishan,SeaofClouds,Erhai’sMoon,andThreePoolsMirroringtheMoon.4.Ancientcitiesandruins.Chinaisnotonlyoneofthefourgreatnationsintheworldwithanancientcivilization,butalsooneofthecradlelandsofancienthumanoccurrenceandevolution.Inthelonghistory,Chinesepeoplehavecreatedcolorfulmaterialsandnon-materialculturalheritages,especiallytheruinsandhistoricalrelicsites,whicharetreatedasthemostimportanttourismresources.Inthiscategory,wehavemanyfamousscenicspots:thecradleoftheChineserevolution—Jinggangshan,ancienttemplesliketheConfuciusTemple,ancientcenteroftransportation—TheSilkRoad,theancientcityofPingyaoinShanxiProvinceandsoon.5.Architectureandfacilities.Chinaisacountrywithalonghistoryandanancientculturalheritage.HistoryhasleftbehindinChinamanyoldandoutstandingarchitecturalrelics,ofwhichthemostfamousistheGreatWall.Toworshipnatureandtheirancestors,peoplehavebuiltcountlesssacrificialestablishmentsinvariousstyles.TheTempleofHeaveniswellknownallovertheworld.Gardenarchitectureincludesimperialgardens,privategardensfallsintothiscategory.Peopleareeagertovisitartmuseums,themeparks,Buddhismpagodas,Chineseresidences,famousancientimperialtombs,andtrafficandwaterconservancyconstructions.ThetypicalscenicspotsareSummerPalace,theForbiddenCity,Disneyland,BigWildGoosePagoda,andZhaozhouStoneBridge,etc(Dongxu).2.3.FunctionsoftheNamesofTouristAttractionThenameoftouristattractionisjustlikeasignboardofthetouristattraction.Havingagoodandsuitablenameforthetouristattractionhasagreatmeaningaswellasmakingasuccessfuladvertising.Ithasagreatinfluenceonimprovingthereputeofthetouristattraction,increasingthepopularityofthetouristattractionandpromotingthedevelopmentofthenationaltourism.Firstly,manynamesoftouristattractionhavetheirownculturalconnotation.Acorrectandsuitablenamehelpstoshowtheculturetothetourists.Thetouristscanappreciatethebeautifulstoryorcustomsaswellasenjoyingthebeautyofthetouristattraction.Suchas万里长城、十三陵、唐蕃会盟碑、白马寺、焚书坑.Theyareallnamedaccordingtothehistoricaleventsorhistoricalallusions。Secondly,agoodandsuitablenameofthetouristattractionhasagoodinfluenceonmakingthetouristsrememberthetouristattraction.Ifthenameoftouristattractionleavesgreatimpressiontothetouristandletthemunderstandthebeautybehindthename,thetouristswillrememberitandwanttocomeagain.TherearemanyexamplesinChinesetouristattraction,suchas长城(GreatWall),苏州园林(Suzhou

Gardens)，秦始皇兵马俑(Qin

Terra-Cotta

Warriors

and

Horses

Figurines),西山晴雪(

the

Sunny

Western

Hills

after

Snow).Thirdly,agoodandsuitablenameoftouristattractionalsocanbeagreatwaytointroduceournationandnationalculturetoforeigntourists.Touristscanlearnalotfromit,suchasourculture,custom,language,lifestyle,beliefandsoon.Itfacilitatespromotingournationalopeningandstrengtheningthecommunicationbetweennations.Finally,agoodandsuitablenameoftouristattractionhasgreateffectuponincreasingtheincomeofthetouristattractionandimprovingthedevelopmentofnationaltourism.AccordingtotheWorldTourismOrganization’sprediction,Chinawillhavebecomethebiggesttouristdestinationallovertheworldby2020.Therefore,agoodandsuitablenameoftouristattractionwillbecomemoreandmoreimportanttoimproveournationaltourismandincreasetheincomeofthetourism.3.ThePresentSituationoftheTranslationofNamesofTouristAttraction3.1TheProblemsWiththedevelopmentofournationaltourismtotheoutside,moreandmorepeoplepayattentiontothetranslationofthenameoftouristattraction.Butthepresentsituationofthetranslationofnamesoftouristattractionisunpromisingtosomeextent,whichhaveresultedinunsatisfactorycommunicationwithforeignvisitors,andeven,tosomeextent,haveimpairedthedevelopmentofournationaltourism.3.1.1IncongruousNamesInthetranslationofnamesoftouristattraction,differenttranslatorsusedifferenttranslatingmethods,whichleadstotheproblemofincongruousnames.Incongruousnamescanmaketheforeigntouristsfeeluncertainwhetherthosedifferentnamesrefertothesameattractionornot.Forexample: InNanjingYuhuataiCemeteryofRevolutionaryMartyrs,“雨花石博物馆”istranslatedinto“RainFlowerStoneMuseum”onthetouristmapofBeimen,“YuhuaPebblesMuseum”onthetouristmapinfrontofthestatues,“TheMuseumofYuhuaStones”ontheAttractionAreamapofthedistributionfunction,“RainFlowerPebblesMuseum”onthesignsoftheattractions. InthecityofLiuzhou，“鱼峰公园”hasfourEnglishnames:StandingFishPark,Standing-fishHillPark,YufengParkandYufengSceneryDistrict;“雀山公园”hasthreeEnglishnames:Que’erShanPark,QueShanParkandQue’erHillPark;“鹅山公园”alsohasthreeEnglishnames:EShanPark,ErshanHillParkandErshanYouthPark.Incongruousnamescanaffecttheeffectofthepublicityoftouristattractionanddamagetheimageoftouristattraction.Therefore,inordertoimprovetheimageoftouristattractionandattractmoretourists,itisimportanttomakethetranslationofthenameoftouristattractionmorenormativeandcongruous.3.1.2MisunderstandingMisunderstandingalsocanbeacommonmistakeinthetranslationofthenameoftouristattraction.Misunderstandingisoftencausedbydifferentlanguagesandculturesbetweenthesourcetextandtargettext.ThetranslatorsneglectthedifferencesbetweentheChineseandforeignculture.Forexample:ThefamousattractionofKaifeng“清明上河园”wastranslatedin“Parkwithup-the-River-on-ChingmingFestivalviews”.However,“uptheriver”isaslang.Itmeans“putintotheprison”.Itdidnotfitthemeaningbehindthenameoftheparkandmightgivetheforeigntouristsbadimpression.AnotherfamousattractioninKaifeng“包公祠”wastranslatedinto“TheMemorialTempleofLordBao”.Although“LordBao”keepstheformoflanguageclearandcoherent,itisnoteasyfortouriststounderstand.BaoZhengisahistoricalfigureandhisimagerepresentsfairnessandprobity.AndhehasgreatprestigeinChinesepeopleallovertheworld.“包大人”isanametoshowourrespect.“Lord”couldnotshowthewholemeaningbehindthisname.（林玉华,2008）Inordertoavoidthemisunderstanding,translatorsshouldpaygreatattentiontothedifferencesintraditionalcustomsandlanguageandculturebetweenChinaandforeigncountries.AndtranslatorsshouldkeepimprovingtheirEnglishlevelandlearningforeignculturalinformationandcustomsduringtheirstudyandlife.3.1.3CulturalLossInthetranslationofthenameoftouristattraction,translatorsalwaysneglecttheculturalinformationbehindthenameandgiveprecedencetotheword.Thiskindofword-for-wordtranslationleadstheincorrecttranslation.Forexample:(1)“寒山寺”isafamoustouristattractioninChinaanditwasoftentranslatedinto“ColdMountainTemple”.Actually,theTempleisnotlocatedinamountaincalled“Coldmountain”.Itisnamedwithafterafamousmonkinthistemplecalled“Hanshan”.Therefore,“HanshanTemple”maybeabettername.（丁欣,2010）(2)“青羊宫”iscalled“GreyGoatPalace”.Usuallytheword“宫”,correspondstotheword“palace”inEnglish.But,here,thenameofscenicspotdoesntconformtotherealstateoftheplacebecause“青羊宫”issimplyaTaoisttemple.Sotheplaceshouldbetranslatedas“GreyGoatTaoistTemple”（Dongxu）.Theculturalinformationbehindtouristattractionsreflectsournationalcharacteristic.ItisalsooneofthemostattractivereasonswhytheforeigntouristsenjoythemselvesduringtheirvisittoChina.Theculturalinformationplaysaveryimportantroleinshowingourcountrytotheforeignpeopleandimprovingournationalimageintheworld.However,theincorrecttranslationnotonlyhasnocontributiontoattractingthetouristsforthetouristattractions,butalsowillmaketheattractionslosetheirglamour,thusimpedingthedevelopmentoftourismandadverselyaffectingournationalimage.3.2CausesBehindTheseProblemsThereisacloserelationshipbetweentourismandculture.Developingtourism,tosomeextent,isexchangingculture.ThetranslationofthenameoftouristattractionisnotonlytherenderingbetweenChineseandEnglish,butalsoacommunicationandexchangeofChineseandforeignculture.Therearedifferencesbetweendifferentcountries,sotheproblemscausedbydifferentculturesaremorecomplicatedthanthosecausedbydifferenceinlanguagestructure.Inordertomakeagoodtranslation,thetranslatoralsoshouldhaveagreatunderstandingofhisnativecultureandtargetlanguageculture,suchaslanguageandliterature,historyandgeography,religiousbelief,traditionalcustoms,architectandart,etc.Sometimestheknowledgeofbiologyandarchaeologyisalsoneeded.3.2.1DifferenceinLanguagesandCulturesThereisagreatdifferencebetweenthestylesofChineseandEnglish,ChineseisaparatacticlanguageandtheEnglishisahypotacticlanguage.Thisisfullyreflectedinthenameoftouristattraction.TheChinesenameoftouristattractionischaracterizedbythedescriptivelanguageandheavyuseoffour-characterphrases,suchas铁塔行云、相国霜钟、柳浪闻莺.Abeautifulnamewillstirthetouriststheimaginationandmakethemenjoythevisit.TheEnglishnameoftouristattractionischaracterizedbyitssyntacticstructure,simplewordsandbeingparticularaboutknowledgeandscientific,suchas“GreatBarrierReef”,“TimesSquare”,“YellowstoneNationalPark”.Therefore,intranslatingnamesoftouristattractions,ifthetranslatorfailstoconsiderthedifferencesinlanguageandculturebetweenEnglishandChinese,poortranslationorwrongtranslationwillarise.3.2.2DifferencesinTraditionalCustomsBecauseofdifferentlivingenvironment,peopleinChinaandWesterncountrieshavedifferentinterpretationsonthesamething.Let’stakethe“bat”asanexample.InChinesetraditionalcustoms,itisasymbolofgoodfortune.Wecanfinditonmanyancientbuildingsandcarvedstones.However,inthewesterncountries,thebatisthesymbolofvampireandthepronounofevil.Therefore,whenwetranslate“桂林漓江的蝙蝠山”,weshouldtrytoconnectitwithgoodwishes.Otherwise,theforeigntouristswillbediscouragedfromvisitingthisattraction.Duringthetranslationofthenameoftouristattraction,thetranslatorsshouldintroducethebackgroundofChinesecultureandtrytheirbesttoconveythecorrectculturalinformationoftheattractiontothetourists.Itcouldbeausefulwaytoavoidthemisunderstanding.Suchas“龙”,itcanbefoundinalotofChinesenamesoftouristattractions.Itisthesymbolofdivinityandpeaceinourculture.Butifitwastranslatedinto“Dragon”,theculturalinformationwasdestroyed.Dragoninwesterncultureisthesymbolofevil.Thus,wecantranslate“龙”into“loong”.StrategiesforTranslatingNamesofTouristAttractionThetranslationofthenamesoftouristattractionisdifferentfromthetranslationofthenameofadministrativeregion.Somehistoricalandculturalknowledgeisneededinthetranslationandithasitsownfeaturesandfunctions.Inordertomakethecorrecttranslation,thetranslatorsnotonlyneedinterculturalknowledge,butalsoshouldknowthemethodsandskillsofthetranslation.HereIproposesfourstrategiesfortranslatingnamesoftouristattraction:transliteration,freetranslation,transliterationwithfreetranslationsandtransliterationwithexplanation.4.1TransliterationTransliterationisthepracticeofconvertingatextfromonescriptintoanother,ofteninasystematicway.Itcanformanessentialpartoftranscriptionwhichconvertstextfromonewritingsystemintoanother.Transliterationisnotconcernedwithrepresentingthephonemicsoftheoriginal:itonlystrivestoaccuratelyrepresentthecharacters.Therearealotofpropernounsinthenameoftouristattractionandwecannotfindthecorrespondingtargetlanguageexpressionsforthesepropernouns.Thesepropernounsarealwaysfullofculturalinformation.Therefore,translatorscannottranslatethembysimplewordsandiflongtermsused,itcannotbethenameoftouristattraction.Therefore,translatorscanturntothetransliterationtotranslatethesenames.Suchas“楚天台”:Chutiantai“兰风蕙露”:Lanfenghuilu.ThesenamesoftouristattractionsarehardtofindsuitablewordsinEnglish,therefore,transliterationcanbeasuitablemethod.Transliterationalsohasitsdisadvantage:asimpletransliterationcouldnotgiveanyrealculturalinformationtotheforeigntouristsandtheforeigntouristscannotunderstandthecultureofthenameofattraction.Thus,thoughtransliterationisthesimplestmethodoftranslation,itisusedrarelyinthetranslation4.2FreeTranslationFreetranslationreproducesthematterwithoutthemanner,orthecontentwithouttheformoftheoriginal.Usuallyitisaparaphrasemuchlongerthantheoriginal,aso-called“intralingualtranslation”,oftenprolixandpretentious,andnottranslationatall.(Newmark,2004:145.)Withtheuseoffreetranslation,thetranslatorpaysmoreattentiontothemeaningoftheoriginalworksandtheoriginaltextandsooninsteadoftheformoftheoriginal,includingconstructionoftheoriginalsentences.Butfreetranslationdoesnotmeandeletingoraddinginformationfreely.Translatorsmustconsidertheoriginaltextcarefully,knowtheimportantinformationandexpressthemeaningoftheoriginalinanaturalway.Inthiscase,translatorsmustfamiliarizethemselveswiththecultureofbothsourcelanguageandtargetlanguage,andmusthaveextensiveknowledge.Withtheuseoffreetranslation,thenamesoftouristattractionbeclearandconcise.AndthesenamescanbeunderstoodeasilybythetouristsandintroduceChinesetourismculturebetter.TherearemanynamesoftouristattractiontranslatedbythismethodinourHuangshanscenicspot.Forexample,“迎客松”:GreetingPine,“卧龙松”:theCrouchingDragonPine,“狮子峰”:theLionPeak,“慈光阁”:theMercyLightTemple,“百丈泉”:theThousandFeetSpring,“天都峰”:theHeavenlyCapitalPeak.Let’slookat“迎客松”:GreetingPinefirst.InChineseculture,itmeansbeingfriendlyandpassionate.Thepineisjustlikeahostwelcomingtheguestfromalloverworld.Thepineisanthropomorphicandthe“greetingpine”canshowthewholemeaningof“迎客松”clearly.Wealsocanfindthenamestranslatedbythismethodinthe“TheGrandViewGarden”.Thesetranslationscangiveplaytothefunctionthenameofthetouristattractionandmaketheforeigntouristsenjoytherichculturalinformationbehindit.Example“大观园里的主要建筑有:园门、曲径通幽、沁芳亭、怡红院、潇湘馆、秋爽斋、滴翠亭、藕香榭、芦雪庭、凸碧山庄、凹晶溪馆、栊翠庵、暖香坞、省亲别墅牌坊和顾恩恩义殿等(ThemainbuildingsintheGrandViewGardenaretheGardenGate,AWindingPathLeadingtoaSecludedRetreat,theSeepingFragrancePavilion,theHappyRedCourt,theBambooLodge,theStudioofAutumnFreshness,theDrippingEmeraldPavilion,theLotusFragranceCourt,theReedSnowCottage,theConvexEmeraldHalltheConcaveCrystalLodge,theGreenLatticeNunnery,theWarmScentedArbor,theArchwayinfrontoftheHouseofReunionandtheHallofRecallingImperialFavorandMindfulofDuty,andsoon.).”（林玉华,2008）.Inthisparagraph,the“沁芳亭”:theSeepingFragrancePavilionisagoodsample.Thetranslatordescribethebeautythroughthe“SeepingFragrance”andmakestouristsunderstandthebeautyandtheculturalinformationbehindthenameeasily.Whentouristsseethename,theycanpictureatemptingimageintheirmind.Whenusingfreetranslation,thetranslatorsmustpaymoreattentiontothedeepmeaninginsteadofdoingthetranslationbasedonthesurfacemeaning.4.3TransliterationplusFreeTranslationThe“transliterationplusfreetranslation”canbeexpressedastheendocentricphraseof“propername+typename”fromthegrammarstructure.The“propername”referstothenameoftouristattraction,andthe“typename”referstothenamewhichisusedtojudgeanddifferentiatethetypeofthenameoftouristattraction.Thismethodusesboth“pinyin”andEnglishinthenameoftouristattraction,transliterationisusedinthetranslationofthe“propername”andfreetranslationisusedinthetranslationofthe“typename”.ThereisnoneedtotranslatesomeofthenamesoftouristattractionbyEnglish,becausetheyhavenospecialmeaningsinthename.Forexample,“岭南庭院”:LingnanCourtyards.Touristattractionscanbemainlydividedintotwokinds:naturallandscapeandculturallandscape.Thenameofnaturallandscapeoftenconsistsofthewordswhichexpressthegeographicortopographicfeatures,andthenameofculturallandscapealwayshaspolitical,economic,military,cultural,religiousfeaturesbecauseofthedevelopmentofhistoryandculture.Bothnaturalandculturallandscapesallhavecommonintheirtypenames.Thetypenamesofnaturallandscapeofteninclude:山(mountain,hill)、岩(rock,cliff)、峰(peak)、崖(cliff)、沟(ravine)、溪(stream)、岭(ridge,hill)、潭(poolpond)、瀑布(waterfall)、泉(spring)、湖(lake)、洞(cave)、池(lake,pond,pool)、运河(canal)、堰(weir).Forexample,“京杭大运河”:GreatJing-HangCanal“都江堰”:theDujiangWeir.Andthetypenamesofculturallandscapeofteninclude:寺(temple)、塔(pagoda)、楼(tower)、宫(palace)、庙(temple)、陵(tomb,mausoleum)、祠(shrine)、园(garden)、山庄(villa)、亭(pavilion)、庵(convent,nunnery)、阁(hallpavilion)、斋(house,hallstudy,room)、故居(formerresidence)、石窟(grotto)、园林(garden,park)。Forexample,“光孝寺”:Guangxia