考研英语精讲核心语法讲义（打印版）-薛老师

考研英语基础班精讲课考研英语核心语法讲义 1第一部分考研英语核心语法综述 1第二部分动词重点时态讲解 13第三部分语态 20第四部分虚拟语气 22第五部分名词从句及例句解析 26第六部分定语从句及例句解析 32第七部分状语从句及例句解析 36第八部分倒装结构 41第九部分非谓语结构 49第十部分分裂结构 57第十一部分强调结构 66第十二部分省略结构 721笔记区考研英语核心语法讲义第一部分考研英语核心语法综述英语语法分为词法和句法。词法研究实词(名词；代词；动词；形容词；副词；数词)与虚词(介词；连词；冠词)；句法则为研究句子成分和结构。分与句型结构句子成分：主语：全句所述说的对象谓语：述说主语的动作或状态表语：表述主语的身份或特征宾语：及物动词或介词的对象定语：限定或修饰名词状语：修饰动、副、形及全句同位语：解释或说明另一成分补语：补充说明主语或宾语练习：请找出下列例句中的主语：1)About27%ofthetrashisrecycled.2)Thesteadydeteriorationoftheclimateofthisplanetisworrying.3)Haltingclimatechangeisnoeasytask.4)TofindyourwayaroundBrisbaneiseasy.笔记区请找出下列例句中的宾语：1)Hestoppedsmokinglastmonth.2)Pleaseremembertobuysomemilk.3)Youdon’tfindopportunities.Youmakethem.4)Theyboughtanewcaryesterday.谓语谓语由简单动词或者动词短语构成，一个英语句子只能有一个谓语动词。谓语动词根据是否需要宾语可以分为：及物动词:Hekickedtheball.不及物动词:Heturnedandwalkedaway.谓语动词的三个特征:时态(Tense)：表示时间和动作方面的动词形式语态(Voice)：主动和被动语态语气(Mood)：陈述、祈使和虚拟语气谓语动词之时态时间：现在、过去、将来和过去将来动作：一般、进行、完成和完成进行例如：不定式称单数)过去式现在分词过去分词towritewrite/writeswrotewritingwritten英语中的十六种时态：动作间现在过去将来过去将来23笔记区一般一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时进行现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时完成现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时完成进行现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时例如：Ioftenwriteletters.Iwrotealetteryesterday.Iwillwritealettertomorrow.Jimsaidthathewouldwritemealetter.例如：Iamwritingaletter.Iwaswritingaletter,whenyoucalled.Ihavewrittenthreeletters.Ihadwrittenthreelettersbeforeyoucalled.Ihavebeenwritinglettersforafewhours.4笔记区表语(与系动词连用)虽然系动词本身有词义，但它不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构，来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。例句：Hebecameaprofessor.Shelookedangry.Theflowersmellsverysweet.常见的系动词有be,feel,smell,sound,taste,appear,become,remain,seem,turn,etc。定语位置：中文：(定语)名词英文：(定语)名词(定语)e.g.thelittleboyaninterestingstory10people1)Thebookonthedeskisveryinteresting.2)Wearelookingforsomeonereliableandhardworking.3)Thelastonetoleavetheofficemustlockthedoor.4)Themanstandingbythedoorisourmanager.5)IreceivedaletterwrittenbyJane.状语可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、让步、方式和比较。1)ThesedaysIprobablytakemyhealthmuchmoreseriously.2)Economically,thecurrentgovernmenthasbeenasuccess.5笔记区位语跟在某名词后面，用来解释或说明该名词。或者句子后有逗号/冒号/破折号，且这些符号后是名词/动名词，则这些名词/动名词作同位语。1)Lee,theaccountant,worksatabigcompany.2)Shehastwokids,aboyandagirl.3)He,theheadofthecompany,hadtoexplainwhathadhappened．型英语句子分为三类：简单句、并列句、复合句(主句+从句)。简单句5种：1.主+谓。2.主+系+表。3.主+谓+宾。4.主+谓+双宾。5.主+谓+宾+宾补。双宾和宾补的判断方法：IgaveheraTeddyBear.WeelectedJohnmonitor.英语从句种类名词性从句(相当于名词)：主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句形容词性从句(相当于形容词)：定语从句副词性从句(相当于副词)：状语从句名词性从句之主语从句：1)Twokidssurvivedtheplanecrashandthisisamiracle.2)Thattwokidssurvivedtheplanecrashisamiracle.3)Itisamiraclethattwokidssurvivedtheplanecrash.6笔记区Whetherheagreestotheproposalornotdoesnotmatter.Whathesaidreallyshockedme.Howheescapedisamystery.名词性从句之宾语从句：Iamafraid(that)thecustomermayhavemisunderstoodme.Hedidn’tsaywhenweshallmeetagain.Wedon’tknowwhichareaheisfrom.Iwassurprisedatwhatyousaid.名词性从句之表语从句：Thetruthisthatweareshortofmoney.Thequestioniswhatthecompanywilldotohandlethestrike.名词性从句之同位语从句：由that引导：它一般放在fact,news,idea,truth,hope,problem,information,belief,thought,doubt,promise,question等抽象名词的后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释,说明前面名词的具体含义。Thenewsthatwewonthematchistrue.IhavenoideahowIcanfinishtheprojectontime.7笔记区定语从句：与同位语从句的区别：that在定语从句中必须充当成分：Thenewsthatyoutoldmeyesterdayisnottrue.that在同位语从句中不充当成分：Thenewsthattheleaderwillvisitusisnottrue.定语从句引导词：that,who/whom,which,whose,when,where,why如果先行词被形容词最高级或first,last,only,few,much,very等词修饰，thing,something,anything,nothing等后必用that。介词+关系代词引导的定语从句:定语从句之前加介词，一般出于以下两种情况：1.依照先行词的要求。例：Theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21.2.由于从句中某个词的要求，通常是动词和形容词。Itisatheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe.状语从句类型间Afterthefruitisharvested,itissoldatthemarket.地点Wherevertherearecomputers,thereisMicrosoftsoftware.原因Ididn’tcallherbecauseI’mshy.Shetookacomputercourseinorderthatshecouldgetabetterjob.条件Ifyousaveyourmoney,youwillbeabletogotocollege.让步AlthoughJimhasaMaster’sdegree,heworksasastore8笔记区clerk.方式Helooksasifhewerefrightened.Thisbookismoreinterestingthanthatone.结果IwassoweakthatIcouldnotspeak.程度Sheworkedashardasshecould.1.时间状特殊引导词：themoment,theminute,theinstant,directly,immediately,instantly.前半部分多用过去完成时，后半部分用一般过去时)例：Hardlyhadheassumedtheleadershiprolewhenhebegantoputonairs.2.条件状特殊引导词：provided/providing；suppose/supposing；as(so)longas3.目的状引导词：sothat,inorderthat,soasto,inorderto,inthehopethat…,onpurposethat…,forthepurposethat…4.方式状引导词：as；asthough/asif；(in)theway.5.结果状特殊引导词：sothat,tothedegree/extentthat,tosuchadegree/extentthat.6.原因状引导词：because,as,since,for后接句子;inthat,nowthat,given(that)后接句子;owingto,dueto,thanksto后接名词/动名词。7.让步状特殊引导词：although;while;eventhough/evenif;-ever结尾的词:whatever;whenever;wherever;=nomatterwhat/when/where.让步状特殊引导词：笔记区adj./adv./V-ed/n.(不加冠词)+as+主+谓；V+as+主+助动词(do,may,might,can,could,will…)例：Poorasheis,heisverygenerous.MuchasIrespecthim,Icannotagreewithhim.Praisedashewas,hewasmodest.Childasheis,heknowscommonsense.Tryasyouwill,youwon’tmanageit.状语从句的省略:如果状语从句和主句的主语相同，且状语从句中有be动词，则状语从句的主语和be动词可一同省略。这种省略多见于时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句等。1.时间状语从句:Besurenottoloseconfidencewhenconfrontedwithdifficulties.2.条件状语从句:Mostanimalswecommonlyobservedoinfactageaswedo,ifgiventhechancetolivelongenough.3.让步状语从句:Judges,howeverwiseoreminent,arehumanandcanmakemistakes.4.方式状语从句:Theoldmanopenedhismouthslowlyasifmurmuringsomewords.非谓语分类功能作名词(主语、宾语)作形容词(定语、表语、补语)作副词(状语)todo√√√doing√√√9笔记区doned√√Tobeornottobe--thatisthequestion.不定式(主语)Seeingisbelieving.动名词(主语+表语)Hecamerunningintotheroom.现在分词(状语)Theprisonercamein,followedbyaguard.过去分词(状语)Ihavesomethingtodo.不定式(定语)Ifindmyroommatewatchingasoccergame.现在分词(补语)后接sb.(sth.)do/adj./v-ing/v-ed的动词：1.感官动词：see,hear,watch,notice,find等。2.使役动词：let,make,have等。注意：若以上结构转为被动语态，则必须加to。Herinnocencemademefeelguilty.变为：Iwasmade________guiltybyherinnocence.虚拟语气虚拟语气主要用来表示假设、而非客观存在的事实，所陈述的是一个条件，不一定是事实，甚至完全与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气、疑问语气和感叹语气五类。虚拟语气表示说话者做出的假设而非事实，或难以实现的情况，甚至表达彻底相反的概念。此外如需表达主观愿望或某种强烈的感情时，也可用虚拟语气。倒装由于语法结构的要求，或是由于修辞的需要，往往要改变句子的自然语序，把一些本应置于主语之后的句子成分提到主语之前。我们称这种语序的变化为“倒装语序”。这样的倒装语序可能使句子的内在含义产生细微的、甚至明显的改变。只有注意观察引起笔记区倒装的原因，才能更准确地理解句子的含义。主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序：一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序(NaturalOrder)；二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序(InvertedOrder)。而倒装语序中又有完全倒装(FullInversion)和部分倒装(PartialInversion)独立主格(AbsoluteStructure)：1.名词+现分/过分/形/副/介短/不定式。2.with+名词+现分/过分/形/副/介短/不定式。1).Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityou.2).TheShenzhou-XISpaceshiplaunchedsuccessfully,thewholecountrywasintremendousexcitement.名词单复数1.物质名词属于不可数名词，没有复数形式。bread,chalk,coal,water,ice,milk,sand,cheese,tea,sugar…可用a+量词+of+物质名词表示一定的数量：apieceofbreadaglassofwateragrainofsand2.许多抽象名词属于不可数名词information,advice,luck,laughter,anger…可用a+量词+of+抽象名词表示一定的数量：apieceofinformationafitofanger主谓一致谓语就近原则：NotonlyAbutalsoB…笔记区NotonlyAbutB…NotonlyAbutB…aswell.EitherAorB…NeitherAnorB…谓语就远原则：AaswellasB…AalongwithB…AtogetherwithB…AcoupledwithB…AincludingB…AinadditiontoB…练习：changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofoneparenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;consequently,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome_____wascommoninthetraditionalfamilystructure.A.thanB.thatC.whichD.as2.(2001年完形填空第49题)Concernswereraised_____witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratetheirstoriesincourttoensureguiltyverdicts.A.whatB.whenC.whichD.that答案：1.A2.D笔记区第二部分动词重点时态讲解英语核心语法：时态、语态、虚拟语气动词的时态时态是“时”与“体”的组合。做有关时态的试题时首先要学会定“时”，即根据题干内容判断要填的动词是什么时候发生的。是现在?过去?将来?还是过去将来?当题干中出现一个过去的动作，我们要表达的动作后于题干出现的表过去的动词时，那么要用过去将来时。定完“时”后，要学会定“体”。体分为：一般体、进行体、完成体、完成进行体。需要重点关注的动词时态有八种：一般现在时；一般过去时；一般将来时；现在进行时；过去进行时；现在完成时；过去完成时；过去将来时。容易混淆的三组动词时态：一般过去时和现在完成时；一般过去时和过去完成时；过去完成时与现在完成时。动作间现在过去将来过去将来一般一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时进行现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时完成现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时完成进行现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时笔记区态的基本用法(一)一般体中的一般现在时、一般过去时分别表示现在、过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态。所谓一般体,表示既不“进行”，又不“完成”。如：Wehavemealsthreetimesaday．(现在的习惯)Heisalwaysreadytohelpothers．(现在的状态)WhenIwasaboy,Ioftenwenttoplayinthatpark.(过去的习惯)(二)一般现在时还可表示客观真理、科学事实。如：Thesunrisesintheeast.Theteachertaughtusthatthesunrisesintheeast.(三)一般现在时还可用在if，unless，evenif引导的条件状语从句中，由when，before，until(till)，assoonas，themoment，once引导的时间状语从句中，由nomatterwhat/who/which/when/however引导的让步状语从句中，这时主句往往表将来(出现will/shall/can/must)或主句是祈使句。即主将从现。如：I’llgowithyouassoonasIfinishmywork．Ifcitynoisesarenotkeptfromincreasing,peoplewillhavetoshouttobeheardevenatthedinnertable20yearsfromnow.(四)一般将来时的用法1.现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态；事物的固有属性或必然趋势。如：Fishwilldiewithoutwater．离开水，鱼就会死。笔记区2.“begoingto+动词原形”表示“计划、打算要做某事”，此外，begoingto还可表示根据现在的迹象，对未来进行推断。如：HeisgoingtospeakonTVthisevening．Lookatthedarkclouds．Itisgoingtorain.3.“beaboutto+动词原形”表示“立即的将来”，因此，该句型很少与表示将来的具体时间状语连用，但可以和when引导的状语从句连用。如：Thetrainisabouttostart．4.beto+动词原形表示“按计划或安排要做的事”。如：Sheistobemarriednextmonth．TheQueenistovisitJapaninaweek’stime．(一)一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。如：Mybrotherfellwhilehewasridinghisbicycleandhurthimself．(二)表示计划、安排要做的事。如：I’vewonaholidayfortwodaystoFlorida．IamtakingmyMum．(三)表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏、厌恶、遗憾等情绪，常与always,continually,constantly等连用。如：Heisalwaysthinkingofothersfirst．Heisalwaysmakingthesamemistake．笔记区(一)现在完成时1.一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：Lately,recently,inthelast/pastfewdays/years,sincethen,uptonow，sofar等。如：Inthepastfewyears,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometown.Hehaswritteneightbookssofar．2.This/Itisthefirst/second…time+that从句。that从句的谓语要用现在完成时。如：Thisisthefirsttime(that)Ihavecomehere．3.在条件、时间、让步状语从句中，表示将来某时间以前已完成的动作。如：IwillnotbelieveyouunlessIhaveseenitwithmyowneyes．4.瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态，但不可以接表示一段时间的状语，若要接表示一段时间的状语，需要做一些相应的变换。如：(×)HehascometoBeijingsincelastyear.(√)HehaslivedinBeijingsincelastyear.(×)Hehasjoinedthearmyfor3years.(√)Hehasservedinthearmyfor3years.(√)Hejoinedthearmy3yearsago.(√)Hehasbeenasoldierfor3years.(√)Itis3yearssincehejoinedthearmy.(√)Hehasjoinedthearmy.笔记区常见的瞬间动词有：come,go,getto/reach/arriveat/in,leave,buy,sell,open,close,getup,join/takepartin,begin/start,return/give,borrow/lend,become/turn,bring/take,die,finish/end,receive/hearfrom,marry,break,lose,jump等。5.Hardly/Scarcely/Rarelyhad…done…when…；thanwhen和than从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒Hardly(Nosooner)hadIgothomewhen(than)therainpoureddown．6.That/It/Thiswasthefirst/secondtime+that从句。that从句的谓语要用过去完成时。如：Itwasthethirdtime(that)hehadmadethesamemistake．ThatwasthefirsttimethatIhadpassedtheexam．一、一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别一般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连，它所表示的事情纯属过去，现在完成时说的是现在的情况。比较下面几组句子：Heservedinthearmyfrom1952to1954．(这是过去的一件事)Hehasservedinthearmyfor5years．(现在他仍在军中服役，他仍然是军人)Hewrotemanyplayswhenhewasatcollege．(写剧本是他过去做的事情)Hehaswrittenmanyplays．(意味着他是剧作家)笔记区二、一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别1.一般过去时是指过去的动作或情况，而过去完成时指过去的一个动作或时间之前发生的事。如：Hehadlearned5000Englishwordsbeforehecametothisschool．2.过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示，如bythattime，bytheendof，before2020，如：Hehadfinishedwritingthebookbytheendoflastmonth．三、过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别1.两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语)，而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语)。比较下面的说法：Shehadbeenillforaweekbeforeshecameback．(“回来”发生在过去某一时间。“生病”发生在这一时间之前，即过去的过去)Shehasbeenillforaweek．(现在仍然病着)练习：1.IapologizeifI_____youbutIassureyouitwasunintentional.A.offendB.hadoffendC.shouldhaveoffendD.mighthaveoffend2.BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we_____inEuropefortwoweeks.A.shallstayB.havestayed笔记区C.willhavestayedD.havebeenstaying3.Between1897and1919,atleast29motionpicturesinwhichartificialbeingswereportrayed_____.A.hadproducedB.havebeenproducedC.wouldhaveproducedD.hadbeenproduced答案：1.B2.C3.D20笔记区第三部分语态英语核心语法：时态、语态、虚拟语气1.被动语态的构成英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。2.被动语态的用法(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明动作的执行者。--GeorgeandLucygotmarriedlastweek.Didyougototheirwedding?--No.Ihadn’tbeeninvited.Didtheyhaveabigwedding?(2)需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身。如：Alltheemployeesexceptthemanagerareencouragedtoworkonlineathome．(3)在文章标题、广告、新闻中。如：Girlswanted．注意短语动词的被动语态。如：Thatoldmanwasoftenlaughedat．Badhabitshavebeendoneawaywith．21笔记区式表被动意义1.“系动词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,remain,keep+形容词/名词”构成系表结构。如：Thesteelfeelscold．Hisplanproved(tobe)practical．Theapplehasgonebad．2.表示开始、结束、运动的动词,如begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。如：Workbeganat7o’clockthismorning．Theshopclosesat6p.m.everyday．练习：把下列句子翻译成中文。1.Effectivemeasuresshouldbetakenbythegovernmenttosolvetheproblemtimely.2.Legalstepsshouldbetakentoreducethehighratesoftrafficaccident.参考译文：1.政府需要采取有效的措施来及时地解决这一问题。2.政府须采取法律措施来降低交通事故的高发率。22笔记区第四部分虚拟语气英语核心语法：时态、语态、虚拟语气虚拟语气：1.用于状语从句中2.用于主语从句中3.用于宾语从句中4.用于表语从句和同位语从句中用于状从中(多见于if从句)：1.与现在相反：从句：if+主语+did/were,主句：主语+would(could,should,might)+do.2.与过去相反：从句：if+主语+haddone/hadbeen,主句：主语+would(could,should,might)+havedone(been).3.与将来相反：从句：if+主语+wereto(should)+do,主句：主语+would(could,should,might)+do.如下：虚拟条件句主句例句与现在事实相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式(be动词用were)主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形IfIwereyou,Ishouldseizethechancetogoabroad.与过去事实相反的假设If+主语+had+过去分词主语+should/would/could/might+have+过去分Ifyouhadtakenmyadvice,youwouldnothavefailedintheexams.23笔记区词与将来事实相反的假设1.If+主语+动词的过去式2.If+主语+wereto+动词原形3.If+主语+should+动词原形主语+should/would/could/might+动词原形Ifheshouldnotcometomorrow,weshouldputoffthemeetingtillnextMonday.用于主从中：Itisnecessary/important/crucial/criticalthatsb./sth.+(should)do…例：Itisnecessarythatyou(should)putonasuittoattendherwedding.Itisimportantthathesubmithisplanbeforethedeadline.用于宾从中：表命令、建议和要求的动词一般要接虚拟语气,即V+sb(should)do.常用动词：advise,agree,demand,insist,command,decide,ensure,order,instruct,propose,recommend,require,request,suggest,urge。注：当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，suggest后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，应使用陈述语气。如：Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork．用于表语从句和同位语从句中：在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中用虚拟语气，其构成是“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。24笔记区例：Myideaisthatwe(should)thinkitoverbeforeacceptingit．Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatshedeserveareward.特殊结构：Itis(about/high)timesb./sth.didsth.wouldrather(wouldassoon,wouldsooner)sb.didsth.虚拟语气中if状语从句的倒装：如果虚拟语气的if状语从句中有助动词had、were或情态动词等置于句首进行倒装。例：Ifhehadnotbeenpromoted,hewouldneverhaveremainedwiththecompany.→IfIcouldwinthelottery,Iwouldbuyacar.→IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldhelpher.→HadIenoughmoney,Iwouldhelpher.(×)→Ifyouwereto/shouldchangeyourmind,noonewouldblameyou.→AtBostonCollege,forexample,youwouldhavetocompleteanextrayearwereyoutoswitchtothenursingschoolfromanotherdepartment.(2017Text3)→25笔记区练习：1.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,_____asuddenloudnoise_____A.beingthereB.shouldtherebeC.therewasD.therehavingbeen2.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,_____allpracticalvaluebythetimetheyfinished.A.couldloseB.wouldhavelostC.mightloseD.oughttohavelost答案：1.B2.B26笔记区第五部分名词从句及例句解析英语核心语法：名词从句、定语从句、状语从句、倒装结构、非谓语结构、分裂结构、强调结构、省略结构。从句分为以下三类：名词从句、定语从句、状语从句。其中，名词从句分为以下四种：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。注：名词从句的谓语动词用第三人称单数。如果主语从句较长，经常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语从句置于句末，尤以that-从句最为常见；如果主语从句较长，但仍保持原状，没有用it作形式主语，则是为了突出强调。Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancesdependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.解析：Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancesdependsupon(theamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationused)andon(theskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted).译文：这些预测多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，要取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的方法和智Itdoesnothelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomea27笔记区symbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthemselves.解析：Itdoesnothelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhasbecomeasymbolofachievementfornationsandpeople(strivingtoassertthemselves).译文：建造大坝已经成为想试图证明自己的国家和民众所取得的成就的一个象征，然而这并没有什么好处。Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.解析：Itisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry’seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.译文：显而易见，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各类科技人员的努力。Itisobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.解析：Itisobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.译文：显然，总统的多数顾问仍然没有重视全球变暖的问题。SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbookDivorceTalkthatmostofthewomensheinterviewed—butonlya28笔记区fewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.(2010英语二Text2)解析：SociologistCatherineKohlerRiessmanreports(inhernewbookDivorceTalk)thatmostofthewomen(sheinterviewed)—butonlyafewofthemen—gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.译文：社会学家CatherineKohlerRiessman在其新书《漫谈离婚》中讲到，她采访过的大多数女性把夫妻之间缺乏交流作为其离婚的原因，而只有少部分男士承认这一点。Theyfoundthatafterasurprisedeparture,theprobabilitythatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearningsincreasedbynearly20%.(2011英语二text1)解析：Theyfoundthat(afterasurprisedeparture),theprobability(thatthecompanywillsubsequentlyhavetorestateearnings)increasedbynearly20%.译文：他们发现，董事们突然离职后，公司随后重新公布收益的几率几乎增加了20%。TheNewarkCommunityFoundation,whichwaslaunchedlastmonth,announcedonAugust14ththatitwillhelppayforCommunityEye,asurveillancesystemtailoredtowardsguncrime.(2008英语二Text2)解析：TheNewarkCommunityFoundation,(whichwaslaunchedlastmonth),announced(onAugust14th)thatitwillhelppayforCommunityEye,asurveillancesystem(tailoredtowardsguncrime).译文：发起于上月的纽瓦克社区基金会于8月14日宣布，它将支付“社区电子眼”(一种专门针对枪击犯罪的监视系统)的相关费29笔记区用。用Oneoftheapparentparadoxesofmodernfoodisthatwhiletheamountoftimespentcookingmealshasfallenfrom60minutesadayin1980to13minutesadayin2002,thenumberofbooksandtelevisionprogramsoncookinghasmultiplied.(2005英语二Text4)解析：Oneoftheapparentparadoxesofmodernfoodisthat(whiletheamountoftimespentincookingmealshasfallenfrom60minutesadayin1980to13minutesadayin2002),thenumberofbooksandtelevisionprogramsoncookinghasmultiplied.译文：现代饮食中一个显而易见的悖论是，尽管人们花在烹饪上的时间从1980年每天的60分钟下降到2002年每天的13分钟，有关烹饪的书籍和电视节目却在迅速增加。TherealproblemisthatWesterngovernmentscontinuetoinsistthattheyretaincontrolofthekeyglobaleconomicandfinancialinstitutionswhiledriftingawayfromgloballiberalization.(2008英语解析：TherealproblemisthatWesterngovernmentscontinuetoinsist(thattheyretaincontrolofthekeyglobaleconomicandfinancialinstitutions)whiledriftingawayfromgloballiberalization.译文：真正的问题在于，西方国家在自己背离世界贸易自由化的过程中，却继续要求保持对关键性全球经济和金融机构的控制。例10：同位语从句ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations,theyoftentalklessathome.(2010英语二Text2)30笔记区解析：Thisepisodecrystallizestheironythat(althoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomeninpublicsituations),theyoftentalklessathome.译文：这个小插曲揭示了一个具有讽刺意味的事实，那就是尽管美国的男士在公共场合比女性健谈，但在家里他们却往往很少说话。例11：同位语从句Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorV.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.(2010英语二Text4)解析：Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorV.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthatjuries(should)berepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.译文：在具有里程碑意义的1975年路易斯安那州的Taylor决议中，最高法院把陪审员代表所有公共团体的这一要求扩展到了各州。练习：把下列句子翻译成中文。1.(主语从句)Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.2.(宾语从句)Youhaveallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction.3.(表语从句)Womenaremuchtoopreoccupiedbyfamily.Oncethemarriagebeginstodisintegrate,they’relost.That’swheretheir31笔记区unhappinessspringsfromandthat’swhymostdivorcedmothersregardthemselvesasvictims.4.(同位语从句)Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.参考译文：1.海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，多年以来这已是人尽皆知的了。2.你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的。3.妇女太专注于家庭了。一旦婚姻开始瓦解，她们就失去了方向。这就是不幸福的来源，也是为什么大多数离婚妇女都认为自己是受害者的原因。4.一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了他具有革命性的理论，即梦是对我们内心深处不曾意识到的欲望与恐惧的反映。32笔记区第六部分定语从句及例句解析定语从句即在句中用一个具有主谓/主谓宾/主系表结构的完整的句子来充当定语，修饰前面的名词(短语)或代词，这种名词(短语)或代词称为先行词。定语从句常见引导词：that,who,which,where,when,why.定语从句可分为限定性和非限定性，限定性定语从句的关系词和先行词之间不用逗号隔开，而非限定性定语从句则用逗号隔开，不能以that引导。例：1)Shedespisedpeople.2)Shedespisedpeoplewhoflatteredher.定语从句“whoflatteredher”起到了限制名词的作用(缩小了名词的表示范围)，因此称其为限定性定语从句。例：1)Imadeacardformomwholovesmemost.(×)2)Imadeacardformom,wholovesmemost.(√)某些场景下，先行词的内涵已经是唯一，这时就无法再缩小这个词的表示范围，其后只能使用非限定性定语从句。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句：定语从句之前加介词，主要出于以下两种情况：1.依照先行词的要求(往前看);2.由于定从中某个词的要求，通常是动词或形容词(介词与其构成搭配)(往后看)。例1：Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.解析：Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedby33笔记区stock-marketswings,(whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom).译文：许多消费者似乎已经受到股票市场波动的影响，但现在投资者把这种波动看成是经济持续增长的必要因素。例2：Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafutureinwhichthelanguageofadvertising,popularculture,andconsumerproductsbecomesimilar.(2007英语二Text1)解析：Alloftheseforcesappeartosignifyafuture(inwhichthelanguageofadvertising,popularculture,andconsumerproductsbecomesimilar).译文：所有这些力量似乎代表着一个广告语言、流行文化和消费产品逐渐趋同的未来。例3：Thespeedandeffectivenesswithwhichthesestepsaretakenarecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,theartofgettingthingsdone.(2003英语二Text1)解析：Thespeedandeffectiveness(withwhichthesestepsaretaken)arecloselyrelatedtothehistoryofmanagement,theartofgettingthingsdone).译文：这些步骤实施的速度和有效性与管理的历史密切相关，而管理是一门做事的艺术。例4：Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.解析：Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—(towhichheavyindustryhasshifted)—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.译文：另一方面，新兴的石油进口国—重工业已经转移到这些国34笔记区家—能源密集程度变得更高，从而可能面临更大的压力。例5：Freedomanddignityarethepossessionsoftheautonomousman,andthey’reessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.解析：Freedomanddignityarethepossessionsoftheautonomousman,andthey’reessentialtopractices(inwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements).译文：自由和尊严是独立自主的人所拥有的，而且对于认定一个人对自己的行为负责并因其成就而得到认可是必不可少的。例6：Becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.解析：Becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruit(toitscause)notonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,(whohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch),butall(whoreceivemedicaltreatment).译文：因为与此利益关系最紧密的是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取像史蒂芬·库珀这样的名人来支持自己的事业—他曾勇敢地陈述了动物研究的价值，而且还要争取所有接受医疗的人的支持。例7：This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.解析：This,forthose(asyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage),refers35笔记区todiscriminationagainstthose(whosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet).译文：对于那些到目前还未意识到这种不利的人来说，它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视。练习：把下列句子翻译成中文。1.Itcanbepredicted,however,thatfromtimetotimequestionswillarisewhichwillrequirespecificscientificanswers.2.Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistenerswhichinterferewithhiscomprehension.3.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’sprivateintranet.参考译文：1.不过，可